TS Inter 1st Year

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 9th Lesson Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 9th Lesson Secularism

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Secularism and explain the conceptions of Secularism.
Answer:
Introduction :
Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a Modem State. Secular State explains the relation between the State and Religion. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious authority over the state affairs.

Meaning :
The term “Secular” in Latin language means “Of this World”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of Religion”.

Definitions:
1) E.S. Waterhouse :
Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in Religion”.

2) G.J. Holyoake :
“Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”.

Conceptions of Secularism :
Secularism has many conceptions. Some of them may be explained as below :

1. Secularism a humanistic and atheistic philosophy :
Secularism has several personal, cultural, political and social implications. It was humanistic in nature as it seeks the well being of human beings. It assigns importance to the saying that man is the measure of all things. It neither supports nor opposes religion. It allows individuals with the discretion of choosing and following their religion.

2. Political and social dimension :
Secularism has certain political and social dimensions. It stands for the achievement of autonomous political and social order having naturalistic and materialistic perspectives. It allows religious freedom in the matters of family, association and society.

3. Liberty and democracy :
Secularism serves as a beneficial element of liberty and democracy. It also acts as the basis of liberal democracy. It strongly opposes the existence, continuance and survival of authoritarian religious leaders and institutions. It advocated democracy and decentralisation of governmental powers.

4. Opposition to religion :
Secularism is vehemently opposed to the supporting of religion in public matters. It condemned the presence and dominance of eclesiastical authorities. It relegated religion to unimportant matters of life. It considered that people could follow their rituals without affecting the peace and order in society Individuals must carry on their religious activities without causing harm, hatred and ill-will among the followers of other religious denominations. They must consider the noble aims and aspirations of the makers of the constitution.

Question 2.
Explain the merits of Secularism.
Answer:
Introduction :
Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a Modem State. Secular State explains the relation between the State and Religion. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious authority over the state affairs.

Meaning :
The term “Secular” in Latin language means “Of this World”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of religion”.

Definitions:
1) E.S. Waterhouse :
Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in Religion”.

2) G.J. Holyoake :
“Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”.

Merits of Secularism :
The following are some of the important merits of secularism.

1. Equality :
Secularism forms as the basis of equalitarian society. It treats the people belonging to all religious denominations as equal. It gives no recognition to the man made’ inequalities and. discriminations based on caste, colour, community, region, religion, language, race etc. People will have a strong favourable impression towards the nation.

2. Religious freedom :
Secularism enables the individuals to enjoy their religious freedom to their full extent. The state will not interfere in the religious affairs of individuals. The Constitution and various laws in a Secular State will provide individuals with complete freedom to embrance, profess, practice and propagate any religion as they like.

3. Law and order :
Now a days one can observe unhappy, miserable and pro-religious movements that are organized by different sections of government, state and other department. The maintenance of communal harmony became a challenging task for the state in pacifying the feelings the people belonging to various religious denominations. Secularism avoids communal clashes and religious bigotry and animosities in the society. This is due to the fact that secularism ultimately promotes religious harmony among the people.

4. Rule of law :
Secularism accords recognition to the concept of Rule of Law. A state following secularism will enact laws and implements them keeping in view the interest of not a particular religious denomination, the people belonging to all religious denomination. It will not take into account the religious dogmas while making laws. Similarly it makes no discrimination between the people on the ground of religion.

5. Tolerance :
Secularism preaches tolerance and kindness. It believes in universal brotherhood of man and fatherhood of God. It professes, propagates and practices the noble principles of charity, kindness, love, magnanimity, non-violence etc. As a result, Secularism is characterized by the peaceful co-existence of people and smooth working of the polity and social institutions in the state.

6. National integration :
Secularism serves as the best means for fostering national unity and integrity feelings among the people. It is also considered as the best device for achieving unity in diversity. It brings unity among the people of various religious beliefs and practices.

7. Protection to the minorities :
Secularism treats all alike. It makes no discrimination between the people of majority and other sections of society. At the same time it extends special facilities to the minority sections for preserving and promoting their interests against the dominance of majority religious group. It teaches the people about the significance of religious tolerance towards minority sections.

8. Alround progress :
The greatest merit of secularism relates to the achievement of alround progress of the people. This is possible due to the prevalence of rule of law, religious tolerance, neutral attitude of the government etc. Especially the government will make all efforts for the development of the people of all religious denominations in all spheres of welfare, social justice, protecting the interests of disadvantages sections etc.

Question 3.
Write an essay on Secularism in Indian context.
Answer:
Indian way of using the word “Secularism” is different from the way it is used in Western countries. The cultural co-existence in India is historically a very important phenomena. It is present in India since longtime. It started from the invasions of Muslims in the early medieval period. The later part Of the enlightment period witnessed the British invasion on India. This introduced Christianity in India. Many Christian Missionaries came to India and set up many educational institutions and Churches. After independence the constitution of India provided for secularism as the basic philosophy underlying the organization and functioning of Indian Republic. Accordingly the Indian constitution declared India as a secular state.

