TS Inter 2nd Year

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 11th Lesson India and the World Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 11th Lesson India and the World

Short Answer Questions

Question 1
Explain any two features of Indian Foreign policy.
Answer:
Opposes Colonialism and Imperialism India’s foreign policy mainly opposes colonialism and imperialism. India expresed her solidarity with the people living in the colonies of Africa and Latin America. It strongly condemned the policy of suppression of the people in colonies. It rendered all types of asistance-political, diplomatic, and economic for achieving independence of these colonies. It also opposed the imperialist, strategy adopted by the super powers.

Opposes Racial Discrimination :
India since a long time has opposed all kinds of discrimination based on race, culture etc. It has aptly highlighted the problem of racial discrimination at international level. It has severely criticized the policy of racial segregation of the Governments of South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabew).

Question 2.
Write a note on the role of Non-Aligned Movement
Answer:
NAM can be explained as a policy of not aligning with any power bloc particularly the western or the communist bloc. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, M. Tito, K. Sukarno, K. Nkrumah and G. Abdul Nasser were the founding statesmen of this movement.

Objectives of NAM:

• Peace and disarmament.
• Right to Self-determination of all colonial people.
• Racial Equality as a Right for everyone.
• Attaining Economic Equality.
• Opposing cultural domination or cultural imperialism.
• Support to Internationalism.

NAM Summits :
The NAM group commands the largest membership next to the United Nation Organization. India advocated idealism by refusing to join either of two camps during the Cold War. As on today it has 120 member States. The first NAM Summit was held in 1961 at Belgrade and was attended by 25 member States. The recent 16^th NAM Summit that was concluded at Teheran in 2012 saw a huge participation by 120 Countries. The upcoming 17^th NAM Summit will be held on 2015 at Carcass. Venezuela.

Role of NAM :
The Non-aligned movement (NAM) made significant contributions during the course of its several decades functioning. Firstly, NAM demanded the total and unconditional abolition of colonialism and supported the people fighting for the right to national self determination and independence. This resulted in decolonization. Secondly, the proliferation of NAM helped ending cold war and bipolarism with mobilization of nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America against super power rivariy. Thirdly, the NAM made the world aware of the dangerous implications of arms race (both conventional and nuclear arms race) and contributed towards achieving disarmament. Fourthly, many underdeveloped countries who are members of NAM could able to receive economic aid and assistance from both the superpowers for their development.

Fifthly, the NAM brought the principles of equality and justice in the international system and helped democratization from Euro-centric international relations. Sixthly, NAM has successfully demanded for the establishment of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) based on Political and Economic equality among nations. It has initiated the process of dialogue between developed nations and developing nations (North-South Dialogue) and cooperation among developing nations (South-South Co-operation). NAM has also made efforts for the achievement of New World Information and Communication order (NWICO), Thus the NAM played a positive role in International relations and made itself relevant to International Relations.

Question 3.
What is SAARC? Explain.
Answer:
SAARC is an acronym that stands for South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. President Zia-ur-Rehman of Bangladesh played an important role in creating the SAARC grouping. SAARC was formally launched on 8th December. 1985 by Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indian Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, Afghanistan became a member State on 3rd April 2007. A present the SAARC club consists of eight member States.

SAARC Objectives:

1. To promote the welfare of South Asian region population by improving their quality of life.
2. Strengthen collective self reliance among the countries of South Asia.
3. Accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development
4. Appreciation of each other’s problems and creating mutual trust.
5. Collaboration for promoting mutual assistance in the economic, social cultural, technical and scientific fields.

SAARC Million Developmental Goals :
They are Education, Connectivity, Food Security, En-ergy Security, Terrorism and Global Climate Change.

18th SAARC Summit (Nepal – 2014):
The Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi empha-sized on co-operation in every area. It means contacts between our people and all through seamless connectivity. India visualised Trade, Investment, Assistance, Co-operation in every area through the SAARC. The Kathmandu Declaration issued on November 27^th, 2014 describes the need to intensity regional co-operation on connectivity. To renew their commitment to a South Asian Economic Union, strengthen the Social Window of the SAARC Development Fund, and reiterate their commitment to free South Asia from poverty.

The first SAARC Summit was held at Dhaka in 1985, India hosted 2^nd, 8^th and 14^th Summits in the years 1986, 1995, and 2007 respectively.

SAARC emerged as an important association towards the realization of developmental goals. One of the greatest achievements was the continuation of the organizational work. Criticism about the future was raised to the political differences of the member states. In future, a better regional integration may be realized.

Question 4.
Describe the powers and functions of General Assembly.
Answer:
General Assembly is the principal Legislative and deliberative organ of the United Nations Organization. It is called “meeting venue of the world towns”. At present it consists of 194 member States. Each member State can send five delegates, but enjoys the right of one vote on resolutions.

Functions :
General Assembly acts as a deliberate body on international affairs. It can discuss, investigate, review, supervise, recommend and criticize on the overall working of the united nations. Organizations. It performs the following functions.

• To discuss and recommend on all matters relating to the international peace and security.
• Directing and supervising the matters concerning the international social and economic co-operation.
• It considers the reports and information on the administration of non-self governing territories.
• It approves the annual budget and exercise exclusive control over the finances of the United Nations Organization.
• It elects 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council, 54 members of the Economic, and social Council, 15 Judges of the International Court of Justice, and the Secretary General of the United Nations Organization.
• It adopts all the international conventions.
• General Assembly can make the necessary Amendments, if any to the charter of the UNO.
• Takes steps to admit the states or to suspend or expel the existing member States.

Question 5.
What is the composition of the security council? Describe any TWO powers and func-tions.
Answer:
Security Council is the principal executive organ of the United Nations Organization. It consists of 15 members. Five members are known as big powers or they enjoy permanent status and veto Assembly. Of the 10 non-permanent members are elected for every two years by the General Assembly. Of the 10 non-permanent members, 5 belong to Afro-Asian Nations, I belong to East-Europe, 2 belong to Latin America and West Europe and the remaining 2 belong to other Nations.

Besides, any member State or non-member State who is party to a dispute or who is invited by the Security Council may also participate in its discussions. The Presidency of the council rotates among the member States according to their alphabetical order for a term of two months. The Security Council is assisted by three standing committees.

Powers and Functions :
Security Council enjoys considerable powers in the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers and functions are mentioned here under:

1. It strives to settle the international disputes peaceably.
2. It takes preventive steps and enforces action to maintain international peace and security.
3. It renders advice to the General Assembly for admitting new member States or expelling the existing member States.
4. It elects the Judges of the International Court of justice and the Secretary General along with the General Assembly.
5. It makes recommendations to the General Assembly on the amendment of the Charter as and when necessary.

Question 6.
Briefly describe the Powers and Functions of the Secretary General.
Answer:
The Secretary-General is the Chief Administrative Officer of the United Nations Organisation UNO. The secretary General who is appointed for a term of fine year by the General Assembly on the recommendations of the Security Council. Its main function is to execute the decisions of the main organs and specialized agencies of the United Nations Organization. The Secretariat has a staff of about 8,900 under the budget drawn from some 170 countries.

Functions of the Secretary General :The Secretary General performs many function of the United Nations Organization within the ambit of the Charter.

1. He brings to the attention of the General Assembly and Security Council all the maters which threaten the international peace and security.
2. He prepares the annual budget and also annual report on the working of the United Nations ” Organizations.
3. He summons the special sessions of the General Assembly on the request of Security.
4. He acts as the registering authority of all treaties and international agreements.
5. He supervises the operations of various peace keeping forces created by the United Nations Organization on different occasions.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is BIMSTEC?
Answer:
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi sectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation (BIMSTEC) is an organisation set up in 1997 with some of the nations of South Asia and South East Asia. The members of this organisation are India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Srilanka Myanmar and Thailand. The Head Quarters of BIMSTEC are located at Bangladesh (Dhaka) and the first summit meeting was held in 2004. BIMSTEC seeks to identity core areas of co-operation among the members countries.

Among them six core priority areas which cover Trade and Investment, Transport and Communication, Energy, Tourism, Technology and Fisheries identified during the ministerial conference in 1998. Later in the 8th Ministerial meeting a number of new areas of cooperation emerged which include agriculture Public Health, Poverty Alleviation, Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime. Environment and Natural Disaster Management, Culture people to people contact and climate change.

Question 2.
Explain the 18th SAARC Summit
Answer:
The Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi emphasized on cooperation in every area. It means contacts between our people and all through seamless connectivity. India visualised Trade, Investment, Assistance, Cooperation in every area through the SAARC. The Kathmandu declaration issued on November 27^th, 2014 describes the need to intensity regional co-operation on connectivity. To renew their commitment to a South Asian Economic Union, Strengthen the social window of the SAARC development fund and reiterate the commitment to free South Asia from poverty.

Question 3.
How many Countries took membership in the UN General Assembly.
Answer:
So far 194 Countries took membership in the UN General Assembly.

Question 4.
Who are the members of SAARC?
Answer:
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afganistan are the members of SAARC.

Question 5.
List the main organs of UNO.
Answer:
The United Nations Organization functions through six principal organs They are :

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Economic and Social Council
4. Trusteeship Council
5. International Court of Justice, and
6. Secretariate.

Question 6.
Who is the present Secretary General of UNO?
Answer:
Banki – moon is the present (8^th) Secretary General of UNO.

Question 7.
Who are the members of BRICS?
Answer:
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa are members in BRICS.

Question 8.
What is Panchasheei?
Answer:
Panchasheei is the most important feature of India’s foreign policy. India adopted this feature on 29^th May 1954 through an alliance with China. Panchasheei means five principles of conduct. These Principles include :
a) Mutual respect for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the States.
b) Non-aggression.
c) Non-interference in the internal affairs of other States
d) Equality and mutual benefits, and
e) Peaceful co-existence.

Panchasheei became very popular in several States of the World. It was considered the greatest contribution made by India to international relations.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 10th Lesson Smart Governance Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 10th Lesson Smart Governance

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is E-Governance? Explain its merits.
Answer:
E-Governance means Electronic Governance. It can be also called as Paperless Governance. Under this, the government functions on the basis of utilization of Information Technology. This will enhance efficiency and effectiveness of services. Internet and other web-based telecommunication technologies are used. Speed & accuracy are the other additional features. Groups, institutions & citizens enjoy quality and continuous services.

E-Governance secures, Transparency, Efficiency, and Accountability. It is practiced in the state of Chhattisgarh. By 2017 it will move towards a Paperless administration.

Definition :
According to the former President of India. Late Dr. A.RJ. Abdul Kalam. E-Gover-nance in the Indian context means.

A transparent Smart E-Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the inter-departmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen.

Further, the UNESCO started, that “E-Governance is the public sector’s use of information and communication technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more accountable, transparent and effecitve”.

The above definitions & interpretations enlighten us about the elimination of the age old paperwork. Technology will connect and act as an interface between Citizen and Government. Hence, transparency can be seen. Presently, in India, National E-Governance Plan has been implemented (NEGP).

Merits of E-Governance :

1. Informing & consulting the citizen
2. Reforming the process of Governance
3. Access to Information
4. To improve quality services for citizens
5. Simple rule
6. Efficiency
7. Accountability
8. Transparency
9. Quality service for more citizens

Question 2.
Discuss the merits and demerits of E-Governance.
Answer:
E-Governance means Electronic Governance. It can also be called as Paperless Governance. Under this, the government functions on the basis of utilization of Information Technology.

Definition :
According to the former President of India, Late Dr. A.RJ. Abdul Kalam, E-Gover-nance in the Indian context means, “A transparent Smart E-Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the inter-departmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen”.

Merits of E-Governance :

1. Informing consulting the citizen.
2. Reforming the process of Governance.
3. Access to information.
4. To improve quality services for citizens.
5. Simple rules.
6. Efficiency.
7. Accountability.
8. Transparency.
9. Quality service for more citizens.

Demerits of E-Governance :

1. High cost of implementation and maintenance.
2. Lack of integrated services.
3. Poor infrastructure.
4. A weak legal framework and poor laws.
5. Need to reform legal, administrative, Police and Judiciary.
6. Difficulty in understanding the citizen’s needs and linguistic barriers.
7. Poor Public Financial Management System.
8. Denial of role and participation by the civil society in public decision making.

Question 3.
What is Right to Information Act?
Answer:
The study of Right to Information Act is basic to relate the Citizen’ role in the modern administration.

1. Can the citizens take part in Governance?
2. How can the citizens gather information on public schemes?
3. Is the government acting in a fair manner?
4. Should the information be made open to the public?

The above raised issues need to be answered.

The Right to Information Act-2005 received the Presidential assent on 15^th June 2005 and became fully operational by October 2005. The Act applies to all States and Union Territories except the State of Jammu & Kashmir which is dealt separately. Every citizen has a Right to Access Information. Since all information held by government ultimately belongs to the public, this Act recognizes the sharing of information by government with citizens as healthy and beneficial to the functioning of democracy. Lastly information leads to new awareness and empowerment.

Provisions :
The Right to Information is a fundamental human right. It includes rights as well as responsibilities.

They are explained below :

1. Every person’s right to request information from the government and even the private bodies.
2. The duty of the government is to provide the requested information unless exempted for special reasons.
3. To disclose the information pro-actively by the government.
4. Information belongs to the people and not the public body that holds it
5. Within a period of 30 days the government should respond to the query.
6. Computerization & Digitalization of Records for the dissemination of information.
7. Information in the form of printouts, floppies, videocassettes or any other electronic form. Under the Act 2(f) all the above can be treated as information.

Appointment of PIO’s :
This Act recommends for the appointment of Public Information Officer for all the bodie/authorities/governmental departments etc. The PIO is responsible for providing information to all the citizens as requested. The RTI recommends for the appointment of Assistant Public Infirmation Officers (APIO’s) to receive RTI appeals. The request can be made through an online application form.

Merits of RTI:

1. Citizens empowerment through Right to Information.
2. To curtail corruption, inefficiency and misuse of power.
3. The right to know about government & governance.
4. The concerned officer can be punished or penalized if the information is not provided.
5. It leads to transparency and improvement of services.
6. Role of civil society groups in bringing the issues to the core.
7. A report or complaint or demand of status of the details of the time delays by the public.
8. It helps in the evaluation of the impact of public polices through Social Audit.
9. Right to Information Act as an enforceable Act.

Question 4.
Explain the provisions of the Right to Information Act.
Answer:
The Right to Information Act came into operation from 12^th October, 2005.

Provisions :
The Right to Information is a fundamental human right. It includes rights as well as responsibilities.

They are explained below :

1. Every Person’s Right to request information from the government and even the private bodies.
2. The duty of the government is to provide the requested information unless exempted for special reasons.
3. The disclose the information proactively by the government.
4. Information belongs to the people and not the public body that holds it.
5. Within a period of 30 days the government should respond to the query.
6. Computerization and Digitalization of Records for the dissemination of information.
7. Information in the form of printout, floppies, video cassettes or any other electronic form. Under the Act 2(f) all the above can be treated as Information.

Question 5.
What is SMART Governance?
Answer:
SMART stands for Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent Components of Smart Governance :

1. To improve the performance of the administration.
2. Enhance accountability and transparency.
3. To do away with petty politics.
4. Successful implementation (Administration) of the public policy.
5. Greater efficiency.
6. Role of the Community Leadership.
7. Future role and Innovation in Public Services.
8. Focus on planning and decision making.
9. Use of a wide range of services like internet, Mobile and other Web-based services.
10. E-Governance.

The following institutions throw some light on the Governance process in India. To suggest ways and means for the enhancement of SMART Governance, the below institutions of excellence were created.

• The National Institute for Smart Government (NISG), Hyderabad, India.
• The Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad, India.
• The Centre for Law and Governance, New Delhi.
• The Centre for Public Policy and Governance, New Delhi.

Question 6.
Explain the powers and functions of Lokpal.
Answer:
Powers and function of Lokpal :
The lokpal has the power to enquire into any matter connected with allegations of corruption against (a) Prime Minister (b) Minister of the Union (c) any Member of either House of Parliament (d) and Group A’, Group ‘B’ officers (e) Any group ‘C or group ‘D’ official of the Union (f) Any chair person or member of any corporation (g) Any society or trust or body that receives foreign contribution above 10 lakhs.

