Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Study Material Lesson 5(b) Reproductive Health Textbook Questions and Answers.
TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Study Material Lesson 5(b) Reproductive Health
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What are the measures one has to take to prevent contracting STDs? [March 2018,17; May 17 (A.P.)]
Answer:
- Avoiding sex with unknown partners/ multiple partners.
- Using condoms compulsorily during coitus.
- Consulting qualified doctor for early detection of STDs and getting complete treatment in case of infections.
Question 2.
What in your view are the reasons for population explosion, especially in India? [Mar. ’14; May/June ’14; Mar. ’15 (T.S.)]
Answer:
Reasons for population growth explosion are :
- Increase of growth rate due to increased health care facilities.
- Decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR).
- Better living conditions protecting the people from illness or disease attack.
Question 3.
It is true that ‘MTP is not meant for population control’. Then why did the Government of India legalize MTP? [March 2019]
Answer:
MTP – Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
Government of India made an act in 1971 legalizing MTP with certain restrictions and conditions to avoid its misuse. It is because in cases where continuation of pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or for both, MTP is the inevitable solution.
Question 4.
What is ‘amniocentesis’? Name any two disorders that can be detected by amniocentesis. [March 2020, 2018, ’17; May ’17 (A.P.)]
Answer:
Amniocentesis is a diagnostic procedure to detect genetic defects in the unborn baby. The most common abnormalities that can be detected by amniocentesis are Down syndrome, Edward syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.
Question 5.
Mention the advantages of ‘lactational amenorrhea method’. [March 2019]
Answer:
Ovulation generally will not occur during the period of intense lactation by the mother following parturition (delivery). This is known as Lactational amenorrhea. Some couples utilize the contraceptive benefit of this method.
As long as the mother fully breast feeds her child, chances of conception are almost zero. In addition breast feeding offers many benefits to the infant such as enhanced immunity, protection against allergies.
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Briefly describe the common sexually transmitted diseases in human beings.
Answer:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) :
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual contact (intercourse) are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VDs) or reproductive tract infections (RTI). Most common STDs and their causative organisms are shown in the table below.
| Name of the Disease | Causative organism |
| 1. Gonorrhea | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacteria) |
| 2. Syphilis | Treponema pallidum (spirochete bacterium) |
| 3. Genital herpes | Herpes simplex virus (HSV) |
| 4. Genital warts, cervical cancer | Human Papilloma virus (HPV) |
| 5. Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas vaginalis (a protozoan parasite) |
| 6. Chlamydiasis | Chlamydia trachomatis (bacteria) |
| 7. Hepatitis – B | HBV |
| 8. HIV infection / AIDS | HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) |
Question 2.
Describe the surgical methods of contraception.
Answer:
Surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy is also known as sterilization. Sterilization procedure in the male is called vasectomy and that in the female tubectomy.
i) Vasectomy :
A small part of the vas deferens on either side is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. Thus the sperms are prevented from reaching seminal vesicle and so the ‘semen’ in ’vasectomised’ males do not contain sperms.
ii) Tubectomy :
A small part of the fallopian tube on both sides is removed or tied up through a small incision made in the abdomen or through vagina. This will block the entry of ova into the fallopian tubes and thus pregnancy is prevented.
Question 3.
Write short notes on any two of the following.
a) IVF b) ICSI c) lUDs
Answer:
a) IVF :
In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (IVF – ET) Fertilization of ovum by sperm done outside the body of a woman is called in vitro fertilization. The resultant early embryonic stage (with generally 8 biastomeres) is transferred into the mother’s uterus for further development (Embryo Transfer or Intra Uterine Transfer IUT). In this method, which is popularly known as Test Tube Baby Procedure, ova from the wife / female donor and sperms from the husband / male donor are collected, mixed and induced to form zygote under simulated conditions (almost similar conditions as that in the female body) in the laboratory. If the mother’s uterus is not medically fit to receive the embryo produced in vitro, it can be implanted in the uterus of another woman (surrogate mother) willing to carry this embryo.
b) Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) :
This is another specialized procedure in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum with the help of a microscopic needle to form an embryo in the laboratory. Later the embryo is transferred to the uterus or fallopian tube for further development. This method is employed to assist the couple where there are problems with the sperms such as decrease in sperm count.
c) Intra Uterine Devices (lUDs) :
These devices are inserted into the uterus by doctors or trained nurses through vagina. Different types of lUDs such as Nonmedicated lUDs (e.g. lippes loop), Copper releasing lUDs (Lu T, Cu 7, Multiload 375) and hormone releasing lUDs (Progestasert, LNG – 20) are available for contraception. lUDs promote ‘phagocytosis’ of sperms by white blood corpuscles within the uterus and the copper ions released suppress the motility, viability and fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa. The hormone releasing lUDs, in addition, make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile / antagonistic to the sperms. lUDs are ideal contraceptives to females who want to delay and / or have space between children. This is a widely accepted method of contraception in India.
Question 4.
Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
Answer:
Infertility is biological inability of a person to contribute to conception. A large number of couples in the conceivable age all over the world is childless. Infertility clinics and specialized health care units could help in diagnosis and corrective treatment of some of these disorders and enable the couples to have children. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) offers a wide range of techniques listed below can help the childless couple. They are
1) In vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (1VF – ET) 2) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) 3) Gamete intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) 4) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 5) Artificial insemination (Al).
Question 5.
Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?
Answer:
Governmental and non – governmental agencies have taken various steps to educate people on reproduction – related issues using audio-visual and print media. Introduction of sex education, in schools will provide right information to the young on sex and other related issues. Proper information about the reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually tansmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS, etc., would help people, especially those in the adolescent age group to lead a reproductively healthy life. Awareness should be created in the society on problems caused by uncontrolled population growth and social evils like sex abuse and sex related crimes etc.