The governments in India including the union, state and local adopted secularism in theory and practice. It should not practice religion in public affairs in the matters of legislation, execution and administration of the state. People of India are allowed complete religious freedom for professing, practicing and propogating their respective religious beliefs.

The Indian State will be neither irreligious nor anti-religious. Instead it adopts a neutral policy in religious matters. It is not entitled to impose taxes or collect them purely on religious grounds. Admission into the staff owned or state funding institutions are completely prohibited on religious grounds. Similarly, propagation or religious programmes in public institutions are banned. Hence secularism carries a lot of importance as per the constitutional provisions.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about the origin of Secularism.
Answer:
The ancient Roman emperors denied recognition to the Christian religion. In the medieval period social and religious reformers like Martin Luther and Calvin Zwingle challenged the spiritual monopoly of religious heads. They advocated that religion and spiritual matters are purely personal and private matters. Their speeches marked a break through in religious matters. In modem period, political thinkers like Machiavelli and Jean Bodin emphasized the need for the separation of religion from politics.

John Locke and other liberal thinkers advised the people to follow religious tolerance. In course of time, the writings of the above thinkers influenced the people who began to treat religion as a private and personal affair. In the United States, President Thomas Jafforson explained the real meaning of Secularism by stating that there exists a wall of separation between the State and the Religion.

Question 2.
What is essence of Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism is essentially an advocacy in independent, separate or distinct ideologies separate from religion. It is a view of life based on the principle that morality, education and government should not be related to the religion. It contends that ethical standards of society and norms of governance should be determined exclusively on the basis of the present life and world, not of the divine. Secularism does not aim at repudiation of religion. It merely affirms that church and state are two separate entities. Secularism enables the individuals to enjoy their religious freedom to their full extent. The state will not interfere in the religious affairs of individuals. Secularism preaches tolerance and kindness. It believes in universal brotherhood of man. Secularism serves as the best means for fostering national units and integrity feelings among the people.

Question 3.
Explain any four merits of Secularism.
Answer:
Merits of Secularism :
The following are some of the important merits of secularism.

1. Equality :
Secularism forms as the basis of equalitarian society. It treats the people belonging to all religious denominations as equal. It gives no recognition to the man made inequalities and discriminations based on caste, colour, community, region, religion, language, race etc. People will have a strong favourable impression towards the nation.

2. Religious freedom :
Secularism enables the individuals to enjoy their religious freedom to their full extent. The state will not interfere in the religious affairs of individuals. The Constitution and various laws in a Secular State will provide individuals with complete freedom to embrance, profess, practice and propagate any religion as they like.

3. Law and order :
Now a days one can observe unhappy, miserable and pro-religious movements that are organized by different sections of government, state and other department.

The maintenance of communal harmony became a challenging task for the state in pacifying the feelings the people belonging to various religious denominations. Secularism avoids communal clashes and religious bigotry and animosities in the society. This is due to the fact that secularism ultimately promotes religious harmony among the people.

4. Rule of law :
Secularism accords recognition to the concept of Rule of Law. A state following secularism will enact laws and implements them keeping in view the interest of not a particular religious denomination, the people belonging to all religious denomination. It will not take into account the religious dogmas while making laws. Similarly it makes no discrimination between the people on the ground of religion.

Question 4.
What is Indian Secularism?
Answer:
It is asserted that India is a secular state. The addition of the word secular to our constitution by 42^nd amendment in 1976 proves this fact. Even from the beginning of the Indian constitution, India is a secular state. Several provisions of the Indian Constitution also prove this fact.

1. According to Article 25, every Indian citizen enjoys the freedom to profess, practice and propagate the religion of his own choice. It also allow them to donate their properties for the religious purposes.

2. Article 26 guarantees every person to :
a) Establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions
b) Manage his (or) her religious affairs
c) Own and acquire movable and immovable properties and
d) Maintain such properties in accordance with law.

3. Article 27 states that state shall not impose any tax upon the individual for the development of religions. It also implies that state shall not impose taxes on the basis of the religious principles of individuals.

4. Article 28 forbids the imparting of religious teachings in the educational institutions which are wholly or partly aided by the government. No religious prayers or discussions shall be conducted in educational institutions.

Question 5.
What are the features of Secular State?
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.

1. No place for religion :
Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status :
Secular State accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the govemtnent in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

3. No state religion :
Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people. It will not assign special role to any particular religion in public activities. All public places like educational institutions, government offices and judicial organizations will carry on their activities without aligning to a particular religion.

Question 6.
Describe the Secularism and Secular State.
Answer:
Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a modem state. Secular state explains the relation between the state and religion. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious aurhority over the state affairs. Secularism is an important social and political phenomenon. Many states of the contemporary world have adopted secularism as their policy in public matters. Secularism is essentially an advocacy in independent, separate or distinct ideologies separate from religion.

Secular state is wholly non-religious in the sense that it has no official Religion of its own is totally indifferent to all the religions followed by its citizens in their private life. It grants every individual the freedom to follow any religion or non religion in his personal life. It does not compel him to promote any religion by paying taxes for its propagation or by any other means. The state will not have any religion of its own. i.e., it will promote any religion and at the same time it interfere with none.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Secularism.
Answer:
Meaning :
The term “Secular” in Latin language means “Of this World”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of Religion”.