Present Lokpal :
The President of Indian appointed Justice Pinaki Chandra Bhose as the first Lokpal chairperson and Eight other members on 19^th March 2019.

Based on the report made by the search committee under leadership of Justice Ranjana Desai, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other committee members unanimously recommended names of the Chair Person and other members of the Lokpal system in India. Lokpal as a peoples friend is an anticorruption authority of body of Cmbudsman who represents the public interest in India. Minimum age of Lokpal (Chairperson or member). Should not be less than 45 years.

Lokayukta :
Based on the recommendations of the 1^st Administrative Reforms Commission, many State Governments enacted legislations to constitute the Lokayukta to investigate allegations or grievances arising out of the conduct of public servants in utilising their power and administrative duties. These servants included political executives, legislators, officers of the State Government, local bodies and public enterprises.

Any citizen can file specific allegations with Lokayukta against any public servant for enquiry. It is also open to Lokayukta to initiate self enquiry into the conduct of the public servants. The institution of Lokayukta was established first in Maharashtra in 1971. After the formation Telangana State in 2014, the first Lokayukta of Telangana was formed on 20 December 2019. Telangana has became 27^th state information of Lokayukta and upa-Lokayukta Act. Governor Tamilasai Soundarajan appointed Justice C.V Ramulu as Lokayukta and Niranjan Rao as upa-Lokayukta, Governor was advised by the Committee headed by C.M. K Chandra Sekhar Rao.

Every person appointed to be the Lokayukta or upa-Lokayukta shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he or she enters upon his/her office. The Lokayukta or upa lokayukta may be removed from their by the Governor on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity and on no other grounds.

Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by state ministers, secretaries, a member of either House of the Legislature, Mayor of the Municipal Corporation, Vice Cancellor or Registrar of a University or any public servants. Following the investigation the Lokayukta communicates the report to the competent authority, without any further delay.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Accountability?
Answer:
Accountability means the officials (public servants or civil servants) are accountability for their decision and actions to the public. Henceforth, they are subjected to public security. In a wider sense it includes the bodies/civil society organization/stakeholders/organisations as well. Rule of law and transparency can ensure accountability.

Question 2.
Write any two merits of E-Governance.
Answer:
Merits of E-Governance:

1. Informing & consulting the citizen
2. Reforming the process of Governance
3. Access to Information
4. To improve quality services for citizens
5. Simple rules
6. Efficiency
7. Accountability
8. Transparency.

Question 3.
List out the Stake holders In Governance.
Answer:
The following are the Stakeholders (participants or users) in Governance.

• Ececutive
• Legislature
• Judiciary
• Media
• Private Sector
• Social Organizations
• Civil Society
• Political Parties

Question 4.
What is Government to Citizens (G to C) Model?
Answer:
Government to Citizen (G to C):
Through this model an interface between Government and Citizen is created to provide a wide range of services. This will benefit the general public.

Question 5.
Explain Transparency in few words.
Answer:
Transparency refers to a free’ or ‘unfettered’ (unrestrained) access by the public to timely and reliable information on decisions and performance of the government in various sectors. It includes timely accessible and accurate information. The information given is easy to assimilate even by a Good Governance practices. Social Audit ensures transparency in the process of administration and decision making. Transparency improves efficiency in administration by the following methods :

• The streamlining of service delivery system.
• Recommended social audit to reduce corruption, deviation and malpractices.

Question 6.
In which year the RTI was enacted and enforced?
Answer:
The Right to Information Act was enacted and came into force in the year of 2005.

Question 7.
Lokayukta.
Answer:
Any citizen can file specific allegations with Lokayukta against any public servant for enquiry. It is also open to Lokayukta to initiate self enquiry into the conduct of the public servants. The institution of Lokayukta was established first in Maharashtra in 1971. After the formation Telangana State in 2014, the first Lokayukta of Telangana was formed on 20 December 2019. Telangana has became 27^th state in formation of Lokayukta and upa-Lokayukta Act. Governor Tamilasai Soundarajan appointed Justice C.V. Ramulu as Lokayukta and Niranjan Rao as upa-Lokayukta. Governor was advised by the Committee headed by C.M. K. Chandra Sekhar Rao.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 9th Lesson Emergence of Telangana State Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 9th Lesson Emergence of Telangana State

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the various factors which led to the agitation for a separate Telangana State.
Answer:
Separate Telangana Agitation (1969):
The agitation for a separate Telangana State was started at the end of 1958 and continued in 1969. It was first started by the students and .employees as a protest against the injustice done to the Telangana area. Later, various political parties took advantage of the situation and led the agitation.

Causes :

1. Non-implementation of rights and safeguards given to the Telangana region at the time of formation of Andhra Pradesh.
2. Since the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 no Telangana person was elected as the Chief Minister of the State.
3. As stated in the Gentlemen’s Agreement the Deputy Chief Minister post was not given to the Telangana persons by the Andhra Chief Ministers with the exception of p.Sanjeevaiah.
4. Dissatifaction among some Telangana leaders who had not position.
5. A rumour was spread that the Abkari surplus funds of Telangana region were spend in Andhra area. In those days, there was prohibition in Andhra area and no prohibition in Telangana area.
6. Telangana People were in the idea that many Andhra were in jobs in Telangana with false Mulki Certificates.
7. Telangana people were also in the opinion that the Andhra were dominating in all the administrative departments.
8. Unrest among students.
9. Support give by the people of other states who settled in Hyderabad and the other Telangana towns for their selfish ends.

The separate Telangana agitation was prolonged in the year 1970 also. In December, 1970 Mrs.Gandhi recommended for the Lok Sabha and for a mid-term pole to the Lok Sabha. The Telangana Praja Samithi contested all the 14 seats from the Telangana region and secured 10 Lok Sabha seats. In September,1971 there were discussions between the Prime Minister Mrs.Gandhi and T.RS leaders. As a result T.RS. was emerged in the Rulling congress. The discussions also led to the proclamation of six point formula. It includes,

1. Contunuation of Mulki Rules.
2. Separate accounts and budget for Telangana.
3. A Separate Congress Committee for Telangana.
4. Resignation of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy in favour of a Chief Minister from Telangana region.
5. To review the situation after 10 years.
6. To provide legal status to the Telangana Regional Committee.

The Separate Telangana agitation failed to achieves it essential goal of separate Telangana State. But it secured assuraces and protections for the Telangana for the first time, a Chief Minister was chose from the Telangana region was the Education Minister RV.Narasimha Rao.

Question 2.
Discuss the Formation of Telangana as the New State in the Indian Union.
Answer:
The emergence of Telangana state in 2014 is the result of long drown struggle. It has a history of sixty years of struggle and movements marked by agitations, negotiations, formation and merger of parties, agreement and violation of agreement.

Constitutional Process -A.P. Re organisation Act, 2014 :
The Parliament is empowered to create a new state by following a certain procedure prescribed under Article 3 of the Indain constitution. The Union Government followed the required steps prescribed by Article 3 of the constitution. The President of India referred the A.R reorganisation Bill, 2014 to the state legislature for its consideration. The A.R state legislature rejected the Bill. However, the Parliament had the power either to accept (or) reject the opinion of the state legislature, finally, the Bill was referred to parliament by President.

Both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha passed the Bill and President Pranad Mukerjee had signed the A.R Reorganisation Bill 2014 which become an Act on 1^st March 2014. The Government of India declared that on 2^nd June, 2014 the Act would come into force. By this, the Telangana state was formed on 2^nd June, 2014 as the 29^th State in the Union of India.

Emergence and formation of Telangana State :
The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has the following sailent features.

A State of telangana:
A new Telangana state with 10 districts has emerged as the 29^th State of the Indian Union.

A State of Andhra Pradesh :
The State of Andhra Pradesh has 13 districts after the division of the state.

Hyderabad as a common capital:
Hyderabad remains as the common capital for the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.

Common Governor:
There shall be a common Governor for both the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Governor is vested with same special duties.

Members of Rajya Sabha :
According to the Act there are 17 members from the state of Telangana in Lok Sabha while the state of Andhra Pradesh will have 25 members.

Legislative Assembly :
The following is the composition of members in the State Legislative Assembly.
a) Telangana -119
b) Andhra Pradesh -175

Legislative Council :
According to the Act the Telangana State shall have 40 members and Andhra Pradesh shall have 50 members respectively.

Other provisions :
The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has provided various other provisions like Separate High Courts, provisions for SC’s and ST’s, distribution of revenues etc.

The long cherished demand for a separate statehood for Telangana was achieved after a long.

Struggle 2^nd June 2014 is a memorable day for the people of Telangana who always maintain self-respect and cultural identity. Several leaders in the post struggled for more than six decades and contributed significantly to the cause. The dynamic role of K. Chandra Sekhar Rao in the Telangana Movement and emergence of Telangana State altered the course of Telanganites. The relentless efforts of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and the support given by BJP and other Political parties cannot be ignored in this regard.

Let us hope that the newly created Telangana State would become a model state in Indian Federation. May the dream of Telangana people to realise ‘Bangaru Telangana1 become a reality. For this, the people of Telangana have to travel many miles to translate their aim into a reality.

Question 3.
Describe the role of JAC’s in Telangana Movement.
Answe:
There are hundreds of political formation in the form of Joint Action Committees (JACs) that have exhibited the aspirations and spirit of the people of Telangana. These JACs have the potential to nurture various ways to articulate the demand for the formation of Telangana State. Both the formation and operation of these JACs is unprecedented in the history of Indian Politics in general and Telangana in particular.

These are various factors that contribute for the formation of hundreds of Joint Action Committees (JACs). The injustice meted out to Telangana in matters of river waters, employment and education, discrimination with regard to revenue sharing, land grabbing and encroachment in large scale, monopoly over the industrial sector, cultural invasion, disrespecting and belittling the Telangana dialect and so on compounded into major social economic and political problems in the Telangana region. This has motivated the people to undertake collective action with a determined goal of achieving Telangana State and formed as Joint Action Committees.

These JACs have formed as common platform for fighting the common cause, though the basis of their formation differ with caste, religion, profession etc. These Joint Action Committees (JACs) have manifested their collective interest with common desire and aspiration of Telangana with common modes of articulation. Mention may be made about some of JACs who have played a prominent role in sreading the Telangana Movement. These include, the political JAC, studnets JAC, advocates JAC, Kula Sangala JAC, Employees JAC and so on. While some of the JACs have independently taken up the cause and spread the movement, others undertook activities as per the directions of political JAC

Political Joint Action Committee :
The political Joint Action Committee was formed on 24th December 2009. Major political parties such as Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Bharatiya janata party (BJP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Congress party, Telugu Desam Party, CPI (ML), New Democracy, Employees associations and others associated with political JAC. The political JAC formed as the UPA Government had shown signs of deviation from the December 9, 2009 declaration of initiating the process of Telangana formation.

The political JAC is led by a political science professor from Osmania University m. Kodandarama Reddy popularly known as Kodandaram. The extensively undertook various protest programmes for fighting the cause of Telangana. These programmes include, the Non-cooperation. Million March, maanava haaram, Sakala Janula Samme. Sagara Haram, Jail Bharo, Rail Roko, Vanta Varpu etc.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the provisions of Gentlemen’s Agreement.
Answer:
In order to clear the doubts among the people of Telangana that the visalandhra may obstruct their interests, the Gentlemen’s Agreement took place on 20^th February, 1956 at Delhi basing on the recommendations of Fazal Ali Commission. It was attended by Sri Bezawada Gopala Reddy the then chief minister of Andhra State, and his Colleagues Sarvasi Neelam, Sanjeeva Reddy, Goiithu lanchana, Alui Satyanarayan Raju from Andhra Region.

Sri Burgula Ramkrishna Rao the then chief minister of Hyderabad state and his colleagues savaging K.V.Ranga Reddy, Mari Channa Reddy, J.V. Narsinga Rao from Telangana Region. They had signed on the Agreement which contains the following aspects.

1. The administrative expenditure of the state shall be contributed in proportion of both Andhra and Telangana should be confined for its development up to five years and it may be extended for another five years at the request of Telangana legislators.
2. The educational opportunities which are in Telangana shall be provided for them only more development is.to be extended. Technical education and seats in Universities shall be allocated up 1/3 for Telangana students.
3. The Vacancies arise in Future shall be allocated to both regions in proportion to their population.
4. 12 Years of Residency is must for Andhra people to get job in Telangana.
5. Regional Development council shall be constituted for over all development of Telangana.
6. In Council of ministers there shall be 60% from Andhra and 40% from Telangana respectively there must be one muslim from Telangana part.
7. If the Chief Minister is belongs to Andhra region, the deputy chief minister must be from Telangana region and vise-versa. At least 2 poof folios must be given to Telangana out of Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning, Development, Commerce and Industry.

Question 2.
Write a note on Telangana Agitation in 1969.
Answer:
Consequent to the violation of Gentlemen’s Agreement by the successive Governments in Andhra Pradesh, particularly the violation of Mulki Rules, cumulatively resulted in the emergence of eruption of separate Telangana agitation in 1969. It was reported that as many as 25,000 Government jobs were occupied by migrant Andhra’s in Telangana a region. Added to it large number of students and employees felt betrayed in view of violation of Mulki Rules. It is against this background that 1969 agitation for separation of Telangana from Andhra received impetus. Originally, the 1969 agitation was started in Khammam District by a student of Ostnania University who undertook fast unto death for the formation of Telangana. Subsequently, it spread all over the region.

The Government employees and opposition members of the State Legislative Assembly came out and threatened “Direct Action” in support of the students. Subsequently, their were protests all over the region, people from all walks of life including employees, teachers, students, intellectuals, women, and general public joined the movement. Even the political leaders like Konda Laxman Bapuji, the then minister, resigned and joined the movement. Prominent student leaders like Madan Mohan, Mallikarjun, V.B.Raju and Puli Veeranna etc., joined the agitation.

The students questioned the violation of Telangana safeguards and demanded the genuine implementation of these safeguards which were guaranteed by the Gentlemen’s Agreement. It was also recorded that as many as 370 students lost lives in police firing during the nine months agitation. As many as 70)000 people were arrested including 7,000 women. The Government led by Kasu Brahmananda Reddy adopted repressive policies through the deployment of police and military.

Question 3.
Explain the provisions of A.P. Reorganisation Act, 2014.
Answer:
The parliament is empowered to create a New State by following a certain procedure prescribed “under Article 3 of the Indian Constitution. The Union Government followed the required steps prescribed by Article 3 of the constitution. The President of India referred the AP.

Recongnisation Bill, 2014 to the state legislature for its consideration. The A.R State Legislature rejected the Bill.

However, the parliament had the power either to accept or reject the opinion of the State Legislature. Finally, the Bill was referred to parliament by th president.

Both, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha passed the Bill and president Pranab Mukherjee had signed the A.R Reorganisation Bill, 2014 which became an Act on 1^st March, 2014. The Government of India declared that on 2^nd June, 2014 the Act Would come into force. By this the Telangana State was formed on 2^nd June, 2014 as the 29^th State in the Union of India.

Question 4.
Write a note on the Significance of June 2, 2014.
Answer:
2^nd June, 2014 is a memorable day for the people of Telangana who always maintain self-respect and cultural identity. Several leaders in the past struggled for more than six decades and contributed significantly to the cause.

The dynamic role of K. Chandra Sekhar Rao in the Telangana movement and emergence of Telangana state altered the course of Telanganities. The relentless efforts of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and the support given by BJP and other political parties cannot be ignored in this regard.

Let us hope that the newly created Telangana State would become a model state in Indian Federation. May the dream of Telangana people to realise ‘Bangaru Telangana’ become a reality. For this, the people of Telangana have to travel many miles to translate their aim into a reality.

Question 5.
Write about Telangana Regional Co-ordination Committees (TRCC).
Answer:
Establishment of Telangana Regional Co-ordination Committee was a commitment made in the Gentlemen’s Agreement between the leaders of Andhra and Telangana. The advice rendered by the Regional Committee was to be accepted by the government and state legislature.

