Students can go through TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes 10th Lesson Chemistry in Everyday Life will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly.
TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes 10th Lesson Chemistry in Everyday Life
→ Drugs are chemicals of low molecular masses ( ~ 100 to 500 u) which interact with macro- molecular targets and produce a biological response.
→ Drugs are called medicines when their biological response is therapeutic and useful.
→ Use of chemical for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.
→ Drugs are classified on the basis of
- Pharmacological effect
- drug action
- chemical structure and
- molecular targets.
→ Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called enzymes.
→ Proteins that are crucial to body’s communication process are called receptors.
→ Drugs can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent binding of substrate or can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Such drugs are called enzyme inhibitors.
→ In the body message between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles is communicated through certain chemicals known as chemical messengers.
→ Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists.
→ Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists.
→ Antacids are used to counteract the effects of excess acid in the stomach.
→ A chemical, histamine, stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
→ Cimetidine (Tegamet) and ranitidine (Zantac) are used as antacids.
→ Histamine is a potent vasodilator. It is responsible for the nasal congestion associated with common cold and allergic response to pollen.
→ Bromphenaramine (Dimetapp) and terfenadine (Seldane) act as antihistamines.
→ Tranquilizers and analgesics are neurologically active drugs.
→ Tranquilizers are a class of chemical com-pounds used for the treatment of stress and mild or even severe mental diseases.
→ Iproniazid and phenelzine are antidepressant drugs.
→ Chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate are relatively mild tranquilizers suitable for relieving tension.
→ Equanii is used in controlling depression and hypertension.
→ Barbiturates are hipnotic, i.e., sleep produc-ing agents.
→ Analgesics reduce or abolish pain without causing disturbances of nervous system.
→ Aspirin and paracetamol are non – narcotic analgesics.
→ Drugs which reduce fever are called anti-pyretics.
→ Morphine narcotics are chiefly used for the relief of post operative pain, cardiac pain etc.
→ An antimicrobial drug tends to destroy / prevent development or inhibit pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus and other parasites selectively.
→ Salvarsan was discovered by Paul Ehrlich. It was used for the treatment of syphilis.
→ Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
→ Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Chloramphenicol are examples for broad spectrum antibiotics.
→ Penicillin G has a narrow spectrum.
→ Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of micro organisms.
→ Antiseptics are applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
→ Dettol is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.
→ Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution is a weak antiseptic for eyes.
→ Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc.
→ Antifertility drugs are used to check population explosion.
→ Birth control pills essentially contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives.
→ Norethindrone is an example of synthetic progesterone derivative most widely used as antifertility drug.
→ The estrogen derivative which is used in combination with progesterone derivative is ethynylestradiol (novestrol).
→ Artificial sweeteners are preferred by diabetic persons and people who need to control intake of calories.
→ Saccharin, Aspartame, Sucralose, Alitame, etc. are examples for artificial sweeteners.
→ Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth.
→ Sodium benzoate is an important food preservative.
→ Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid are also used as food preservatives.
→ Anti oxidants help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food.
→ Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) are the most familiar antioxidants. Sometimes these are used along with citric acid for more effective action.
→ Soaps and detergents are used as cleansing agents.
→ Soaps used for cleaning purpose are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids, e.g., stearic, oleic and palmitic acids.
→ Sodium or potassium soaps do not work in hard water. Synthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water.
→ Branched chain detergents are not easily degraded by bacteria easily. Slow degradation of detergents leads to their accumulation and cause environmental pollution.
→ Unbranched hydrocarbon detergents are biodegradable.