Definitions :
1) E.S. Waterhouse :
Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in Religion”.

2) G.J. Holyoake :
“Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”.

Question 2.
What is Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a modern state. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious authority over the sate affairs. Secularism is an important social and political phenomenon. Secularism is essentially an advocacy in independent, separate or distinct ideologies separate from religion.

Question 3.
What is Theocratic State?
Answer:
The state having an official religion is called a theocratic state. In such state all other religions or religious activities are either prohibited or discouraged by the state all the official and important offices of the state are either appointed or elected only those from the official religion. State officially participates in the religious affairs and rituals.

Question 4.
In what ways does secularism enables religious freedom to individual?
Answer:
Secularism does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. Secular state adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people. :

Question 5.
How does rule of law promotes Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism accords recognition to the concept of Rule of Law. A state following secularism will enact laws and implements them keeping in view the interest of not a particular religious denomination, the people belonging to all religious denominations. It will not take into account the religious dogmas while making laws. Similarly, it makes no discrimination between the people on the grounds of religion in the matters of legislation enforcement and adjudication of laws.

Question 6.
Define Secular State.
Answer:
D.E. Smith defined Secular State as “None while guaranteeing individual and corporate freedom of religion, which deals with the individual as a citizen irrespective of his religion”.

Question 7.
Write about any two features of Secular State.
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.

1. No place for religion :
Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status :
Secular state accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

Question 8.
What is the meanivig of Secular State?
Answer:
The term ‘Secular’ in Latin language means “of this world”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of religion”. The English word ‘Secular’ comes from the Latin “Saeculum” which means “An age” or “the spirit of an age”. According to E.S. Waterhouse, “Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in religion.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 8th Lesson Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 8th Lesson Democracy

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Democracy and explain its features.
Answer:
Democracy is an important and most significant form of government. The term “Democracy” is derived from two Greek words namely ’Demos’ and “Kratio”. In greek language Demos means the people and Kratio means power. Hence Democracy means power of the people.

Definitions of Democracy:
Abraham Lincoln :
” Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

J.R. Seeley :
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”

Lord Bryce :
“Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the •state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

Features of Democracy :
1) Liberty :
Democratic government aims at securing maximum liberty for its citizens. It is built on the foundations of Liberty and Equality. Democracy is the only government which assures liberties to the people by incorporating them in the constitution.

2) Equality :
In the words of Prof. Seeley, democracy is “a government in which everyone has a share”. A democracy government gives opportunities to all for making them to take part in political matters. Every citizen has the right to vote and to contest in the election.

3) Independent Judiciary :
Independent Judiciary is important principle of Democracy. The higher courts in democratic states act as watchdog of the people’s freedoms. They issue several writs for preserving and upholding fundamental freedoms. They serve as the custodian of people’s rights.

4) Government of the people :
Democracy is government by the representatives of the people and these are elected by the adults, who are free to vote as they please without being coerced or pressurized by anyone. Democracy is the government by ballot not by bullet.

5) Majority Rule :
Democracy stands for a rule of the majority with adequate safeguards to the minorities. Every state has political parties. One of the political parties comes to power by capturing the majority of seats in the legislature. This means democracy is a system of government based on the principle of majority rule.

6) Follows constitution principles :
A democratic government functions strictly according to the principles of a constitution. Whether written or unwritten, this has been accepted by the people.

7) Against to violence and revolutions :
Democracy provides for a change in government according to constitutional principles and it is against any change by violent or revolutionary means.

8) Against to coercive methods :
Democracy opposed to coercive methods, even if they are for the social good. A government cannot be called democratic, if it uses illegitimate coercion in the name of social welfare.

9) Importance to Human Rights :
Democracy upholds the dignity of the human personality and gives various kinds of rights to the individual. Actually, to providing constitutional rights to the people is the fundamental principle of the democracy. The constitutions of India and U.S.A. had provided several rights to their people.

10) Right to speak :
Democracy allows all individuals the right to speak, criticize and disagree with others constructively.

11) Encouragement to Ideas :
Democracy allows plurality of ideas and ideologies and stands firmly on the principles of tolerance. In the legislature there is plenty of worth full discussions occurred among the public representatives related to public issues.

12) Against Imperialism and war :
Democracy in the international sphere stands for the principle of self determination and for the regulation of interstate relation on the basis of equality, justice and reason. Democracy is against aggressive nationalism, imperialism and war.

Besides the above, Democracy has some more principles like Rule of law, welfare mechanism, Decentralization of powers, Judicial review etc.

Question 2.
What are the two types of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is an important and most significant form of government. The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely Demos and Kratio. In greek language Demos means the people and Kratio means power. Hence Democracy means power of the people.

Definitions of Democracy:
Abraham Lincoln :
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

J.R. Seeley :
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”

Lord Bryce:
“Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

Types of Democracy :
Democracy is mainly classified into two types, namely Direct Democracy and indirect Democracy. These two types are explained as below.