The Telangana Regional Co-ordination Committee was given power to deal :
a) Development and economic planning within the frame work of the general development, plans formulated by the state legislature.
b) Local self-government, that is to say, the constitutional powers of municipal co-operations, improvement trusts, districts boards, and district authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration.
c) Public health and sanitation, local hospitals, and dispensaries.
d) Primary and secondary education.
e) Regulation of admission to the educational institutions in the Telangana region.
f) Prohibition.
g) Sale of agricultural lands.
h) Cottage and small scale industries and agriculture, co-operative societies, markets and fairs Unless revised by agreement.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Hyderabad State.
Answer:
The erstwhile princely State of Hyderabad was integrated into Indian Union in 1948 as a result of police action. In the ensuring election to the State Assembly, the congress party swept the polls and formed the Government with Burgula Ramakrishna Rao as the Chief Minister. The State of Hyderabad remained as trilingual state with Telugu speaking people forming the major demographic community along with Kannada and Maratha-speaking regions. The State of Hyderabad was an autonomous state with surplus revenues and efficient administration.

Question 2.
Mulki Rules,
Answer:
i) The person who gets an employment in the Telangana, He must be a Resident of Telangana for not less than 15 Years.

ii) 80% of Jobs should be allocated for Telangana people in Telangana Region and remaining 20% jobs shall be allocated for Andhra Region people.

Question 3.
Visalandra.
Answer:
After formation of separate Andhra State, a demand was articulated by the political elite in Andhra region that why not merge the Telugu Speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad State with Telugus of Andhra State. In otherwords, the idea of “Visalandra” was advanced and popularised. The national congress leadership also hinted at the idea to the Telangana congressmen. Added to it the CPI had actively compaigned for one state for all Telugu speaking people. This compaigned of C.RI. spread in both regions (i.e), Andhra and Telangana. The popular slogan of C.RI.during this period was “visalandralo Praja Rajyam”. It means the need for formation of popular democratic government in an enlarged visalandra.

Question 4.
Telangana Agitation, 1969.
Answer:
Consequent to the violation of Gentlemen’s agreement by the successive government’s in Andhra Pradesh, particularly the violation of Mulki rules, cummulatively resulted in the emergence or eruption of separate Telangana agitation in 1969. It was reported that as many as 2500 Government jobs were occupied by migrant Andhra’s in Telangana a region. Added to it large number of students and employees felt betrayed in view of violation of Mulki rules. It is against this background that 1969 agitation for separation of Telangana from Andhra received impetus. Originally the 1969 agitation was started in Khammam district by the student of Osmania University who undertook fast into death for the formation of Telangana. Subsequently, it spread all over the region.

Question 5.
Srikrishna Committee report, 2010.
Answer:
The Srikrishna Committee which was appointed by the Government of India on 3^rd February, 2010 has submitted its report on 16^th December 2010. It had given six solutions to the problem.

1. It gave preference to the State United with different Constitutional and Statutory measures for socio-economic development and political empowerment of Telangana Region through the creation of Telangana Regional Council.
2. Maintaining the status quo.
3. Separating the state of Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana regions while Hyderabad to be converted into a Union – Territory.
4. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into two States. One of Rayal Telangana and Second – Coastal Andhra Pradesh.
5. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana with enlarged Hyderabad Metropolis as a separate Union Territory; and
6. Bifurcation of the State into Telangana and Seemandhra as per the existing boundaries with Hyderabad as the capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have a New Capital.

Question 6.
Violation of safeguards on Telangana.
Answer:

1. By amending the domicile rule, the residential qualification for public employment and education was reduced from 15 years to 4 years. With the result it is presumed that more . than 50 thousand Andhras are holding jobs meant for Telangana and this trend curbs the employment and educational opportunities of Telangana people.
2. People below the poverty line are 40.78 percent in Telangana compared to a much less percentage in Andhra according to 1987-88 estimates of A.R State government (Mahabubnagar district account for high percentage of below poverty line families in the state.) But the contribution of Telangana region to the state’s revenues is always more than 40 percent
3. After the Andhra Agitation of 1972, Mulki rules and Telangana Regional Committee were abolished thereby denying institutional mechanisms to check the injustices and backwardness and protect region’s interests.
4. The educational facilities are poor for Telangana people. Telangana region continues to be the lowest in literacy rates at 37 percent. Very few professional colleges in Engineering, Medical streams were established. The number of Universities stand at a very low figure in Telangana region.
5. The plans and designs of two major river valley projects on Krishna namely Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam, are catering to the needs of Andhra but not to the Telangana area. In fact, the Nalgonda district of Telangana which has sacrificed much of its areas for Nagarjuna Sagar was denied its rightful share.

Question 7.
Hyderabad as common capital.
Answer:
According to the A.R Reorganization Ac, 2014, Hyderabad remains as the common capital for the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.

Question 8.
Sakala Janula Samme.
Answer:
The Sakala Janula Samme (All people’s strike) is a great highlight in Telangana Agitation. This movement led to the strike of all sections of people supporting “Telangana Statehood”. The government employees stayed out from the work. Lawyers boycotted the courts and many other government employees like members of the teaching community, electricity board etc., participated. This movement led to “Rail Roko and Road Blockade”.

Question 9.
Million March.
Answer:
The Million March Movement was organised by Telangana Joint Action Committee led by Prof. Kodanda Ram in Hyderabad on 10th March, 2011 demanding Separate State of Telangana.

Question 10.
Political JAC.
Answer:
Political Joint Action Committee :
The Political Joint Action Committee was formed on 24 December 2009. Major political parties such as Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Communist party of India (CPI), Congress Party, Telugu Desam Party, CPI (ML) New Democracy, Employees associations and others associated with political JAC. The political JAC formed as the UPA Government had shown signs of deviation from the December 9, 2009 declaration of initiating the process of Telangana formation.

The political JAC is led by a political science professor from Osmania University M. Kondandarama Reddy popularly known as Kondandaram. He, extensively undertook various protest programmes for fighting the cause of Telangana. These programmes include, the Non-cooperation, Million March, Maanava Haaram, Sakala Janula Samme, Sagara Haram, Jail Bharo, Rail Roko, Vanta Varpu etc.

Question 11.
Students JAC.
Answer:
Telangana Movement was started and intensified with the active participation of students of different colleges and universities. Students belonging to different organisations with multiple ideological doctrines have come together to form the student joint Action Committees. Prominent among them were the Osmania University Students JAC (OUJAC) and Kakatiya University Students JAC (KUJAC).

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 8th Lesson Contemporary Issues in Indian Politics Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 8th Lesson Contemporary Issues in Indian Politics

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Corruption and describe its form.
Answer:
Corruption in India is a manor issue that is constantly debated in public forms and media as it adversely effects the moral foundations administration and economy. India has the dubious distinction of unearthiny. So many corruption scandals such as 2G Spectrum Scam, Common Wealth Games Scam, Adarsh Housing Society Scam and Coal Mining Scam from 2010 onwards. Many ministers of both Union and State have been facing charges of corruption.

Form of Corruption :
The World Bank defines corruption as using “Public office for private profit”. There are different forms of corruption which include bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favortism, nepotism, undue influence etc. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 declares the act of bribery, misappropriation, obtaining pecuniary advantages, abasing official position, possessing assets disproportionate to known sources of income etc. are corruption practices and punishable under law. The most recent phenomenon in the forms of corruption in India is “quid pro quo corruption”.

This means political leaders and high ranking officials take decisions in favour of corporate houses and high profile business people who in turn make inflated investments into the industrial units, business undertakings and NGOs owned and managed by the family members of concerned leaders and officials. In other words, it is an exchange of benefits by both the leaders-officials combine and corporate. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is investigating many cases of quid pro quo corruption scandals.

Corruption has become a major threat to Indian value system. It is spreading like a disease and makes mockery of administration, development, and democracy. Corruption is anti development and anti poor, in which politicians, bureaucrats, businessmen. Non-Government Organizations and criminals are the key players involved in these practices. Corruption arises due to scarcity of goods and services, delay tactics in administration (red tapisim), and lack of transparency in the system. Corruption leads to loss of trust on the system and rise of extremism and militancy in the society. Corruption leads to loss of trust on the system and rise of extremism and militancy in the society.

Question 2.
Narrate the meaning, features, and various phases of coalition politics.
Answer:
Coalition politics in a system in which political parties join hands with each other to capture the power or put up a combined opposition to democratize the political procure. Generally, the political parties make arrangements with Common Minimum Programme (CMP) to carryout an agreed agendaas part of coalition politics.

Phases of Coalition politics :
The roots of Coalition Politics in India can be traced from the late 1960’s. Started in 1967 with signs of decline of one party, i.e., the decline of Congress Party dominance, this pattern assumed its complete vigor in the later decades. The history of the evolution of Coalition Politics can be understood under different phases of their functioning. The First Phase of Coalition Politics (between 1967-1971) marked the emergence of regional parties in various States to challenge the dominance of the congress party. The Bhartiya Jan Sangh, Lok Dal, Socialist party, Samyuktha Vidhayak Dal, and so on emerged in some Nort Indian States and made coalitions during this phase.

During the Second Phase of coalition politics (between 1977-1980). Left Front Government were formed in Kerala’, Tripura and West Bengal with various parties based on Leftist ideology. Some consider the Janata experiment at centre is also part of coalition politics.

During the Third Phase of coalition politics (between 1989 – 1991) the coalition Governments were formed at National level and at many States. However, these coalitions experienced a new pattern of relationship among the coalition partners. Some of the political parties extended ‘outside support by not joining in the government and actively involving in coalition politics.

The Fourth Phase of Coalition Politics (between 1996 – 1999) mark instabiligy, political manoeuverability and frequent fall of Governments. During this phase, political parties frequently distanced from coalitions and this resulted in fall of Central Governments and many State Governments.

The Fifth Phase of coalition Governments (between 2004 – 2020) are formed on rational basis under Common Minimum Programme (CMP) among the coalition partners. Both the NDA coalition and UPA coalitions have evolved an agreeable agenda known as ‘Common Minimum Programme’ (CMP).

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the reasons for the emergance of coalition politics in India.
Answer:
Coalition Politics means a system where, political parties join together with an aim to secure the power of government or put up a combined opposition to democratize the political process. Generally, the political parties make arrangements with a Common Minimum Programme (CMP) to carryout an agreed agenda.

Reasons for Coalition Politics :
There are many factors that contribute for the formation of Coalition Governments. The decline of Congress from the position of acquiring majority to managing electoral victories only in certain pockets led to the rise of other parties. Further, the emergence of Regional Political Parties to challenge the Congress in various States and attempts to forget alliance with regional parties by other national parties led to coalition politics.

The reasons for coalition politics may be summed up as following :

1. The decline of one party dominance.
2. The emergence of regional political parties to satisfy the regional aspirations of the people.
3. Spread of social and political movements as a result of assertion of rights by various groups.
4. Political compulsions to form a national level and state level alternative to congress.
5. Cleavages in national parties due to ideological differences.

Phases of Coalition Politics :
Coalition Politics in India can be traced from the late 1960’s through various phases. Started in 1967 with signs of decline of one party, Congress party dominance, this pattern assumed its complete vigor in the later decades. The history of the evolution of Coalition Politics can be understood under different phases of their functioning. The First Phase of Coalition Politics between 1967-1971 marked the emergence of regional parties in various States to challenge the dominance of the Congress Party. The Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Lok Dal, Socialist Party, Samyuktha Vidhayak Dal are emerged in some North Indian States and made coalitions.

During the Second Phase of coalition politics between 1977-1980 Left Front Governments were formed in Kerala, Tripura and West Bengal with various parties based on Leftist ideology. Some consider the Janata experiment at centre is also part of coalition politics.

The Third Phase of coalition politics was between 1989 -1991 at the level of National Government and at various State Governments. However, these coalitions experienced a new pattern of relationship among the coalition partners. Some of the political parties extended ‘outside support’, by not joining in the government and actively involving in coalition politics.

The Fourth Phase of Coalition Politics between 1996-1999 mark instability, political manoeuverability and frequent fall of Governments. During this phase, political parties frequently distanced from coalitions and this resulted in fall of Central Governments and many State Governments.

The Fifth Phase of coalition Governments between 2004-2014 are formed on rational basis under Common Minimum Programme among the coalition partners. Both the NDA coalition and UPA coalitions have evolved an agenda known as ‘Common Minimum Programme’.

Question 2.
Elucidate various types of Terrorism in Indian Context.
Answer:
Terrorism is the systematic use of force or threat of use of force (Violence) to achieving political religious or ideological goals. Terrorism posed the greatest danger and threat to many countries in the world and created law and order problem. The temples, mosques, churches, markets, railway stations, multi storied buildings and other places where people densely move, are the targets of terrorism.

Types of Terrorisms :
The Second Administrative Reforms Commission in India, in its report in 2008 classified Terrorism into 5 types based on different goals and objectives of Terrorist groups. They are i) Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism ii) Religious Terrorism iii) Ideology oriented Terrorism iv) Statesponsored Terrorism v) Narco Terrorism. On the basis of the methods used by terrorists the other type also emerged such as (a)Environmental Terrorism (bio Terrorism) b) Cyber Terrorism c) Suicide Terrorism and so on.

i) Ethno – Nationalist Terrorism :
Terrorist groups resort to violence demanding secession
from Indian union or the creation of a new state in the Indian Federation. Demands for Khalistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Greater Nagaland are some of the examples. The insurgent tribal groups in North East India also indulge in this sort of terror.

ii) Religious Terrorism :
This terrorism is perpetuated in the name of religious fundamentalism. The terrorist attacks in Mumbai on 26 November 2008 and other attacks in different parts of the country by ISI of Pakistan are acts of Religious Terrorism. This is popularly known as Jehadi Terrorism.

iii) Ideology oriented Terrorism (Left wing extremism):
This form of Terrorism is also known as Left wing extremism which condemns the economically exploitative and socially suppressive nature of the society. It aims at revolutionary change through violence and terror. The ideology of Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, Lenin and others are considered as the basis for this type of extremism.

iv) State sponsored Terrorism (Cross border Terrorism):
This type of Terrorism is a type of ‘ warfare by proxy emanating from neighbouring countries. The terrorist groups are allowed to make frontal attach on nations across the border to create insecurity in neighbouring countries. India has been facing this problem from Pakistan since independence. Terrorist groups in India are supported by Pakisthan ISI and other agencies.

v) Narco Terrorism and Sandalwood Terrorism :
This form of Terrorism focuses on indulging in prohibited trade of narcotics and sandalwood. The attempts to make illegal traffic zones in North, West India and Jammu & Kashmir and ensuring Terrorism by illegal traders on officials is an example. Similarly, the sandalwood smugglers in reserve forest areas of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka resort to Terrorism against forest officials and police.

Based on means employed by terrorists, terrorism can be further classified as :

a) Environmental Terrorism (Bio-terrorism):
Environmental terrorism is a premeditated damage caused to the nature and natural resources. Using weapons of mass destruction, chemical weapons and biological weapons to create insecurity and massacre in the society. Sometimes, the deliberate use of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) to kill people, animals and plants and destroy natural resources is called bioterrorism. There are instances of Terrorists using these techniques unsuccessfully.

b) Cyber Terrorism :
The criminal activities perpetuated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities resulting in violence, destruction and disruption of services to create fear and confusion among people. Spreading misinformation and lies, harassing women, posting sensitive comments on individuals and incidents with Facebook, Twitter e-mail and so on (social media) come under their purview.

c) Suicide Terrorism :
Terrorist groups resort to this type of Terrorism by employing suicide bombers to create large scale massacre in the society. The first suicide attack by the Fedayeen was on July 13, 1991 on Border Security Post. The attacks on Jammu and Kashmir Assembly complex in October 2001, Indian Parliament in Dec 2001 and storming of Akshardham Temple in Gujarat in 2002 are some of the examples. In fact, the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi along with 18 others was assassinated in May 1991 by a suicide bomber employed by LTTE.

Though, the aims and objectives, means and methods differ, all the Terrorist groups have a unanimous intention of creating fear, violence, insecurity and confusion among Indians.

d) Terrorism and Insurgency :
There is a very little thin layer of difference between Terrorism and Insurgency. While Insurgency is confined within the National boundary and directed against one’s own Government, Terrorism can transcend the National boundary and may be directed against one’s own country as well as other countries.