1) Direct Democracy :
When the people themselves directly express their will on public affairs, this type of government is called direct democracy. In direct democracy the citizens are the real makers of the state policy and programme of action. The will of the state is directly formulated by them and not through their elected delegates.

Some direct democratic checks such as referendum and initiative are in operation today Switzerland and in a few states of the United States. In some small Cantons of Switzerland adult citizens meet in any Sunday in April or May and by show of hands, elect their representative offices as also approve the measures they needed.

2) Indirect Democracy :
Indirect democracy is also known as representative democracy. In this type of democracy a clear distinction is made between the immediate sovereign and the ultimate sovereign. The legislature which consists of the elected representatives of the people formulates and expresses the will of the state. Hence, the legislature is the immediate sovereign authority.

In this type of democracy the people elect their representatives periodically and review their activities during their full term. If their activities are proved to be unsatisfactory, the people can with draw their trust in them and choose new representatives. Representative democracy thus combines efficient administration with popular sovereignty. In representative democracy the parties articulate and organize the will of the people and act as the transmission belt between the government and the governed. In a representative democracy the ultimate source of authority remains the people.

Question 3.
What is Democracy? Explain its merits and Demerits?
Answer:
Democracy is an important and most significant form of government. The term “Democracy” is derived from two greek words namely ‘Demos’ and “Kratio”. In greek language Demos means the people and Kratio means power. Hence Democracy means power of the people.

Definitions of Democracy:
Abraham Lincoln :
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

J.R. Seeley :
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”

Merits of Democracy :
In modem world almost every state has choose the Democracy because of its merits. So, here we mentioned the merits of the Democracy.

1) Efficient form of Government :
In democracy, the representatives of the people will run the administration on efficient lines. As they are responsible and responsive to the people, they always make laws and implement them by consulting various administrative experts and eminent leaders. They also try to minimize the expenditure of the government by following simplicity and economy in administration. The administrative and executive personnel will be recruited on the basis of merit, efficiency, experience and their service will be utilized in implementing various public welfare programmes.

2) Upholds Individual Liberties :
It is only in democracy that the liberties of individuals can be guaranteed to a great extent. Citizens living in democracy enjoy a great amount of liberty. Their rights, liberties and freedoms are incorporated in and guaranteed by a written constitution. Any attempt made to take away or confiscate one’s liberties are forbidden. The various courts preserve, protect and promote individual liberties through their interpretation and analysis of different provisions of the constitution.

3) Importance to Equality :
Democracy gives preference to equality. Democracy provides equal rights and liberties to all citizens alike in political, economic and social matters. It opposes the practice of untouchability, bonded labour and discrimination on the grounds of religion, region, language, birth etc.

4) Political awareness :
Democracy is a large scale experiment in Public education or political awareness. Election campaigns give education to the masses. At the time of election, the canvassing through press and platform enlightens the mind of the electorate.

5) Promotes Patriotism :
Democracy promotes patriotic feelings among the people. People get several opportunities in selecting and electing their representatives to various bodies. They feel conscious and proud in participating in the working of the democratic institutions in a perfect manner. They show enthusiasm by extending their co-operation and support to the nation at the times of crisis. This is evident in the case of Indians during the Chinese and Pakistani invasions at the borders on several occasions.

6) Democracy serves as a school of citizenship :
One more advantage of democracy is that it serves as a training school of citizenship. In democracy right to vote, right to contest, right to criticize the government and other political rights make the citizens politically trained in citizenship and other matters.

7) Democracy inculcates moral values :
Democracy promotes a better and higher standard of natural character than any other government whatever. It teaches co-operation, responsibility, toleration and self-sacrifice. According to Lowell “the best government in the long run is the one that nurtures a people strong in moral fiber, in integrity, industry, self-reliance and courage”.

8) Democracy gives Preference to public opinion :
In fact, Democracy is the real representative of the Public opinion. According to Hearen Shaw, ‘Democracy ties a nerve to every individual; it makes a connection between him and the centre”.

9) It reduce the danger of revolution :
Democracy is a government by discussion and persuasion. Every other form of government rests on force. Democracy gives every individual and every group of people a chance to express their views on public matters, to demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resentment against governmental measures and to convert the masses to their own point of view. They have a right to change the government by their vote. So, there is no chance to people opt revolutionary methods.

10) Symbol of progress and welfare programmes :
Democracy is the only form of government which ensures always the progress and welfare of the people.

11) Support World Peace :
Democracy promotes world peace and opposed to war and violence. It seeks the change through evolutionary process with the purview of constitution. Democracy believes in peaceful co-existence and co-operation. According to Bums, “Democratic movements have always been movements for peace”.

Demerits of Democracy:
1) Expensive Government :
Democracy is the most expensive type of government. A lot of money is spent on election propaganda. Millions of money is spent on the sessions of the national and provincial legislatures. Carlyle said the parliament as a Talking shop’. Italian dictator Mussolini could, therefore, correctly say that democracy is not suited to a poor country.

2) Weak and instable Government :
Democracy is a weak and instable type of government. In those countries where there are multiple party systems, the coalitions fall frequently and bring instability in the government. For ex; In India 1977 to 79; 1989 to 1991; 1996 to 1999 coalition governments failed to rule the government with stable.

3) Government by the minority :
In practical Democracy does not represent majority opinion. Actually Democracy is said to be government by the majority. This claim on behalf of democracy is not sustainable. In every state a large number of people never exercise their vote. Besides, in most democratic states the first-past-the-post electoral system prevails (majority vote system). Under this system it often happens that the party securing a minority vote is returned to power. The number of votes secured by the party in power is less than those obtained by the opposition. Democracy thus ceases to be government by the majority.

4) Discouragement to culture, civilization and intellectual development :
Democracy is the government by masses and always have conservative outlook. They show no interest in the development of literature, art and architecture. In Democracy intellectuals always keeps distance from elections. So many examples are in history defeat of intellectuals in direct elections.

5) Slow decision making :
Democracy is slow decision making government. Because it takes lot of time to take decision. It delays the work. Legislature process, party system, opposition parties, coalition politics plays key role in decision making in Democratic governments.

Question 4.
Discuss the essential conditions for the success of Democracy.
Answer:
The following conditions are essential for the success of democracy.
1) Sound system of Education :
The success of democracy requires adequate education for the citizens. Ignorance, innocence and under education prevent them from adopting right attitudes and large-scale reforms. Education sharpens the intellect of individuals. It develops a proper understanding of various things. It makes the citizens vigilant. Besides, this enables them to assess and criticise the policies of government.

2) Enlightened Citizenship :
Enlightened citizens are an asset to the democratic state. They can excise proper vigilance. They can actively participate in public affairs and help their fellow citizens in the exercise of their rights and discharge of their reproducibilities. They extend co-operation to the government in all its good work.

3) Independent Press :
An independent press is a prerequisite of democracy. It enables the people to receive accurate and unbiased information regarding the activities of the government. It not only keeps the people in touch with government activities but also ventilates their grievances. It strives to promote harmonious relationship between the people and the government.

4) Strong Opposition :
The success of parliamentary democracy depends to a great extent on the strong and effective opposition. Such an opposition will act as a check against the government by pointing out its lapses. In this regard, the role of opposition in some advanced states.

5) Decentralization of powers :
Decentralization of powers and establishment of democratic institutions at the grass roots level is indispensable for the healthy organisation of democratic institutions. The representative bodies at the grass roots level (as known as Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India) will act as the mini legislatures. The residents of local areas will be able to know how to exercise their franchise.

6) Absence of economic disparities :
Democracy can not function smoothly when there are economic disparities in a country. When a country comprises a large number of poor people and a few wealthy persons, democracy could not work successfully.

7) Social Equality :
Social equality is another prerequisite of democracy. Caste, class and racial differences will impede the healthy working of democracy. Such elements encourage of democratic polity. To be successful, democracy must open its doors to everybody on equal basis by providing equal social opportunities to all in social sphere. Social equality must not only be proclaimed but also be practiced.

8) Faith in democracy :
Certain democratic beliefs and values like individual’s worth, need for tolerance of differences, decisions through discussions etc., should be inculcated among the people.

9) Sagacious Leadership :
Sagacious leadership is another essential condition of democracy. Sagacious leaders, by dint’ of their administrative acumen, political propriety, social commitment and economic perspective, will be able to lead the democratic state to greater heights of glory.

10) Honesty and transparency :
Honest persons belonging to various walks life, when entrusted with major responsibilities of the government, will strive for the success of democracy. Similarly transparency in administration also acts as a basic ingredient for the success of democracy.

11) Absence of militarism :
Democracy functions mostly in countries which are relatively free from militarism. In rules out the use of force and believes in the worth of individuals. It provides adequate opportunities to the people basing on worth, ability and dedication militarism, on the other hand, demands concentration of authority and favours despotism.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Democracy and mention its merits?
Answer:
Definitions :
1) Abraham Lincoln :
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

2) Lord Bryce :
“Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

3) J.R. Seeley :
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”.

Merits :
Democracy has the following merits.

a) Efficient government :
Prof. Garner described democracy as an efficient and effective government. The government in democracy carries all its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies.

b) Upholds individual liberties :
Democracy is the only government that upholds individual liberties. It guarantees certain civil rights to the people thereby providing an opportunity for them to become ideal and responsible citizens.

c) Assures equality :
Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. The people living in democratic nation enjoy all the political, civil and economic rights and privileges equally without any discrimination.

d) Educates the masses :
Democracy is described as a laboratory for a large scale experiments in public education. The masses in democracy are educated and enlightened through public meetings, election campaigns, distribution of pamphlets, etc.

e) Promotes patriotism :
The people in a democracy think that the country is their own property. When the country is in difficulties, they come forward to protect the interests of the nation. Therefore democracy develops patriotic spirit in the people.

f) Develops sense of responsibility :
J.S. Mill says that “democracy promotes a better and higher form of national character than any other policy whatever”. Since it is a rule by themselves, the people behave with a great sense of responsibility.

g) Training school for citizenship :
De Tocqueville, a French writer said that democracy serves as a training school for citizenship. Democracy promotes intellectual and moral qualities among the people.

h) A rational government :
Democracy is based on the principle that no man is infallible. It adopts a process of discussion and criticism which serves as necessary correctives to the abuse of power. Besides, they safeguard the rational nature of the political system.