Question 3.
What are the antiterrorism Acts initiated in India?
Answer:
The Government is enacting stringent laws to counter the trends of Terrorism. These include preventive Detention Act, Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), Conservation of Foreign Exchange and prevention of SmugglyActivites Act (COFEPOSA). National Security Act (NSA). Precention of Black marketing and maintenance of Essential Commodities Act (PBMSECA). Terrorist and Disruptive Activites (Prevention ) Act (TADA). Promotion of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and psychotropic Substances Act (PITNDPSA), Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), Essential services Maintenance Act (ESMA) and Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and so on.

Some of these Acts are repealed and others are still in force. These Acts provide strong legal frame work to punish the terrorists. Besides these Acts, the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and Defence of Indian rules (DIR) also suggest severe punishments to various acts of Terrosism. Some of the laws authorise the excutive to detain the persons involved in Terrorist activities without trial for several months. In all such cases, the executive can extend the period of detention of terrorists based on the suggestions made by Advisory Boards. Depending on the nature of the activity of Terrorism, the punishments vary from months long rigorous impoisonnnent to capital punishment (Death penalty).

Infact, the Indian constitution, unlike many other constitutions of the world, made provision ofr preventive detention as integral part in Article 22 of the constitution. Many civil rights groups in India criticise the provisions of Anti Terrorism Acts and term Tthem as draconian, as these Acts render excessive powers to the executive.

Question 4.
Describe various Anticorruption laws in India.
Answer:
Indian Government has taken several measures to check corruption at different levels. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 is enacted to curb corruption in public life in India. The main thrust of this Act is to prohibit public servants from accepting or soliciting illegal Ratifications in the discharge of their official functions. In addition, bribe givers and intermediaries may also be held liable under this Act. However, filing cases of corruption against certain authorities requires prior approval of constitutional functionaries (Governor at state level and President of India at National level)

Various sections of Indian Penal Code (IPC) provide criminal punishment for public servants who indulge in corrupt practices. The prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002 and the Right to Information Act 2005 help in filing cases of corruption. The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was set up in 1964 to the public servants. The citizens guide is prepared by the Central Vigilance Commission on do’s and don’ts in matters of corruption.

Protection for Whistleblowers :
Whistleblowers who exposed corruption need protection against corrupt officials and leaders. The murder of Sri Satyendra Dubey who exposed corruption in the National Highway Authority Scam and the murder of RTI Activist Sheila Masood forced the union government to introduce “Public Interest Disclosure Resolution (PIDR)” to undertake measures to protect the lives of whistleblowers.

The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act – 2013 :
The demand for an independent body to look into the cases of corruption against bureaucrats, ministers, Governors and Prime Minister of India came in Anna Hazare Movement. This movement was undertaken against the backdrop of many corruption scandals in India. The UPA Government in 2011 brought out the Lokpal Bill to constitute an independent Lokpal to investigate the charges of corruption against officials and politicians including Parliament Members and Ministers. Anna Hazare suggested Jan Lokpal Bill to constitute an independent body like the Election Commission which would have the power to prosecute and investigate corrupt politicians and bureaucrats without government permission.

The Act provides for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lakayukta for States. These institutions will inquire into the allegations of corruption against certain Public functionaries. The establishment of these institutions is in consonance with
(a) The Constitution of India, which established our State as a Democratic Republic and ensured justice to all the citizens,
(b) Since India ratified the UN convention against corruption
(c) That the Govt of India is determined on its commitment to clean and responsive Governance, and provide effective bodies to contain and punish acts of corruption.

Composition : The Lokpal consists of:
(a) A Chairperson, who is or has been a Chief Justice of India, or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court.
(b) Other members not exceeding eight, out of whom 50 present shall be Judicial members. It is also provided that 50 percent of the members shall be from SC, ST, OBC, minorities and women.

The Chairperson and members are appointed by the president on the recommendations of selection committee consisting of

1. Prime Minister – Chairperson
2. Speaker of Loksabha-Member
3. Leader of Opposition in Loksabha – Member
4. The Chief Justice of India, or a Judge of Supreme Court nominated by him – Member
5. One eminent jurist as recommended by the Chairperson and member – to be nominated by the President – Member

Powers and functions of Lokpai:
The Lokpal has the power to inquire into any matter connected with allegations of corruption against (a) Prime Minister (b) A minister of the Union (c) Any member of either house of Parliament, (d) Any group ‘A1 or group *B* Officer of the Union Government (e) Any Group ‘c’ or Group ‘D’ official of the Union (f) Any person, who is or has been a Chairperson or member, or officer or employee of any corporation, company or any other institution of the Central Government.

The Central Government constitutes special Courts on the recommendation of Lokpal, to hear and decide the cases arisingout of this Act.These special Courts shall complete the trial within a period of one year from the date of filing the case. The special Courts may make assessment of loss done to the public exchequer and make arrangements for recovery of such loss from the convicted public servant or from any other beneficiary.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Coalition politics at National Level.
Answer:
Many coalition governments were formed at the national level. The first coalition Government was formed at the Centre in 1977 with certain major political parties such as Bharatiya Lok Dal, Congress (O), Jan Sangh, Socialist Party and other smaller parties decided to form Janata Party. It is popularly known as Janata experiment. This Government was led by Morarji Desai. This is the first non Congress Government at the Centre. However, some critics did not consider this as coalition government as all parties merged into one Janata Party.

During its rule from 1977-79, government at the national level. Between 1996-98, two United Front Governments assumed office as coalition governments. Again coalition government with 13 political parties led by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) assumed office as National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government between October 1999 and May 2004. Again in May 2004 and May 2009 the United Progressive Alliance led by the Indian National Congress (INC) assumed office. Again in 2014 General election, the BJP led National Democratic Alliance assumed office at the national level.

Question 2.
Merits and De-merits of coalition politics.
Answer:
Merits and Demerits of coalition politics: Coalition politics in India led to politics of accommodation and adjustments. Consequently, the nature of Indian federation is transformed to a cooperative federation with minimum instances of dispute between the Central Government and State Governments. Further, coalition politics in India have successfully brought an alternative to congress party at all levels. As the regional necessities and aspirations are well articulated and grievances are ventilated, Indian political system enhanced its capabilities to meet public demands.

There are also certain’demerits with the emergence of Coalition politics. Many a time, the Governments engaged the coalition partners in politics of bargain. At times, this has also resulted in manipulative politics and instability. Many of the parties have hidden agenda filled with vested interests and resulted in blackmail and mareover. Inspite of many limitations coalition politics have come to stay in India as no party enjoys the nationwide mandate for electoral victories. Due to the limitations and weakness, coalition poljtjcs are also evolving certain workable arrangement for stability. Devising the Common Minimum Programme (CMP), establishing art advisory body or co-ordination committee with all coalition partners and holding periodical consultations on important decisions and policy formulations are some of the initiatives for successful continuance of coalition politics.

Question 3.
Characteristics of Terrorism.
Answer:
Many studies on Terrorism pointed out certain similarities or patterns in the acts of terrorism.
They are:

1. Terrorism is an organised, planned and deliberate act of violence carried out by a handful of people.
2. Terrorism is directed against innocent civilians or a particular community, police officials, armed personnel or government employees of state or central.
3. Terrorism is a motivated violence to challenge the social and political order of the society.
4. Terrorism engages itself in an unofficial war with the Government and political system.
5. Terrorism is a weapon of blackmail and coercion. It aims to highlight its demands with violence. •
6. Terrorism is always unlawful, in human and anti-democratic.

Question 4.
Forms of corruption.
Answer:
The World Bank defines corruption as using “Public office for private profit”. There are different forms of corruption which include bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favouritism, nepotism, communalizer, undue influence etc. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 declares the act of bribery, misappropriation, obtaining pecuniary advantages, abasing official position, possessing assets, disproportionate to known sources of income etc., are corruption practices and punishable under law.

The most recent phenomenon in the form of corruption in India is “quid pro quo corruption”. This means political leaders and high-ranking officials take decisions in favour of corporate houses and high-profile business people who in turn make inflated investments into the industrial units, business undertaking and NGO’s owned and managed by the family members of concerned leaders and officials. In other words, it is an exchange of benefits by both the leaders officials combine and corporate. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is investigating many cases of quid pro quo corruption scandals.

Question 5.
Whistle-Blowers.
Answer:
The activists who expose or disclose corruption in Public Offices and alert people against corruption.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 7th Lesson Election System in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 7th Lesson Election System in India

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the composition, powers and Functions of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Article 324(1) of the constitution provides the Election Commission to supervise and conduct the elections to parliament, state legislatures, the offices of the President and the Vice President of India.

Composition :
The Election Commission of India consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two other commissioners. .
Appointment :
The Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners are Oppointed by the president of India.

Tenure :
The Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners hold office for a period of 6 years or until they attain the age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

Removal :
The Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners can be removed by the president on the basis of a resolution passed to that effect by both the House of Parliament with special majority either on the ground of proved misbehavior or in capacity.

Salary and Allowances :
The Chief Election Commissioner and two other commissioners shall receive salary and Allowances which are similar to that of a judge of the supreme court.

Powers and Functions of Election Commission :
The constitution of India in its articles 324 – 328 enumerates the powers and functions of the Election Commission. These Can be mentioned here under.

1. It prepares all periodically revised electoral rolls .
2. It makes every effort to ensure that the voters list is free of errors like non-existence of names of registered voters or existence names of that non-eligible or non-existent
3. It notifies the dates and schedules of election and scrutinizes nomination papers.
4. During this entire process, the election Commission has the power to take decisions to ensure a free and fair poll.
5. It Gan postpone or cancel the election in the entire country or a specific state or constituency on the grounds that the atmosphere is vitiated and therefore, a free and fair election may not be possible.
6. The Commission also implements a model code of contact for parties and candidates. It can order a re-poll in a specific constituency.
7. It can also order a recount of notes when it feels that the counting process has not been fully
   fair and just.
8. The Election Commission accords recognition to political parties and allots symbols to each of them.
9. It advises the President whether elections can be held in a state under president’s rule in order to extend the period of emergency after one year.
10. It advises the Governor on matters relating to the disqualifications of the members of state legislature.

Question 2.
Explain the features of Indian Political Party System.
Answer:
Political parties in India can be broadly classified into national political parties and regional political parties. The Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist) also known as CPM and National Congress Party are recognized National Parties in India. Likewise, India also has regional political parties like DMK and AIADMK, Akali Dal, National Conference, Telugu Desam Party, YSRCR TRS and money others.

There are no permanent cadre for many of these parties. However, there are certain political parties like CPI, CPM, BJP TDP and others who have a strong cadre base and constantly engage their workers in normal times also.

1. Multiparty System :
For many decades after independence, India became a one party dominant system with Indian National Congress dominating the political system both at the union level and states. However, the political dynamics from 1990s onwards resulted in the emergence of a multiparty system with over 6 strong national political parties and 53 regional political parties.

2. Ideological spectrum :
Indian political parties can be classified into rightist, leftist and centrist based on their ideological position. The Bharatiya Janata party, Shiva Sena and others claim themselves as rightist as these parties bestow importance to culture, traditional symbols, glorified past, Hindustan etc., in their ideology. The communist parties, Forward Bloc and others consider themselves as proper with socialist orientation and hence are known as left parties. All other parties are a combination of all ideologies and are known as centrist parties.

3. Non cadre based and cadre based parties :
Many political parties in India recruit their political workers and other functionaries only during the times of Elections.

4. No internal democracy :
Indian political parties mostly lack internal democracy in their respective political organizations. Barring a few, all the functionaries from the level of grassroots to national level are nominated by the high command.

5. Constant splits and Factionalism:
Indian political parties constantly suffer from splits among leaders. These conflicts and differences of opinion among the leaders also result in the formation of others political parties. Major parties suffer from factionalism and groupism both at national and regional level.

6. Political coalitions :
Many political parties in India prefer to form coalitions with other parties. These coalition energe as pre poll allinaces and post poll alliances.

7. Charismatic leadership :
Many political parties in India depend on the personality factor of their leaders. This is called charismatic leadership. Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and others gave strong leadership to the congress Party. Likewise Atal Behari Vajpayee L.K. Advani, Narendra Modi and others provided vibrant leadership to BJR IN the same manner, Kanshiram (BSP), Mulayan Singh Yadav (SP) Lalu Prasad Yadav (RJD), NT Rama Rao (TDP) K. Chandrasekhar Rao (TRS) and others have millions of followers and led their parties to victories.

Question 3.
Examine the characteristics of Anti defection law.
Answer:
The 52^nd Amendment Act (1985) provides for disqualification of public representatives (members of Parliament and state Legislatures) on the grounds of defection from one political party to another. This amendment Act is referred to and popularly known as Anti Defection Law. The Act is further strengthened by 91^st Amendment Act of 2003. The constitution that explains the grounds and procedures for disqualification.

1. Disqualification of members belonging to political parties :
An elected member of any political party faces disqualification, if he joins in any other political party. Further, an elected member of parliament or state legislature belonging to any political party becomes disqualified.
a) If the member resigns from the political party; or
b) If the member either votes or abstains from voting on any matter in the house against the directions issued by political party through a whip.

2. Disqualification of Independent Members and Nominated members:
A member elected as independent to the House of Parliament or state Legislature becomes disqualified if he joins any political party after the election.

Likewise a nominated member to Parliament or State Legislature becomes disqualified if he joins any political party after six months of his nomination.

3. Anti defection Law – Exceptions :
If the members elected from a particular political party split from the party or prefer merger with other party, with 2/3 of the strength, provisions of anti defection law cannot be applied. Likewise, if any member is elected as presiding officer of the house (speaker or deputy speaker etc.) the member can voluntarily gives up the membership of the party to protect the dignity and impartiality of the office. In such cases, the law gives an exception to the member and it cannot be a ground for disqualification.

4. Anti defection Law-Not Applicable to Expulsions :
If any political party expels its elected member from the membership of the party, this Act does not disqualify the member for his term.

5. Anti defection law – Authorised Deciding Authority :
The presiding officer of the House (Speaker) becomes the deciding authority with regard to the matters of disqualification based on Anti defection law.

There are various advantages and short comings in Anti defection law. It was aimed to prevent political defections and corruption that lure the members with offices, material benefits and other considerations. It provides stability to the political system and prevents corrupt practices. This Act guards the policy against unprinciple and unethical political defections and strengthens the fabric of parliamentary democracy.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain about Central Election Commission.
Answer:
In India, all elections are conducted under the control and supervision of an Election Commission According to Article 324 of the constitution, The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election commissioner and such number of other Election commissioners, if any, as the president may from time to time fix and the appointment of Chief election commissioner and other Election commissioners shall, subject to the provisions, if arty, be made in that behalf by the President’.

Thus, the Election Commission of India is an independent body. The constitution vested the Election Commission the powers to supervise, control and direct all elections in India. Presently, the Central Election Commission consists of a chief Election commissioner and two other Election Commissioners. The chief Election commissioner is the chairman of the Election commission.

He is appointed by the president of India and emainin office during his pleasure. Normally, he is appointed for a period of 6 years. He can resign on his own or can be removed from his position on grounds of misbehaver or incapacity to discharge his constitutional obligations. However, the removal process involves passing of a resolution in each house of Parliament by an absolute majority of not less than two-third members present and voting.

Question 2.
Briefly write about Electoral Reforms in India.
Answer:
The Electoral Reforms will ensure the free and fair elections in the country. The successful functioning of Indian democracy depends on the electorial reforms.

Some Electoral Reform proposed :

1. The donation of companies to the political parties should be strtctiy banned.
2. The accounts of the political parties are to be audited by the Election Commission periodically.
3. The number of members of the Election Commission shall be raised.
4. The limit on election expenditure of the candidates must be proper, practical and realistic.
5. The announcement of new policies, projects and programmes by the party in power during elections should be banned.
6. The members of the election commission should be appointed by the president president on the advice of the prime minister, leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha and the chief justice of India.
7. The government should meet the election expenditure of the candidates.
8. The Election Commission should be authorised to invalidate the election of a candidate, if it was proved that he had used government machinery during elections.
9. Notification should be issued to the voters and electronic voting machines should be introduced after fool proof arrangements.
10. The candidate who secure 51 percent of the polled votes shall be declared as winner.

Question 3.
Narrate about Indian National Congress (INC).
Answer:
The INC was formed in the year 1885 and played a significant ro|e in Indian National Movement. Some historians have a equated the history of Indian National Movement with the history of Indian National Congress. In the post independence period, the congress party emerged as the single dominent party till 1980’s. It was in power at the center for over three decades and was led by charismatic leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Lai Bahadur Sastry and Indira Gandhi as Prime Ministers. The Congress party was also in power in most Indian states in India. During the general elections in 1977, the congress was defeated at the center.

But bounded back to power at the centre and in many of the states in 1980 elections. In the year 1984, the leader of Congress Party and the then Prime Minister SMT. Indira Gandhi was assassinated. In the general elections of 1984 the congress won with a huge majority and Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister. However, during the 1991 election campaign trial Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated. Later a coalition government under the leadership of RV. Narasimha Rao as the strength of the Congress slowly declined coalitions were formed with many parties under united progressive Alliance (UPA). The congress at the center in 2004 and 2009. Election symbol of the congress Party is the hand. The Indian National Congress allowed itself to the ideals of socialism democracy, secularism and unity and integrity of India.

Question 4.
Discuss about Bharatiya Janata party.
Answer:
BJP was formally launched in February 1980 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The election symbol of BJP is lotus. The party has strong links with the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS), a socio-cultural organisation that stands for Hindu Iva ideology. Since, the fomation of the BJFJ it has considerably increased its strength in Lok Sabha and captured power at the central level in 1998, 2014 and 2019 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Narendra Modi. It has been forming the Government with its coalition, arrangement known as National Democratic Alliance (NDA).

These include SUraksha (security), shchita (clean and transparency), Swadeshi (Encouragement to domestic goods) and Samraksha (welfarism). The BJP believes in cultural nationalism of India. Construction of Ram Temple at Ayodhya, barring of foreign born persons to assume high offices in India. Reservation of 1/3 seats to women in Parliament and many others are part of its manifesto.

Question 5.
What is Model Code of Conduct (MCC)?
Answer:
Model code of conduct: The Election Commission of India Formulated certain guidelines to be followed by political parties and candidates during the electoral process. These guidlines are known as model code of conduct (MCC). These include, restrictions on the Government laying new projects or welfare programmes, prevention on government bodies undertaking recruitment, resonable restrictions on election campaign, so as to ensure normal public life without any disturbance, refrain from distribution of liquor, prevention of ruling party form using its seat of power for the campaign purposes and so on.

On the polling day all the parties and candidates should co-operate with poll duty officials. Candidates should not display their election symbols near and around the poll booths on the polling day. For the purpose of strict implementation of the model code of conduct, the Election Commission appoints Observers to whom any complaints can be reported or submitted.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are Electronic Voting machines?
Answer:
An Electronic voting machine is a simple electronic device used to record votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system. The advantage of the EVM over the traditional ballot paper system are given below.
a) It eliminates the possibility of invalid and doubtful votes.
b) It makes the process of counting of votes much faster that the conventional system.
c) It reduces to a great extent the quantity of paper used, thus saving a large number of trees.
d) It reduces cost printing as only one sheet of ballot papers required for each polling station.

Question 2.
When is National voters Day observed?
Answer:
The Election Commission of India is established on January 25, 1950. To mark the commissions foundation day, every year January 25 is celebrated as National voters day. The Government decided to celebrate this day to encourage more young voters to enroll and take part in the political process.

Question 3.
Explain the Growing Money Power in Elections.
Answer:
It is found that money has an increasingly important role in elections. Unaccounted black money is used by some candidates leading to corrupt practices during elections. Large amounts of money spent on campaigning by some candidates deprive other genuine candidates from winning in elections. Infact money is used by some leaders to buy votes, present gifts such as cricket bits, bribe leaders of caste associations and other groups and donate for community assets in particular area.

The Election Commission of India has taken various steps to curl the menace fo money power in elections. It appoints Election Observers and expenditure observers to each parliamentary or assembly constituency to supervise and prevent these malpractices. It is mandatory for all candidates to declare their assets and liabilities before the filling of nomination papers.

Question 4.
Write about Electoral Photo Identity Card (EPIC).
Answer:
Electoral Photo Identity cards :
The Election Commission of India issues electoral photo identity cards to the voters. The voters must bring this card or any other proof of identity at the time of voting to cast the vote. This system was introduced as a reform measure to prevent bogus voting.

Question 5.
Explain about Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Answer:
Communist party of India-Marxist (CPM) :
The split in Communist Party of India in 1964 resulted in the formation of Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPM). Within few years of its emergence, the CPM became stronger and important than the CPI. As a predominant party, of the coalition, the CPM established left front governments in Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. The ideological stand of CPM include the establishment of people’s democracy in India, inclusion of Right to work in the Fundamental rights, Nationalisation of multinational companies protection of trade union rights, land reforms and so on.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on Shiva Sena.
Answer:
Shiva Sena :
This party was formed by Bal Thackeray in Maharashtra in 1964. Its aim was to preserve and promote Maratha pride. This party also adheres the Hindu Iva ideology and opposed to the appearement policy towards minorities. Presently the leader of shiva sena, Udhav Thackery is conducting the Government in Maharashtra a chief minister. It is also a coalition partner in NDA.

Question 7.
What is psephology?
Answer:
Different research organisations and Media units conduct opinion surveys during the election process to guage the attitudes of voters on contesting candidates. The study of voting behaviour of voters is called psephology. There are broadly three types of surveys to study the voting behavior of voters-(a) prepoll survey (b) Exit poll survey and (c) Post poll survey. The Election Commission prohibits the publication of results of exit polls till the date of counting of votes.

Question 8.
Write any two committees and commissions on Electoral reforms.
Answer:
The following important committees and commissions have made note worthy recommendations on electrol reforms in India in the post independence period.

1. Joint Parliamentary committee (1972).
2. Tarkemunde committee (1975).
3. Dinesh Goswarni committee )1990).
4. Vohra committee (1993).
5. Indrajit Gupta Committtee (1998).
6. Law comission Report (1999).
7. National commission to review the working of the constitution (2001).
8. Election Commission of India (2004).
9. Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008).
10. Association for Democracy report on reforms (2013).

Question 9.
What are poll surveys?
Answer:
Different Research Organisations and print and Electronic Media units conduct opinion surveys during the election process to assets the pulse of voters on contesting candidates especially on the performance of ruling and opposition parties. There are broadly three types of surveys to study the voting behaviour of voters.

1. Pre poll survey
2. Exit poll survey, and
3. Post poll survey

Question 10.
Write a note on Bahujan Samaj Party.
Answer:
Bahujan Samaj Party :
The Bahujan Samaj Party champions the cause of Backward classes. Scheduled castes, scheduled Tribes, and minorities. The party aims at uplifting the Dalits and downtrodden sections of society. The BSP was formed in 1985 by Kanshi Ram, later, the leadership changed into the hands of another leader Mayavati. The party has significant influence in states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Delhi. The BSP has also formed a government in Uttar Pradesh and was a coalition partner in the central government many times. The election symbol of BSP is an elephant.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 6th Lesson Local Government Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 6th Lesson Local Government

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about a brief historical background of local governments in India.
Answer:
Historical Background :
Local governments in India have a long historical background. The Rigveda the oldest of four Vedas, mentioned two institutions namenly. Sabha and Samithi which performed several administrative and political functions at community level. They were the effective administrative state structures at local levels in ancient period. They relate to village panchayats and caste panchayats. Which managed the administrative and judicial affairs of a village community. These institutions continued for several years even without the effective support of the ruling classes of the time. Many eminent writers like Megasthanes Kautilya and Fahieh have cited the existence of these bodies in their writings.

In medieval period, village panchayats flourished during the Chola Dynasty in South India. The Cholas were renowed for their patronage of the local bodies. However, the local governments of the present form is attributes to the efforts of some British Officers at higher levels. They developed these bodies to promote the colonial interests. Lord Mayo’s Resolution (1870) and Lord Rippon’s Resolution (1882) paved the way for the progress of these institutions in India; Earlier the East India Company established the Municipal Corporation of Madras in 1688 with the consent of Emperor George II. Some Mayor courts were setup in Madras in 1726 for collecting taxes and administering justice.

The Regulating Act of 1773 paved the way for the establishment of local governments, at Calcutta (Kolkota), Madras and Bombay (Mumbai). Lord Rippon, the Governor General of India moved the famous resolution for devolving financial and administrative powers to the local governments. His resolution is known as the Magna Carta of Local Governments in India. He was described as the father of local self-governments in India. Later on the successive British rulers in India have intiated many steps for providing more authority to the local bodies. Some of the notable legal enactments are Bengal Municipalities Act, 1884.

Bengal Local Governments Act 1885, Bengal village self-government Act, 1919 etc. The Royal Commission on Decentralizatin headed by Sir Charles Hobhouse up of village panchayats, constitution of district boards, entrusting primary obligations to municipalities etc. The Government of India Act 1919 introduced diarchy at state level. It gave impetus to the local governments. It empowered the Indian ministers to take decisions in regard to the maintenance of local bodies.

The Government of India Act 1935 assigned the provincial governments with the obligation of making the local bodies energetic and efficient. It placed the subject of Local Self Government under Entry 12 of the provincial governments. Consequently many provincial governments paused Acts delegating the local governments the powers of administration including criminal justice to the panchayats. Prominent leaders of national movements live Mahatma Gandhi suggested the cause of local governments. Gandhi supported the cause of local governemnts.

Question 2.
Describe the main provisions of the 73^rd Constitution Amendment Act, 1992.
Answer:
The Union Government headed by the Prime Minister RV. Narasimha Rao strongly felt the need for immediate grant of constitutional status to the Panchayat Raj Institutions. It introduced a Bill to that effect in the Parliament in September 1991. Later, the bill was referred to a joint select committee which studied the former and submitted its report in July 1992. The; bill was accepted by the Parliament and the same was referred to the state legislatures for their approval. As majority state legislative assemblies accepted the Bill, it became an Act in the name of the constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act, 1992. The Act came into force April 24, 1993.

The Act reinserted Part IX which was deleted by the constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 and added a new schedule, namely 11^th Schedule. The Act deals with Articles 243 to 243(0) of the Indian Constitution.

Main provision of the act :
1. Gram Sabha :
Article 243 (A) deals with the Gram Sabha. Every village has to have a Gram Sabha consisting of all registered voters of a village. It shall meet atleast twice a year.

2. Constitution of Panchayat :
The Act envisages a uniform three tier system of Panchayats at Rural level throughout the Country.
They are : Gram panchayat at village level 2) Mandal Parishad or Pahchayat Samithi at Mjandal level and 3) Zilla Parishad at District level.

3. Reservation of Seats :
The Act provides reservations in Panchayat Raj institutions for SCs, STs and BCs proportion to thjeir population. It also provides 1/3 of seats reserved for women.

4. Duration of Panchayat :
The Duration of Panchayat is five years at every level. Incase of dissolution, election should be conducted within six months.

5. Composition of Panchayat:
Every Gram Panchayat comprises four organs, namely,
i) Panchayat
ii) Sarpanch,
iii) Panchayat Secretary and
iv) Gram Sabha.

6. Qualifications and Disqualifications :
The Act specified qualifications and disqualifications of the candidate to contest the Panchayats. i) He should be of 21 years of age ii) He should be voter in that area iii) He shall not hold any office of profit, iv) He should pay an amount as deposit specified by the State Legislature.

7) Powers and Functions :
Article 243 (G) explains the powers and functions of the Panchayats. It has powers on 29 items listed in the XI^th schedule of the constitution. They are Agriculture,

Health and Sanitation, Drinking water, Fisheries, Social Foresty, Rural housing, Roads etc.

8) State Finance Commission :
Article 243(1) provides for the state finance commission. The governor of the state shall constitute a finance commission for every five years. It shall make the following recommendations to the Governor i) To review the financial position of the Panchayats ii) The distributioin of Funds between the state and Panchayats iii) The grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the consolidated fund of the state. It consists of a chairman and four other members.

9) State Election Commission :
Article 243(K) explains how the state Election Commission is to ensure free and fair elections to the Panchayats. The State Election Commissioner is appointed by the governor to perform the following functions.

1. To prepare and update the electoral rolls of the voters for Panchayat elections.
2. To conduct free and fair elections to the Panchayats
3. To allot symbols to the contesting candidate during the elections.

Question 3.
Mention the main provisions of the 74^th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992.
Answer:
The constitution seventy-fourth Amendment Act, 1992 was approved by the parliament in December, 1992. It was regarded as a progressive step in strengthening the urban local bodies in India. It provided a common frame work for the effective functioning of these bodies. The Act came into force on June 1, 1993.

Main Provisions :
The main provisions of the Act are as follows :
1) Constitution of Municipalities :
The Act provides three kinds of urban local governments in every state. They are : i) Nagar Panchayat ii) Municipality and iii) Municipal Corporation.

2) Composition of Municipalities :
All members of urban local bodies shall be elected directly or indirectly by the people respective areas. They are councillors to Nagar Panchayat and municipalities and corporators to municipal corporations. Chairpersons, Vice-chairpersons, and Mayors and Deputy mayors should be elected by the members of the urban local bodies. MLAs, MPs, and MLCs are also exofficio members of their respective urban local bodies.

3) Reservation of Seats :
The Act provides reservations in urban local bodies for SCs, STs and BCs in proportion to their population. It provides 1/3 of seats reserved for women.

4) Duration of Municipality :
The duration of urban local bodies is five years at every level. In case of dissolution, election should be conducted within six months.

5) Qualifications and Disqualifications :
The Act specified qualifications and disqualifications of the candidate to contest in urban local bodies, i) He should have completed 21 years of age ii) He should be a voter in the area iii) He should not hold any office of profit iv) He should pay an amount as deposit specified by the state legislature.

6) Powers and Functions :
Article 243(W) explains the powers and functions of the urban local bodies. It has powers on 18 items listed in XII^th schedule of the constitution. They are urban planning, public health, sanitation, fire services, burial grounds, roads and bridges etc.

7) State Finance Commission :
State Finance Commission, which is constituted for the Panchayats under Article 243(l), shall also review the financial position of the urban local bodies and forward necessary recommendations to the governor.

8) State Election Commission :
State Election commission, which is constituted for the Panchayats under Article 243(K) is entitled to conduct elections to urban local bodies.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Telangana Panchayat Raj Act of 2018.
Answer:
On the basis of 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendment Acts, erst while Andhra Pradesh Government enacted the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act 1994 that came into existence on 30^th May 1994. After the formation of Telangana as a separate State on 2^nd June 2014 the old Act was continued in the State. Subsequently, the Telangana Government led by K. Chandra Shekar Rao, enacted a new law namely the Telangana Panchayat Raj Act 2018. This new Act was came into existence on 18th April 2018. The main objectives of the new Act are to strengthening the local governments in Telangana and fulfill the ambitions and aspirations of the new state. It consists of 297 sections, VIII schedules, and 9 parts.

Main Features of the Telangana Panchayat Raj Act :
1) Three-Tier System :
Provides for a three-tier Panchayat Raj system i.e., Grama Panchayat at village level. Mandal Praja Parishad at Mandal level and Zilla Praja Parishad at District level.

2) Qualifications and Disqualifications :
The Act specified grounds for qualifications and disqualifications of my candidate contesting for any Panchayat post
a) He/she should be completed the age of 21 years.
b) He/she shold be voter in the area.
c) He/she should not possess any profitable income post of the Government.
d) He/she should pay an amount as deposit specified by the state legislature.
e) He/she is not elibigle for having more than two children after 30 may, 1999.

Explanation :
A person having more than two children before 31st may, 1995 shall not be disqualified so long as the number of children does not increase.

3) Reservations :
This Act provides reservations in all tiers to SCs & STs on the basis of proportion their population 34% seats are reserved for BCs and 50% seats reserve for women. The reservations shall be rotated every two consecutive terms.

4) Duration of Panchayat :
The duration of Panchayat is five years at every level. Incase of dissolution, election should be conducted within six months. But, where the remaining of the period is less than six months for any vacancy, it shall not be necessary to hold any election fo rremaining period.

5) Powers and Functions :
This Act provides powers and functions of the Panchayats. It has power on 29 items listed in XIth schedule of the constitution. They are agriculture, health and sanitation, drinking water, social welfare etc.