Question 2.
What is Democracy and mention its de-merits?
Answer:
Demerits :
Democracy has the following demerits.

1) Expensive Government :
Democracy is the most expensive type of government. A lot of money is spent on election propaganda. Millions of money is spent on the sessions of the national and provincial legislatures. Carlyle said the parliament as a ‘Talking shop’. Italian dictator Mussolini could, therefore, correctly say that democracy is not suited to a poor country.

2) Weak and instable Government :
Democracy is a weak and instable type of government. In those countries where there are multiple party systems, the coalitions fall frequently and bring instability in the government. For ex; In India 1977 to 79; 1989 to 1991; 1996 to 1999 coalition governments failed to rule the government with stable.

3) Government by the minority :
In practical Democracy does not represent majority opinion. Actually Democracy is said to be government by the majority. This claim on behalf of democracy is not sustainable. In every state a large number of people never exercise their vote. Besides, in most democratic states the first-past-the-post electoral system prevails (majority vote system). Under this system it often happens that the party securing a minority vote is returned to power. The number of votes secured by the party in power is less than those obtained by the opposition. Democracy thus ceases to be government by the majority.

4) Discouragement to culture, civilization and intellectual development :
Democracy is the government by masses and always have conservative outlook. They show no interest in the development of literature, art and architecture. In Democracy intellectuals always keeps distance from elections. So many examples are in history defeat of intellectuals in direct elections.

5) Slow decision making :
Democracy is slow decision making government. Because it takes lot of time to take decision. It delays the work. Legislature process, party system, opposition parties, coalition politics plays key role in decision making in Democratic governments.

Question 3.
What is direct democracy and mention its devices?
Answer:
Devices Direct Democracy: There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State. Those are 1. Referendum 2. Initiative 3. Recall and 4. Plebiscite

These methods may be explained as follows.
1) Referendum :
It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”. It is of two types – 1) Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people. 2) Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it. Ex: In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2) Initiative :
It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act. Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law. It is of two types : (1) Formulative Initiative : People present a bill to the legislature (2) Unformulative Initiative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3) Re Call :
It is another device of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4) Plebiscite :
The term ‘Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite. It is not concerned with legislation. It is not apart of legal process. It is only a democratic method of ascertaining the opinion of the people on any political issue of public importance.

Question 4.
What is the role of public opinion in Democracy?
Answer:
The term public opinion was coined by philosopher John Locke in the 17^th century. In the middle ages, the saying Vox populi; Vox Dei which, means voice of the people is the voice of God gained prominence.

Definitions of Public Opinion :
1) Lord Bryce :
“Public opinion is commonly used to denote the aggregate of the views men hold regarding the community”.

2) R.G.Gettel :
“Public opinion is the opinion formed by a small group of leaders, which will be accepted by individuals as they have neither the knowledge nor the time nor the interest to enable them to form opinions of their own”.

Role of Public Opinion in Democracy :
The term ‘public opinion’ was coined by philosopher John Locke in the 17^th century. However, the concept itself predates Locke. Vox Populi or voice of the people’ is a similar Latin concept. Today, public opinion is defined in the following way : collective evaluations expressed by people on political issues, policies, institutions and individuals.

Public opinion changes policy through passive observations that accumulate amongst citizens. Public opinion is important in a democracy because the people are the ultimate source of political power.

In theory, a government official has to take public opinion into account whilst deciding on a future course of action. Political parties must maintain a certain level of positive public opinion which is subject to a certain measure of manipulation through mass media and other sources and used to maintain the status quo. That is, however, not to say that public opinion, itself should be considered a ‘positive social function’.

It is important to understand the factors that shape public opinion as a whole. These include social class, education, region, age, gender and ethnic group. Society is not a homogeneous whole. It is made up of components. Each component faces different challenges in its functioning, therefore, members of each component view the world differently.

A state is built upon the consent of the members of society. A constitution is drafted by the collective will of the people. Just as the state and the constitution are vital organic constructs, so is the primary method of informing them: public opinion. Many governments, in one way or the other, try to influence the public by promoting its policies or actions through the mass media.

Question 5.
Explain any four essential conditions for the success of Democracy.
Answer:
1) Sound system of Education :
The success of democracy requires adequate education for the citizens. Ignorance, innocence and under education prevent them from adopting right attitudes and large-scale reforms. Education sharpens the intellect of individuals. It develops a proper understanding of various things. It makes the citizens vigilant. Besides, this enables them to assess and criticise the policies of government.

2) Enlightened Citizenship :
Enlightened citizens are an asset to the democratic state. They can excise proper vigilance. They can actively participate in public affairs and help their fellow citizens in the exercise of their rights and discharge of their reponsibilities. They extend co-operation to the government in all its good work.

3) Independent Press :
An independent press is a prerequisite of democracy. It enables the people to receive accurate and unbiased information regarding the activities of the government: It not only keeps the people in touch with government activities but also ventilates their grievances. It strives to promote harmonious relationship between the people and the government.

4) Strong Opposition :
The success of parliamentary democracy depends to a great extent on the strong and effective opposition. Such an opposition will act as a check against the government by pointing out its lapses. In this regard, the role of opposition in some advanced states like Australia, Britan and United States is liable. In India to the opposition parties performed great role in many times.

5) Decentralization of powers :
Decentralization of powers and establishment of democratic institutions at the grass roots level is indispensable for the healthy organisation of democratic institutions. The representative bodies at the grass roots level (as known as Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India) will act as the mini legislatures. The residents of local areas will be able to know how to exercise their franchise.

6) Absence of economic disparities :
Democracy can not function smoothly when there are economic disparities in a country. When a country comprises a large number of poor people and a few wealthy persons, democracy could not work successfully.

7) Social Equality :
Social equality is another pre-requisite of democracy. Caste, class and racial differences will impede the healthy working of democracy. Such elements encourage of democratic polity. To be successful, democracy must open its doors to everybody on equal basis by providing equal social opportunities to all in social sphere. Social equality must not only be proclaimed but also be practiced.

8) Faith in democracy :
Certain democratic beliefs and values like individual’s worth, need for tolerance of differences, decisions through discussions etc., should be inculcated among the people.

9) Sagacious Leadership :
Sagacious leadership is another essential condition of democracy. Sagacious leaders, by dint’ of their administrative acumen, political propriety, social commitment and economic perspective, will be able to lead the democratic state to greater heights of glory.

10) Honesty and transparency :
Honest persons belonging to various walks life, when entrusted with major responsibilities of the government, will strive for the success of democracy. Similarly transparency in administration also acts- as a basic ingredient for the success of democracy.

11) Absence of militarism :
Democracy functions mostly in countries which are relatively free from militarism. In rules out the use of force and ” wes in the worth of individuals. It provides adequate opportunities to the people basing on worth, ablility and dedication militarism, on the other hand, demands concentration f authority and favours despotism.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Democracy.
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln :
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

J.R. Seeley :
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”

Lord Bryce :
“Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

Question 2.
What is indirect Democracy?
Answer:
Indirect Democracy :
Indirect democracy is also known as representative democracy. In this type of democracy a clear distinction is made between the immediate sovereign and the ultimate sovereign. The legislature which consists of the elected representatives of the people formulates and expresses the will of the state. Hence, the legislature is the immediate sovereign authority.

In this type of democracy the people elect their representatives periodically and review their activities during their full term. If their activities are proved to be unsatisfactory, the people can with draw their trust in them and choose new representatives. Representative democracy thus combines efficient administration with popular sovereignty. In representative democracy the parties articulate and organize the will of the people and act as the transmission belt between the government and the governed. In a representative democracy the ultimate source of authority remains the people.

Question 3.
What is direct Democracy?
Answer:
Direct democracy is a system of government in which people directly participate in the activities of the State and the Government. The people directly express their views on the government policies. Direct democratic methods are four. They are Referendum, Plebiscite, Initiative and Recall.

Question 4.
What is recall?
Answer:
Recall means To call back. The representatives will be called back by the people in case they are inefficient. Hence, this method helps the representatives in discharging their responsibilities properly for fear of being called back on the grounds of inefficiency.

Question 5.
What is plebiscite?
Answer:
Plebiscite means ascertaining public opinion on certain important issues. This is not applicable to the laws and the Constitution. People’s verdict is sought on certain public problems and policies of the government. This method was first used in 1804 by Napoleon in France.

Question 6.
What are Referendum?
Answer:
Referendum means ‘Refer to’. This method is used to ascertain the public opinion on important legislation. In some regions, the public opinion is sought on the problems of constitutional law and ordinary law. This is called referendum. Referendum is of two types. They are i) Compulsory referendum ii) Optional referendum.

Question 7.
What is initiative?
Answer:
Initiative is a request made by the people to the legislature in framing a law on certain national problem or policy as such. After making the law, the same shall be presented for referendum. In this aspect, people in a specified number present a petition in written form to the legislature proposing a legislation. It is also of two kinds. They are i) Formulative initiative ii) Non-formulative initiative.

Question 8.
What is public opinion?
Answer:
Public opinion occupies an important place in democratic states. People express their opinion in times of elections or through the legislatures. They obey and follow those laws which are formulated in accordance with the public opinion. If the government acts against the wishes of people it has to face the consequences. Public opinion keeps the government responsible and responsive. It keeps the government alert and vigilant in its functioning.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 7th Lesson Citizenship Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 7th Lesson Citizenship

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define citizenship. Describe the methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
Introduction :
Citizenship is a privilege of individual residing in democratic states. People fed that citizenship enables them to lead a happy, honourable and harmonious life in the state. Citizenship instills the feelings of patriotism, sacrifice, broad outlook etc., among the people.