6) State Election Commission :
The act provides for the constitution of the State Election Commission for preparation of eletoral rolls and conduct of elections to all Panchayat Raj Institutions. The Election Commission shall consist of a State Election Commissioner. The Governor on the recommendatin of the Government shall appoint the State Election Commissioner. The conditions of service and tenure of office of the State Election Commissioner shall be decided by the Governor V. Nagi Reddy is the present Telangana State Election Commissioner.

7) State Finance Commission :
A Finance Commission should be constituted once in every five years by the Governor on the recommendation of the Government. The Finance Commission shall consist of a chairman and four other members of whom one shall be the Member-Secretary. The Governor shall by order appoint on the recommendation of the government of the Chairman and other members of the commission. The Finance Commission shall review the financial position of the Gram Panhcayats, Mandal Praja Parishads and Zilla Praja Parishads and make recommendations to the Government. The State Finance Commission suggests ways to improve the Financial position of the local governments. G. Rajesham Goud is the present Chairperson of Telangana State Finance Commission.

8) Village Panchayat Tribunal :
Village Panchayat Tribunal should be established by the State Government. It consists of three members, that will enquire the appellate reagrding removal of Sarpanch and others matters.

Question 5.
Describe the composition and powers of Zilla Parishads in Telangana.
Answer:
The Zilla Praja Parishad is at the apex of the Panchayat Raj institution. It covers the entire rural area of the district and is the deliberative body. Each district shall have a Zilla Praja Parishad by its name. Except Hyderabad, each district have a Zilla Praja Parishad with the name of such district. Presently there are 32 Zilla Praja Parishads in Telangana.

Composition :
Zilla Praja Parishad comprises six organs, namely :

1. Zilla Parishad
2. Zilla Parishad Chairman
3. Zilla Mahasabha
4. Chief Executive Officer
5. Standing Committees and
6. District Collector.

1) Zilla Parishad :
It consists of three categories of members namely :
i) Elected members from Territorial constituencies in the district directly by the people.
ii) Ex-officio members :
Members of Rajya Sabha, members of Loksabha, members of State Legislative Council and numbers of State Legislative Assembly are the Ex-officio members of the Zilla Praja Parishad.

iii) Co-opt members :
Two persons belonging to Minority Communities to be co-opted in the prescribed manner by the members from among persons who are registered voters in the district.

2) Zilla Praja Parishad Chairperson :
Zilla Praja Parishad Chairperson is the political head and first person of the Zilla Praja Parishad. He is eiected by the elected members i.e., Z.RT.C. He presides over and conducts the meetings of the Zilla Praja Parishad. The progress of the rural areas of the district depends on the active initiative and role of te chairperson.

3) Chief Executive Officer(CEO) :
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the Chief Executive Authority of the Zilla Praja Parishad. He is appointed by the state government. He shall be responsible for implementing the resolutions of the Zilla Praja Parishad. All employees of Zilla Praja Parishad shall be under the responsibility, administrative and supervision of the CEO.

4) Zilla Maha Sabha :
There will be a Zilla Mahasabha in every Zilla Praja Parishad. It comprises a chairman and some other members of Zilla Praja Parishad. It serves as an advisory body to the Zilla Parishad.

5) Standing Committees :
There are seven standing committees in Zilla Praja Parishad. They render advice to the Zilla Praja Parishad on several matters like planning, finance, agriculture, rural development, women, social welfare, education, health etc.

6) District Collector :
The District Collector participates in Zilla Praja Parishad and standing committee meetings as a permanent invitee powers and functions of the Zilla Praja Parishad.

The main powers and functions of the Zilla Praja Parishad are to took after various uses of mandal parishads and act as the co-ordination agency at various programme of Mandal Praja Parishads. The Zilla Praja Parishad shall also have the power to,

• Examine and approve the budgets of Mandal Praja Parishads in the district.
• Distribute the funds allotted to the district by the Central or State Government among the Mandal Praja Parishads and Mandals in the district.
• Co-ordinate and consolidate the plans prepared with respect to the mandals in the district and prepare plans in for the entire district.
• Supervise the activities of the Mandal Praja Parishads and Gram Panchayats in the district.
• Exercise and perform such other powers and functions of the District Board including the powers to levy any tax or fees, as may be transferred to it under this Act.
• Perform the responsibilities, functions and exercise such other powers in relation to any development programmes as the Government may be notification confer on or entrust to it.
• Advise Government on all matters relating to development activities and service utilities in the district, whether undertaken by local authorities or Government.
• Publish statistics or other information relating to the activities of the local authorities.
• Establish, maintain’or expand secondary, vocational and industrial schools.
• Supervision of adult education activities.
• Supervision of self employment and livelihood schemes and bank linkages for self help groups.
• Establishments and maintenance of parks, playgrounds and stadiums.
  Every Zilla Praja Parishad comprises Zilla Parishad territorial constituency member (ZPTC) Zilla Parishad President (ZPP), Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee.
Answer:
The government of India had constituted Balwant Rai mehta Committee in 1957. The committee made several recommendations such s three tier structure of Panchayats and provision of adequate financial resources to rural local governments. The Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee were accepted by the government of India. Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh were the first states to implement the Panchayat Raj System.

Question 2.
Ashok Mehta Committee.
Answer:
The Janata Government led by Morarji Desai appointed 13 members committee under the chairperson of Ashok Mehta in 1977 to give suggestions for strengthening of the Panchayat Raj institutions in India. This committee submitted its report in 1978 with 132 suggestions some of them as follows.

1. The three-tier system of the Panchayat Raj should be replaced by the two-tier system, i.e., Zilla Parishad at District level and below it, the Mandal Parishad consisting of a group of villages.
2. The Zilla Parishad should be the executive body and be made responsible for planning at the district level.
3. Seats for SCs and STs should be reserved on the basis of this population.

Question 3.
L.M. Singhvi Committee.
Answer:
L.M. Singhvi Committee was constituted by the government of India in 1986. This committee recommended for the “Constitutional Recognition of Panchayats for strengthening their identify and integrity. It gave certain suggestions for the recognition of Local Self Governments. The Recommendations of L.M. Singhvi Committee were accepted by the government of India. It was during the Prime Ministership of RV. Narasimha Rao, the Constitutional Amendment Bills were passed by the Union Parliament and were ratified by the State legislatures. They received the assent of the President. Finally, the bills emerged as Amendment Act, 1992 and the constitution 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 and the constitution 74^th Amendment Act, 1993.

Question 4.
State Election Commission.
Answer:
Article 243(K) explains how the State Election Commission is to ensure free and fair elections to the Panchayats. It calls for the appointment of a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the State Governor. His conditions of service and tenure of office shall also be determined by the Governor. Powers and functions fo the Election Commission is as follows.

1. To prepare and update the electoral rolls of the voters to Panchayat elections.
2. To conduct free and fair elections to the Panchayats.
3. To allot symbols to the contesting candidates during the elections.

Question 5.
State Finance Commission.
Answer:
Article 243(l) provides for the State Finance Commission. The Governor of the state shall constitute a finance commission for every five years. It shall make the following recommendations to the Governors.

1. To review the financial position of the panchayats.
2. The distribution of funds between the state and Panchayats.
3. The Grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the consolidated fund of the state. It consists of a Chairperson and four other members.

Question 6.
District Planning Committee.
Answer:
According to article 243(ZD), every state shall constitute a District Planning Committee at district level to consolidate the plans prepared by Panchayats and urban local bodies in the district. The Chairman of the Zilla Parishad also acts as the Chairman and District Collector acts as the convenor of the District Planning Committee in the Telangana State.

Question 7.
Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
The base of the structure of the Panchayat Raj institutions is the Gram panchayat. It covers a village or a group of villages. Gram Panchayat is a legislative or deliberative body. Meetings of the Gram Panchayats shall be held atleast once in a month. Every meeting of a Gram Panchayat shall be presided by the Sarpanch & in his absence by the Upa-Sarpanch. All decisions and resolutions of the Gram panchayat shall be taken by majority of the members including Sarpanch. At present there are 12,751 Gram Panchayats in Telangana.

Question 8.
Gram Sabha.
Answer:
Every village shall have a Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha consists of all registered voters in the village, It shall meet atleast twice a year. Every meeting of the Gram Sabha shall be presided over by the Sarpanch. It discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare and development programmes.

Question 9.
Sarpanch.
Answer:
Sarpanch is the first person of the village and political head of the Gram Panchayat. He is directly elected by registered votes of the village. He should also preside over meetings of the Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha. He is held responsible for the implementation of the resolutions of Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha.

Question 10.
Panchayat Secretary.
Answer:
Panchayat Secretary is a government employee apppointed by the State Government. He is subordinate to the Sarpanch and assist; the Gram Panchayat in Administrative affairs. He shall attend the meetings of he Gram Sabha and Gratti Panchayat and shall be entitled to take part in the discussions but shall not be entitled to vote or moves any resolution.

Question 11.
Mandal Parishad Teritorial Constituency Member (MPTC).
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Tentorial Constituency Member (MPTC) members are directly elected by the voters, whereas the mandal president is elected by the MPTC members. The members are elected for a term of five years. The election to MPTGs is done on a party basis. The elections are conducted by the state election commission.

Question 12.
Mandal Praja Parishad President (MPP).
Answer:
Mandal Praja Parishad President acts as the political head of the mandal Parishad. He Presides over the meetings of the Mandal Parishad. hie determines the date and agenda of the said meeting in consultation with the Mandal Parishad Development Officer. He will have control over the Mandal Parishad Development Officer in the implementation of various resolutions of the Mandal Parishad. He takes suggestions from non-political/eminent/experienced persons for the effective functioning of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 13.
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDD).
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDD) is the administrative head of Mandal Parishad the plays a crucial role in the administrative affairs of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the agenda of the Parishad meetings and participates in the meeting and renders advice to the members on several matters of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the annual budget of the Mandal Parishad. He takes steps for the effective working of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 14.
Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituency Member (ZPTC).
Answer:
Each Zilla Praja Parishad area is divided into as many mandals. Every mandal in the district shall be a territorial constituency, represented by one member known as ZPTC. He shall be elected by the method of secret ballot, by persons who are registered voters in the Zilla Praja Parishad concerned.

Question 15.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
Answer:
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the Chief Executive Authority of the Ziila Praja Parishad and appointed by the State Government He shall be responsible for implementing the resolutions of the Ziila Praja Parishad and shall also perform such responsibilities and functions and exercise such powers as may be entrusted to him by the Government.

Question 16.
Mayor.
Answer:
The Mayor is the political head and first person of the Municipal Corporation. For every Municipal Corporation there shall be one ‘Mayor who shall be elected by and from among the elected councilors. The Mayor Presides over and convenues the meetings of the Municipal Corporation once in a month. He/she sets the agenda for the council meeting. He has fpil access to all records of the Municipal Corporation. He exercises administrative control over the Municipal Commissioner for the purposes of implementation of the resolution of the Municipal Corporation. The progress of the town of the Municipal Corporation area depends on the active initiative and role of die Mayor.

Question 17.
Name of the Municipal Corporation in Telangana.
Answer:
The Municipal Corporation is at the apex of the urban local self-government instituted for a large urban area. At present, there are 13 Municipal Corporations in Telangana. They are 1. Hyderabad, 2. Warangal, 3. Karimnagar, 4. Khammam, 5. Nizamabad, 6. Ramagundam, 7. Boduppal, 8. Bandlaguda, 9. Badangpet, 10. Jawahar Nagar, 11. Meerpet, 12. Nizbmpet, 13. Peer Zadiguda.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 5th Lesson Centre-State Relations Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 5th Lesson Centre-State Relations

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Legislative Relations between union and states.
Answer:
Our constitution prescribed the legislative and administrative relations between the union and die states in a clear cut manner in Part XI, Articles 245 to 255. Both the union and state Governments formulate jaws for die peace, pleasure and progress of Indian citizens. While the Union Parliament can make laws in matters inducted in the union and concurrent list the state Legislatures were empowered to pass legislation on matters in the state list and concurrent list.

The makers of our constitution classified legislative powers of the Union and die states under three lists.

Union List:
The untonCovemmenthas exclusive powers to make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the Union List Initially there were 97 subjects. At present there are 98 items in this list. Some of them are defence, citizenship, foreign affairs, railway, post and telegraphs telephones, currency coinage, banking, insurance, atomic energy and mineral, resources, income, tax, customs, taxes on stock exchange transactions etc.

State List:
There are 59 subjects in the state list of them, the more important are : police, local governments; public health, sanitation^ hospitals and dispensaries, land revenue, agriculture, state public services etc.

Concurrent List:
The union Parliament as well as the state legislatures have the power to make legislation dri the subjects listed in the concurrent list The main subjects Included in this list are criminal fdw, marriagaand divorce, transfer of property other than agriculture land, contracts, bankruptcy and insolvency, forests, education, iabouf welfare, trade union, stamp duties etc. Atpresentthereare

The peculiarity of this list is that both the union and the state legislatures can make legation OYef jtfe« items of this list- in an incident of conflict between the union parliament and state legislature on a par^arjim of this (ist, the jaw enacted by the Union Partiament prevails over that of the State legislature.

Residuary Items:
Accordingto 248 Article of Indian Constitution residuary powers are vested in Union Government. The Parliament has power to make legislation on residuary items. These Items are not mentioned in the above three lists.

Question 2.
Point out the administrative relations between Union and states.
Answer:
Articles 2S6 and 263 deal with the administrative relationship between the centre and the states. In normal conditions, the administrative authority of the states applies to all the subjects included in the state list. Under certain circumstances, the Central Government exercises control over the administrative affairs of the state. The following points show the administrative relations between the centre and the states.

1. The state Governments shall exercise their executive authority without impeding the Union Governments executive power.
2. The executive powers of every state should be exercised in such a way as to comply with the laws made by Parliament The Central Government is empowered to give such directions whenever necessary.
3. The Union Government may also give directions to the states for the maintenance and construction of means of communication declared to be of national or military importance.
4. The Union Government is empowered to give directions to the states regarding the steps to be taken for tire protection of railways in the state.
5. The Union Government is also empowered to construct and maintain means of communication and information required for Army, Navy and Air Force.
6. The Governors of the states are appointed and removed by the President on the advice of the union cabinet. They are supposed to act as the representatives of the Union Government in the exercise of their functions.
7. The Union Government has the duty to protect every state from external aggression and internal disturbances.
8. The Union Government by constituting an Inter-state Council can settle the disputes between the states etc.

Question 3.
Mention the Financial relations between Union and States.
Answer:
Our constitution has clearly provided for the ways to impose, collect and distribute tax proceeds between Union and the states in order to avoid disputes between them in financial matters. These matters are indicated in Articles from 264 to 30oA of part XII of our constitution.

1. Taxes and Duties levied by the centre :
Certain revenue items are exclusively assigned to the Central Government These indude customs and export duties. Income tax, excise duty on tobacco, jute etc., corporate tax, taxes on the capital value of the assets, estate duty with respect to property other than agricultural land, railways, post and telegraphs, telephone, wireless sets, foreign exchange, coinage etc.

2. Taxes and Duties levied and used by the states :
Certain items of revenue fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the states. There are land revenue, stamp duty except on documents included in the Union list, succession duty, estate duty, income tax on agricultural land, taxes on transport vehicles; taxes on advertisement; taxes on consumption of electricity etc.

3. Taxes levied by the union but collected and appropriated by the states :
Revenue from certain items is levied by the union, but collected and appropriated by the states. These include stamp duties, excise duty on medicinal and toilet materials; opium, stamp duties on bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lending, transfer of shares etc.

4. Taxes levied and collected by the union but assigned to the states :
These includes taxes on railway freight and fares; terminal taxes on goods or passengers carried by rail, sea or air; estate duty with respect to prosperity other than agricultural land.

5. Taxes levied and collected by the union and distributed among the union and the states. These are certain items o which taxes are levied and collected by the union. But they are given to the states. Such items.are tax on income other than agriculture, medicinal, and toilet preparations and soon.

6. Union Grants in-aid to the states :
The constitution makes special provisions for giving grants-in-aid to sphemes for prompting the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Backward classes. The states of Assam, Bihar, Odissa and West Bengal receive grants in aid in lieve of export duty on jute and jute products.

7. Union’s power to borrow and raise loans :
The Union Government can borrow money on the security of the consolidated fund of India. States can borrow finances within the territory of India on the security of their consolidated funds.

During the proclamation of financial emergency the president can suspend the provisions relating to the division of revenue between the union and states and grants-in-aid to the states.

Question 4.
Examine the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
The Union Government set up a high level commission headed by Justice Ranjit Singh Sarkaria on June 9, 1983. The Sarkaria Commission was asked to examine and review the working of the existing arrangements between the union and the states with regard to powers, functions, and responsibility in all spheres and recommend necessary changes.

The commission prepared a report and submitted it to the union Government on October 27, 1987. The union Government, initiated measures on 179 recommendations out of 247 recommendations of the commission.’

Recommendations :
Some of the main recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission are explained as below’.
1. Strong Centre :
The commission favoured the retention of powers for a strong centre. It firmly rejected the1 demand for certaining the powers of the Centre in the larger interests of national unity and integrity.

2. Consultations :
The commission rejected the demand for the transfer of certain state subjects to the concurrent list. However, it has recommended that the union should invariable consult the states in all matters of enactments on concurrent list.

3. Co-operative Federalism:
The commission favoured greater co-operation between the centre and the states in the matter of formulation and implementation of plans.

4. Appointment of Governors :
The commission rejected the demand for the abolition of the office of the Governor. It opposed the idea of appointing active politicians as Governors. Instead, it suggested appointment of non-political, non-controversial and eminent persons as Governors, preferably from minority sections. Further, it suggested that the Governor on retirement should not be permitted to hold any office of profit.

5. Appointment of Chief Minister:
The commission suggested that the leader of the majority party in the state Legislative Assembly should be appointed as he Chief Minister. If no single party enjoys a clear-cut majority in the Assembly, the person who can Command majority in the Assembly should be appointed as chief minister by the governor.

6. Presidents Rule :
The Commission suggested that President’s Rule should be imposed on rare occasions only as a last resort.

7. Three-language formula :
The commission favoured the implementation of three-language formula throughout the country.

8. Allocation of Finances :
The commission did not agree with the demand for major changes in the scheme of distribution of financial resources as provided by the constitution. It agreed that more funds should be allotted to the state Governments.

9. Retention of All India Services :
The commission rejected the demand for disbanding All India Services on the ground that they would greatly undermine the unity and integrity of the country. On the contrary, it recommended a wide extension of these services.

10. Autonomy of Mass Media :
The Commission favoured relaxation of Union’s control over Radio & TV. It favoured greater decentralization of authority in routine matters. It suggested broadcast and telecast of national programs in regional languages for preserving India’s composite culture.

Question 5.
Explain the main Recommendations of M.M. Punchhi Commission.
Answer:
The Second Commission on Centre-State Relations under the chairmanship of Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi was set up by UPA Government in 2007. The Commission submitted its report to the Government of India on 31^st March 2010. The commission opined that “co-operative Federalism and integrity as well as for social and economic development” in future. The main recommendations of the commission are as follows.

1. Appointment of Governors :
While appointing the Governors, the Central Government should adopt strict guidelines as recommended in the Sarkaria Commission report. He should be an eminent person and also from outside of the state. He should not be an active politician. Governor should be given a fixed tenure of five years.

2. President’s Rule:
It sought to protect the interests of the states by trying to curb their misuse of provisions relating to presidents rule by the center. It recommended that the centre localize the emergency provisions under article 356 to only the specific troubled areas.

3. Appointment of Chief Ministers :
The commission suggested that the leader of the majority party in the state Legislative Assembly be appointed as the Chief Minister. In the case of hung Assembly, it is necessary to lay down certain clear guidelines to be followed as constitutional conventions.

4. All India Services :
The commission recommended that proper integration of All India Services with in the three tiers of government in necessary as the officers of these services can play a lead role.

5. Fiscal Relations :
The commission emphasized the importance of strengthening the fiscal transfers through finance commission to the states and also higher transfers to backward states to enable them to improve their fiscal positions.

6. Cooperative Federalism :
The commission favoured greater co-operative between the centre and the states in the matter of development and welfare of the people. Greater co-ordination and co-operation needed for implementation of plans effectively.

7. Inter-State Council:
The commission suggested that suitable amendments were required to make inter-state council a credible and fair mechanism for effective management of inter-state and centre state relations.

8. Constitutional Governance :
The commission recommended consultation with states while legislating on matters in concurrent list on which the union and states both can legislate. It is pointed out the necessity of some broad agreement is reached between the union and states before introducing bills in Parliament on matters in the concurrent list.

9. Local self Governments and decentralized Governance :
To assess the progress and devolution of powers the commission suggested that another commission be constituted to report on the status of local Government and Devolution of powers.

10. Socio-Economic Development and Local Governance :
It suggested that Civil society involvement in public polity and administration is the best strategy for good Governance and that social audit of the major policy initiatives of government at periodic intervals be made mandatory.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the two elements that determine the union-state legislative relations?
Answer:
The Legislative sphere between the union and the states are determined on the basis of two Jurisdictions.

1) Territorial Jurisdiction

2) Subject-wise Jurisdiction. As regards the territorial jurisdiction our constitution clearly specifies the geographical boundaries of Legislation between the union and state governments. It enables every state legislature to formulate laws applicable to the while area of state or part there of. As regards the subject-wise Jurisdiction, our constitution has retained the three fold distribution of legislative powers. The three Legislative lists enumerated in the constitution relate to

1. Union list
2. state list
3. The concurrent list.

Question 2.
How are the Legislative matters divided between the union and the states?
Answer:
The constitution of India provides three lists in order to distribute the Legislative powers between the centre and the states. The three lists are

1. union list
2. state list
3. concurrent list.

Question 3.
Write a note on the union list.
Answer:
The union list consists of 97 subjects. The union Parliament is empowered to make laws over the subjects included in the list. The subjects included in the list are of National Importance.
Example : Defence, Foreign Affairs, Railway, Banking, Currency and coinage, posts and telegraph, Insurance etc.

Question 4.
Write about the composition of Finance Commission.
Answer:
Articles 280 and 281 deal with the composition powers and functions of the Finance Commission for every 5 years. It consists of a chairman and four other members.’The chairman as well as the members are appointed by the president.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the SarkariaCommission.
Answer:
In view of the growing demand from the various States, for the review of the centre-state relations then the Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi appointed a commission on 24rh March 1983 under the chairmanship of Ranjit singh Sarkaria, a retired Judge of Supreme Court. The commission consisted of R.S. Sarkaria (chairman), B. Siva Raman and S. Sen as its members. Mr. Subrahmanyam was its secretary.

This commission submitted its final report to the Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi on 27th October, 1987.

Question 6.
NITI Aayog.
Answer:
The NITI Aayog (The National Institution of Transforming India Aayog) came into force on January 1, 2015. It has strengthened the centre. State relations by ensuring partnership of states in the vision of National Development priorities of fostering co-operative federalism, so that the state could become stronger and build a Nation.

The main objectives of NITI Aayog are :

1. Elimination of poverty
2. Redressal of inequality
3. Integrate villages, institutionally development process ; and
4. Safeguarding environmental and ecological areas.

The Prime Minister of India is the Chairperson of the NITI Aayog. It has a governing council comprising the Chief Minister of all the states and Lt. Governor of Union Territories. It has some Regional councils also.

With the establishment of the NITI Aayog the earlier Planning commission was abolished. It may be said that the NITI Aayog is the Institution which needs demands of the present globalization.

Question 7.
Concurrent List.
Answer:
This list contains 52 subject Both the Union Parliament and the state legislature can make laws on these subjects. However, incase of conflict between the laws of the central government and the state government the laws of the former will prevail. Criminal law and procedure, Civil law and procedure, preventive detention, ManrSage and Divorce, Population control, Forests etc., are included in the concurrent list.

Question 8.
Inter-state council.
Answer:
The commission suggested that suitable amendments were required to make the interstate council a credible and fair mechanism for the effective management of inter-state and center-state relations.

Question 9.
Residuary Powers.
Answer:
The powers which are not included in any of the above lists are called residuary powers. They are assigned to the union government.
Ex: The powers of the Parliament to impose taxes on the services sector of the Economy.

Here you will find Telangana TSBIE State Board Syllabus TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Pdf free download, TS Intermediate 2nd Year Chemistry Textbook Solutions Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium according to the latest exam curriculum. The chapter-wise TS Inter 2nd Year Study Material will help the students in understanding the concept behind each question in a detailed way.

Students can check the TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Syllabus & TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Solid State
• Chapter 2 Solutions
• Chapter 3 Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics
  • Chapter 3(a) Electro Chemistry
  • Chapter 3(b) Chemical Kinetics
• Chapter 4 Surface Chemistry
• Chapter 5 General Principles of Metallurgy
• Chapter 6 P-Block Elements
  • Chapter 6(a) Group-15 Elements
  • Chapter 6(b) Group-16 Elements
  • Chapter 6(c) Group-17 Elements
  • Chapter 6(d) Group-18 Elements
• Chapter 7 d and f Block Elements & Coordination Compounds
• Chapter 8 Polymers
• Chapter 9 Biomolecules
• Chapter 10 Chemistry in Everyday Life
• Chapter 11 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Chapter 12 Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O
  • Chapter 12(a) Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
  • Chapter 12(b) Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
• Chapter 13 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 2nd Year Chemistry Syllabus

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD
Chemistry-II
Syllabus (w.e.f. 2013-14)

Chapter 1: SOLID STATE
1.1 General characteristics of solid state 1.2 Amorphous and crystalline solids 1.3 Classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids) 1.4 Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography 1.5 Crystal lattices and unit cells, Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells 1.6 Number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred and face centred cubic unit cell)1.7 Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions- tetrahedral and octahedral voids- formula of a compound and number of voids filled- locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids 1.8 Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice. 1.9 Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell. 1.10 Imperfections in solids-types of point defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects 1.11 Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in metals, semiconductors and insulators- band theory of metals 1.12 Magnetic properties.

Chapter 2: SOLUTIONS
2.1 Types of solutions 2.2 Expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and molality 2.3 Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry’s law 2.4 Vapour pressure of liquid solutions: vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions. Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law -vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids 2.5 Ideal and non-ideal solutions 2.6 Colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure-elevation of boiling point-depression of freezing point-osmosis and osmotic pressure-reverse osmosis and water purification. 2.7 Abnormal molar masses-van’t Hoff factor.

Chapter 3: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
3.1 Electrochemical cells 3.2 Galvanic cells measurement of electrode potentials 3.3 Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction 3.4 Conductance of electrolytic solutions-measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration-strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes-applications of Kohlrausch’s law 3.5 Electrolytic cells and electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis-products of electrolysis 3.6 Batteries: primary batteries and secondary batteries 3.7 Fuel cells 3.8 Corrosion of metals-Hydrogen economy
CHEMICAL KINETICS
3.9 Rate of a chemical reaction 3.10 Factors influencing rate of a reaction: dependence of rate on concentration- rate expression and rate constant- order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction 3.11 Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions-first order reactions- half life of a reaction 3.12 Pseudo first order reaction 3.13 Temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction -effect of catalyst 3.14 Collision theory of chemical reaction rates.

Chapter 4: SURFACE CHEMISTRY
4.1 Adsorption and absorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption-mechanism of adsorption-types of adsorption-characteristics of physisorption-characteristics of chemisorptions-adsorption isotherms- adsorption from solution phase-applications of adsorption 4.2 Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and poisons-auto catalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis- adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis-important features of solid catalysts: (a) activity (b) selectivity-shape-selective catalysis by zeolites- enzyme catalysis-characteristics and mechanism-catalysts in industry 4.3 Colloids 4.4 Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium- classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium- classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase- multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids-cleansing action of soaps-preparation of colloids-purification of colloidal solutions- properties of colloidal solutions: Tyndal effect, colour,Brownian movement-charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis 4.5 Emulsions 4.6 Colloids Around us- application of colloids.

Chapter 5: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY
5.1 Occurance of metals 5.2 Concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching 5.3 Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal 5.4 Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy-Ellingham diagram-limitations-applications-extraction of iron, copper and zinc from their oxides 5.5 Electrochemical principles of metallurgy 5.6 Oxidation and reduction 5.7 Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolysis, zone refining and vapour phase refining 5.8 Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Chapter 6: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
GROUP-15 ELEMENTS
6.1 Occurance- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation energy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties 6.2 Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and uses 6.3 Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia 6.4 Oxides of nitrogen 6.5 Preparation and properties of nitric acid 6.6 Phosphorous-allotropic forms 6.7 Phosphine-preparation and properties 6.8 Phosphorous halides 6.9 Oxoacids of phosphorous
GROUP-16 ELEMENTS
6.10 Occurance- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties 6.11 Dioxygen-preparation, properties and uses 6.12 Simple oxides 6.13 Ozone-preparation, properties, structure and uses 6.14 Sulphur-allotropic forms 6.15 Sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties and uses 6.16 Oxoacides of sulphur 6.17 Sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses
GROUP-17 ELEMENTS
6.18 Occurance, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties 6.19 Chlorine-preparation, properties and uses 6.20 Hydrogen chloride- preparation, properties and uses 6.21 Oxoacids of halogens 6.22 Interhalogen compounds
GROUP-18 ELEMENTS
6.23 Occurance, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties(a) Xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 -preparation, hydrolysis and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 (b) Xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4 – their formation and structures

Chapter 7: d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS &COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS
7.1 Position in the periodic table 7.2 Electronic configuration of the d-block elements 7.3 General properties of the transition elements (d-block) -physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series, ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M2+/M and M3+/M2+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and EJ values, magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation 7.4 Some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals-preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions 7.5 Inner transition elements(f-block)-lanthanoids- electronic configuration-atomic and ionic sizes- oxidation states- general characteristics 7.6 Actinoids-electronic configuration atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics and comparision with lanthanoids 7.7 Some applications of d and f block elements.
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
7.8 Werner’s theory of coordination compounds 7.9 Definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds 7.10 Nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature 7.11 Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a)Stereo isomerism-Geometrical and optical isomerism (b)Structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and solvate isomerism 7.12 Bonding in coordination compounds. (a)Valence bond theory -magnetic properties of coordination compounds-limitations of valence bond theory (b) Crystal field theory (i) Crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities (ii) Colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory 7.13 Bonding in metal carbonyls 7.14 Stability of coordination compounds 7.15 Importance and applications of coordination compounds.

Chapter 8: POLYMERS
8.1 Classification of Polymers -Classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization 8.2 Types of polymerization reactions-addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization-ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism-preparation of addition polymers-polythene, teflon and poly acrylonitrile-condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization-polyamides-preparation of Nylon 6,6 and nylon 6-poly esters-terylene-bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymer- copolymerization-Rubber-natural rubber-vulcanisation of rubber-Synthetic rubbers-preparation of neoprene and buna-N 8.3 Molecular mass of polymers-number average and weight average molecular masses-poly dispersity index (PDI) 8.4 Biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-nylon 6 8.5 Polymers of commercial importance-poly propene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride(PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin, glyptal, bakelite- their monomers, structures and uses.

Chapter 9: BIOMOLECULES
9.1 Carbohydrates – Classification of carbohydrates-Monosaccharides: preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch- Properties and structure of glucose- D,L and (+), (-) configurations of glucose- Structure of fructose Disaccharides: Sucrose- preparation, structure-Invert sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose-Polysaccharides: Structures of starch cellulose and glycogen- Importance of carbohydrates 9.2 Aminoacids: Natural aminoacids-classification of amino acids -structures and D and L forms-Zwitter ions Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins- Denaturation of proteins 9.3 Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action 9.4 Vitamins: Explanation-names- classification of vitamins – sources of vitamins-deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins 9.5. Nucleic acids: chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing biological functions of nucleic acids 9.6 Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities.

Chapter 10: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
10.1 Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect (b) Classification of drugs on the basis of drug action (c) Classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets 10.2 Drug-Target interaction-Enzymes as drug targets(a) Catalytic action of enzymes (b) Drug-enzyme interaction Receptors as drug targets10.3 Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants- antifertility drugs 10.4 Chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food 10.5 Cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents.

Chapter 11: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
11.1 Classification and nomenclature 11.2 Nature of C-X bond 11.3 Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation -(b) by electrophilic substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium group(Sand-Meyer reaction) (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange(Finkelstein reaction) 11.4 Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility 11.5 Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i)Nucleophilic substitution reactions (a) SN2 mechanism (b) SN1 mechanism (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions – optical activity (ii) Elimination reactions (iii) Reaction with metals-Reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii)Electrophilic substitution and (iii) Reaction with metals 11.6 Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT.

Chapter 12: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O
(Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids) ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
12.1 Alcohols, phenols and ethers –classification 12.2 Nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b)phenols and (c)ethers 12.3 Structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups 12.4 Methods of preparation: Alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds- Phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene 12.5 Physical propertics of alcohols and phenols 12.6 Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-Acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3, dehydration and oxidation (iii) Reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer – Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation 12.7 Commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol) 12.8 Ethers-Methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis- Physical properties-Chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers.
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
12.9 Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group 12.10 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols (3) from hydrocarbons -Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles and esters (3) from hydrocarbons-Preparation of ketones (1) from acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes 12.11 Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones 12.12 Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation, reactions due to -Hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaroreaction, electrophilic substitution reaction) 12.13 Uses of aldehydes and ketones.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
12.14 Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group 12.15 Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids- (1)from primary alcohols and aldehydes (2) from alkylbenzenes (3) from nitriles and amides (4) from Grignard reagents (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides (6) from esters 12.16 Physical properties 12.17 Chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of OH bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation (iv) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part – halogenation and ring substitution 12.18 Uses of carboxylic acids.

Chapter 13: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
I. AMINES
13.1 Structure of amines 13.2 Classification 13.3 Nomenclature 13.4 Preparation of amines: reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction. 13.5 Physical properties13.6 Chemical reactions: basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid, reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines-bromination, nitration and sulphonation.
II. DIAZONIUM SALTS
13.7 Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) 13.8 Physical properties 13.9 Chemical reactions: Reactionsinvolvin.
III. CYANIDES AND ISOCYANIDES
13.11 Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides 13.12 Preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides and isocyanides.

We hope this TS Intermediate 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

Students can make use of TSBIE Telangana TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium to revise the chapters easily without having to worry about reading the textbooks. To understand all the crucial topics and concepts, nothing can be better than TS Intermediate 2nd Year Chemistry Notes made by expert teachers as per the latest syllabus.

Students can also check the TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Study Material and TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Important Questions for strong academic preparation.

TS Intermediate 2nd Year Chemistry Notes

• Chapter 1 Solid State Notes
• Chapter 2 Solutions Notes
• Chapter 3 Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics Notes
• Chapter 4 Surface Chemistry Notes
• Chapter 5 General Principles of Metallurgy Notes
• Chapter 6 P-Block Elements Notes
• Chapter 7 d and f Block Elements & Coordination Compounds Notes
• Chapter 8 Polymers Notes
• Chapter 9 Biomolecules Notes
• Chapter 10 Chemistry in Everyday Life Notes
• Chapter 11 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Notes
• Chapter 12 Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O Notes
• Chapter 13 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Notes

Students can study the TS Intermediate 2nd Year Chemistry Notes to improve their knowledge about all the important topics and concepts in their curriculum. By strictly following TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes students can clear all their doubts and proceed with their preparation process for the exam.

Here we have created a list of Telangana TS Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Download for your reference to solve all important mathematical operations and questions. The importance of learning Maths 2A Formulas is that it helps us to solve problems easily. Use these TS Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas to solve problems creatively and you will automatically see an improvement in your mathematical skills.

Students can also check the TS Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Study Material and TS Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Important Questions for strong academic preparation.

TS Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas PDF Download

Here is a list of maths formulas for TS Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A subject.

1. Maths 2A Complex Numbers Formulas
2. Maths 2A De Moivre’s Theorem Formulas
3. Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Formulas
4. Maths 2A Theory of Equations Formulas
5. Maths 2A Permutations and Combinations Formulas
6. Maths 2A Binomial Theorem Formulas
7. Maths 2A Partial Fractions Formulas
8. Maths 2A Measures of Dispersion Formulas
9. Maths 2A Probability Formulas
10. Maths 2A Random Variables and Probability Distributions Formulas

Here students will find TS Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas for each and every topic and also get an idea of how that equation was developed. The given formulas are helpful for students to solve problems based on them. These TS Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Formulas will be extremely helpful for students to be able to solve questions more accurately and quickly.

Here you will find Telangana TSBIE State Board Syllabus TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Study Material Pdf free download, TS Intermediate 2nd Year Physics Textbook Solutions Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium according to the latest exam curriculum. The chapter-wise TS Inter 2nd Year Study Material will help the students in understanding the concept behind each question in a detailed way.

Students can check the TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Syllabus & TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 2nd Year Physics Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Waves
• Chapter 2 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
• Chapter 3 Wave Optics
• Chapter 4 Electric Charges and Fields
• Chapter 5 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
• Chapter 6 Current Electricity
• Chapter 7 Moving Charges and Magnetism
• Chapter 8 Magnetism and Matter
• Chapter 9 Electromagnetic Induction
• Chapter 10 Alternating Current
• Chapter 11 Electromagnetic Waves
• Chapter 12 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
• Chapter 13 Atoms
• Chapter 14 Nuclei
• Chapter 15 Semiconductor Electronics: Material, Devices and Simple Circuits
• Chapter 16 Communication Systems

TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 2nd Year Physics Syllabus

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD
PHYSICS-II
Syllabus (w.e.f. 2013-14)

Chapter ONE: WAVES

• 1.1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves
• 1.3 Displacement relation in a progressive wave
• 1.4 The speed of a traveling wave
• 1.5 The principle of superposition of waves
• 1.6 Reflection of waves
• 1.7 Beats
• 1.8 Doppler effect

Chapter TWO: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

• 2.1 INTRODUCTION
• 2.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
• 2.3 Refraction
• 2.4 Total Internal Reflection
• 2.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses
• 2.6 Refraction through a Prism
• 2.7 Dispersion by a Prism
• 2.8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight
• 2.9 Optical Instruments

Chapter THREE: WAVE OPTICS

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Huygens Principle
• 3.3 Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle
• 3.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
• 3.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
• 3.6 Diffraction
• 3.7 Polarisation

Chapter FOUR: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

• 4.1 INTRODUCTION
• 4.2 Electric Charges
• 4.3 Conductors and Insulators
• 4.4 Charging by Induction
• 4.5 Basic Properties of Electric Charge
• 4.6 Coulomb’s Law
• 4.7 Forces between Multiple Charges
• 4.8 Electric Field
• 4.9 Electric Field Lines
• 4.10 Electric Flux
• 4.11 Electric Dipole
• 4.12 Dipole in a Uniform External Field
• 4.13 Continuous Charge Distribution
• 4.14 Gauss’s Law
• 4.15 Application of Gauss’s Law

Chapter FIVE: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

• 5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2 Electrostatic Potential
• 5.3 Potential due to a Point Charge
• 5.4 Potential due to an Electric Dipole
• 5.5 Potential due to a System of Charges
• 5.6 Equipotential Surfaces
• 5.7 Potential Energy of a System of Charges
• 5.8 Potential Energy in an External Field
• 5.9 Electrostatics of Conductors
• 5.10 Dielectrics and Polarisation
• 5.11 Capacitors and Capacitance
• 5.12 The Parallel Plate Capacitor
• 5.13 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
• 5.14 Combination of Capacitors
• 5.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
• 5.16 Van de Graaff Generator

Chapter SIX: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

• 6.1 INTRODUCTION
• 6.2 Electric Current
• 6.3 Electric Currents in Conductors
• 6.4 Ohm’s law
• 6.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
• 6.6 Limitations of Ohm’s Law
• 6.7 Resistivity of various Materials
• 6.8 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
• 6.9 Electrical Energy, Power
• 6.10 Combination of Resistors — Series and Parallel
• 6.11 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance
• 6.12 Cells in Series and in Parallel
• 6.13 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• 6.14 Wheatstone Bridge
• 6.15 Meter Bridge
• 6.16 Potentiometer

Chapter SEVEN: MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 Magnetic Force
• 7.3 Motion in a Magnetic Field
• 7.4 Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
• 7.5 Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
• 7.6 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
• 7.7 Ampere’s Circuital Law
• 7.8 The Solenoid and the Toroid
• 7.9 Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
• 7.10 Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole
• 7.11 The Moving Coil Galvanometer

Chapter EIGHT: MAGNETISM AND MATTER

• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 The Bar Magnet
• 8.3 Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
• 8.4 The Earth’s Magnetism
• 8.8 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
• 8.6 Magnetic Properties of Materials
• 8.7 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets

Chapter NINE: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

• 9.1 INTRODUCTION
• 9.2 The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
• 9.3 Magnetic Flux
• 9.4 Faraday’s Law of Induction
• 9.5 Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
• 9.6 Motional Electromotive Force
• 9.7 Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study
• 9.8 Eddy Currents
• 9.9 Inductance
• 9.10 AC Generator

Chapter TEN: ALTERNATING CURRENT

• 10.1 INTRODUCTION
• 10.2 AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
• 10.3 Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors — Phasors
• 10.4 AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
• 10.5 AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
• 10.8 AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
• 10.7 Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
• 10.8 LC Oscillations
• 10.9 Transformers

Chapter ELEVEN: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

• 11.1 INTRODUCTION
• 11.2 Displacement Current
• 11.3 Electromagnetic Waves
• 11.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Chapter TWELVE: DUAL NATURE OR RADIATION AND MATTER

• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Electron Emission
• 12.3 Photoelectric Effect
• 12.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
• 12.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
• 12.6 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
• 12.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
• 12.8 Wave Nature of Matter
• 12.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment

Chapter THIRTEEN: ATOMS

• 13.1 INTRODUCTION
• 13.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
• 13.3 Atomic Spectra
• 13.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
• 13.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
• 13.6 DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation

Chapter FOURTEEN: NUCLEI

• 14.1 INTRODUCTION
• 14.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
• 14.3 Size of the Nucleus
• 14.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
• 14.5 Nuclear Force
• 14.6 Radioactivity
• 14.7 Nuclear Energy

Chapter FIFTEEN: SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

• 15.1 INTRODUCTION
• 15.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
• 15.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor
• 15.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor
• 15.5 p-n Junction
• 15.6 Semiconductor diode
• 15.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
• 15.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes
• 15.9 Junction Transistor
• 15.10 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
• 15.11 Integrated Circuits

Chapter SIXTEEN: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

• 16.1 INTRODUCTION
• 16.2 Elements of a Communication System
• 16.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
• 16.4 Bandwidth of Signals
• 16.5 Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
• 16.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
• 16.7 Modulation and its Necessity
• 16.8 Amplitude Modulation
• 16.9 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
• 16.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave

We hope this TS Intermediate 2nd Year Physics Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

Here you will find Telangana TSBIE State Board Syllabus TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Study Material Pdf free download, TS Intermediate 2nd Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium according to the latest exam curriculum. The chapter-wise TS Inter 2nd Year Study Material will help the students in understanding the concept behind each question in a detailed way.

Students can check the TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Syllabus & TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 2nd Year Zoology Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Human Anatomy and Physiology – I
  • Chapter 1(a) Digestion and Absorption
  • Chapter 1(b) Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Chapter 2 Human Anatomy and Physiology – II
  • Chapter 2(a) Body Fluids and Circulation
  • Chapter 2(b) Excretory Products and their Elimination
• Chapter 3 Human Anatomy and Physiology – III
  • Chapter 3(a) Musculo-Skeletal System
  • Chapter 3(b) Neural Control and Coordination
• Chapter 4 Human Anatomy and Physiology – IV
  • Chapter 4(a) Endocrine System and Chemical Coordination
  • Chapter 4(b) Immune System
• Chapter 5 Human Reproduction
  • Chapter 5(a) Human Reproductive System
  • Chapter 5(b) Reproductive Health
• Chapter 6 Genetics
• Chapter 7 Organic Evolution
• Chapter 8 Applied Biology

TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 2nd Year Zoology Syllabus

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD
ZOOLOGY-II
Syllabus (w.e.f. 2013-14)

Unit I Human Anatomy and Physiology – I (22 Periods)

Unit IA: Digestion and Absorption
Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peri¬stalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, egestion. The calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (for box item – not to be evaluated); Nutritional disorders: Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, Kwashiorkor.

Unit IB: Breathing and Respiration
Respiratory organs in animals; Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans – Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration; Respiratory volumes; Respiratory disorders: Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders – Asbestosis, Silicosis, Siderosis, Black Lung Disease in coal miners.

Unit II Human Anatomy and Physiology – II (22 Periods)

Unit IIA: Body Fluids and Circulation
Covered in I year composition of lymph and functions; Clotting of blood; Human circulatory system- the structure of the human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.

Unit IIB: Excretory Products and their Elimination
Modes of excretion – Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, Uricotelism; Human excretory system – the structure of kidney and nephron; Urine formation, osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function – Renin – Angiotensin – Aldosterone system, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney.

Unit III Human Anatomy and Physiology – III (20 Periods)

Unit IIIA: Muscular and Skeletal System
Skeletal muscle – ultrastructure; Contractile proteins & muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions; Joints, (to be dealt with relevance to practical syllabus); Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system: myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, Gregor Mortis.

Unit IIIB: Neural Control and Co-ordination
The nervous system in human beings – Centralnfervous system. Peripheral nervous system and Visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action: Sensory perception; Sense organs; Brief description of other receptors; Elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear.

Unit IV Human Anatomy and Physiology – IV (15 Periods)

Unit IVA: Endocrine System and Chemical Co-ordination
Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system – Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas; Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea only); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators) Hypo and Hyperactivity and related disorders: Common disorders – Dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome. (Diseases & disorders to be dealt in brief).

Unit IVB: Immune System
Basic concepts of Immunology – Types of Immunity – Innate Immunity, Acquired Immunity, Active and Passive Immunity, Cell-mediated Immunity and Humoral Immunity, Interferon, HIV, and AIDS.

Unit V Human Reproduction (22 Periods)

Unit VA: Human Reproductive System
Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis & ovary; Gametogenesis is Sper-matogenesis & Oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilization, Embryo development up to blastocyst formation. Implantation; Pregnancy, placenta formation. Parturition, Lactation (elementary idea).

Unit VB: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit VI Genetics (20 Periods)
Heredity and variation: Mendel’s laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila. (Drosophila melanogaster Grey, Black body colour; Long, Vestigial wings), Pleiotropy; Multiple alleles: Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; Co-dominance (Blood groups as an example); Elementary idea of polygenic inher¬itance: Skin colour in humans (refer Sinnott, Dtinn and Dobzhansky); Sex determination – in humans, birds, Fumea moth, genic balance theory of sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster and honey bees; Sex-linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans: Thalassemia, Haemophilia, Sickle celled anemia, cystic fibrosis PKU, Alkaptonuria; Chromosomal disorders – Down’s syndrome. Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome; Genome, Human Genome Project and DNA Finger Printing.

Unit VII Organic Evolution (15 Periods)
Origin of Life, Biological evolution and Evidence for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological and molecular evidence); Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin’s theory of Evolution – Natural Selection with example (Kettlewell’s experiments on Biston Bulgaria). Mutation Theory of Hugo De Vries; Modern synthetic theory of Evolution – Hardy- Weinberg law; Types of Natural Selection; Geneflow and genetic drift; Variations (mutations and genetic recombination); Adaptive radiation – viz., Darwin’s finches and adaptive radiation in marsupials; Human evolution; Speciation – Allopatric, sym- Patric; Reproductive isolation.

Unit VIII Applied Biology (15 Periods)
Apiculture; Animal Husbandry; Pisciculture, Poultry management, Dairy management; Animal breeding; Bio-medical Technology: Diagnostic Imaging (X-Ray, CT scan, MRI), ECG, EEG; Application of Biotechnology in health: Human insulin and vaccine production; Gene Therapy; Transgenic Animals; ELISA; Vaccines, MABs, Cancer biology, stem cells.

We hope this TS Intermediate 2nd Year Zoology Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.