Definitions :
Prof. Laski :
“Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgement to the public good”.

T.H. Marshall :
“Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess this status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the state is endowed”.

Methods of acquiring citizenship :
There are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are : i) Natural ii) Naturalization. The two methods may be studied as follows.

i) Natural Citizenship :
Natural Citizenship is one which is acquired by the persons without specific application or request to the authorities. It comprises three elements. They are :

1. Blood relationship (Jus Sanguinis)
2. Soil (Jus Soli) and
3. Mixed principle.

i) Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood Relationship) :
This type of Citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relationship. Under this method birth within the territory of a state entitles a person to have citizenship. Every person is treated as a citizen of the state where he is born. According to Ju? Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Here blood relationship alone determines the Citizenship. Ex : A child born to the Indian parents will be treated as Indian citizen irrespective of its place of birth.

ii) Jus Soli (Land or Place of Birth) :
Jus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. However this method is not more popular in modem times. It was popular in the Middle Ages when citizenship was associated with land. At present, however, this practice is observed exclusively in Argentina.

Mixed Principle :
Under this method citizenship is granted by following either of the two principles of Jus Sanguinis and Jus Soli. Many states adopted both these principles. Ex: In Britain, France and United States, the above two principles are employed simultaneously. In this context there may arise duplication of citizenship. Ex: A child bom to British parents in’ the United States becomes an american citizen according to the practice of Jus Soli. The same child becomes a citizen of Britain according to the principle of Jus Sanguinis. In such a case, the child is given option to choose one of its citizenship, after becoming a major.

ii) Naturalised Citizenship :
Citizenship may also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien will become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state. Some of them may be summed up as follows.
1) Residence :
An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.

2) Choice :
The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.

3) Application :
An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability aqd knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.

4) Fixed Assets :
An alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.

5) Service (Public or Private) :
An alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He is entitled for such citizenship if he serves in the public or private authorised departments. He may also be given Citizenship if the renders meritorious service in another state.

6) Marriage :
An alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries when a person marries an alien, Citizenship of either of the husband or wife is acquired. For instance, a British lady will acquire Indian citizenship if she marries an Indian citizen. Japanese women do not lose their citizenship even if they marry persons of alien states. The alien person on the other hand, acquires the citizenship of Japan if he marries a Japanese lady.

In this context it may be noted that an alien who receives the citizenship of the new state, he will have to forego his native citizenship. In other words no one is allowed to have dual citizenships simultaneously.

Question 2.
Explain the various qualities of a good Citizens.
Answer:
According to Aristotle good citizens make good state. This is due to the fact that good citizens imbibe many noble qualities. Lord Bryce cited three qualities of a good citizen, namely, conscience, intelligence and self control. On the whole, a good citizen will have the following qualities.

1) Good Character :
Good character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful and virtuous in letter and spirit.

2) Sound health :
A good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy. Only a sound body will have a sound mind. Sound body and mind of a citizen paves the way for the progress of the state in many spheres.

3) Intelligence and education :
Proper education is another quality of a citizen. The citizen should be well-enlightened, fully aware and informed of his rights and responsibilities. He must be intelligent enough to identify good and bad. He will not be emotional in examining the events. In this regard education enables him to play a proper role in the society. An intelligent citizen will be able to understand the problems of the state in a proper way.

4) Self control :
A good citizen will have moderate temperment. He will have self¬control in his public activities. Self control and confidence make him to lead a disciplined life. He will not indulge in inhuman activities.

5) Public spirit :
A good citizen should have broad and liberal outlook. He should be ready to take active part in public affairs. He should be intelligent in enjoying his rights and responsibilities. He should have active participation in the social activities. He should have public-spirit and ready to offer his services for the collective welfare of the society.

6) Self-sacrifice :
A good citizen must possess self sacrifice. He must subordinate his self-interest to the interests of the community. He must be imbibed by the spirit of service and devotion to the society, government and state.

7) Honest exercise of franchise :
Honest exercise of one’s franchise is another essential quality of a good citizen. Self interest or sectional interest in terms of class, religion or community act as a hurdle to good citizenship.

8) Sincere performance of obligations :
A good citizen performs his obligations sincerely and faithfully. He extends co-operation to the authorities in the discharge of their obligations. He pays his taxes to the various governmental organizations promptly and properly.

9) Right ordering of loyalties :
A good citizen brings about a right ordering of his loyalties to the family, class, caste, club, trade union, region and nation. He avoids conflicts between various associations by assigning priorities. He sacrifices his self interest for the sake of wider purposes. When there arises a conflict between the interests of the family and the locality, one must sacrifice the interests of the family for the sake of the locality.

Question 3.
How many types of citizenship are there? Elucidate.
Answer:
There are three types of Citizenship. They are : (i) Single Citizenship (ii) Dual Citizenship and (iii) Global or Universal Citizenship.

i) Single Citizenship :
Single Citizenship implies possession of one type of citizenship, identical rights, privileges and immunities by the citizens. Citizens enjoy this type of citizenship without any discrimination. It is prevalent in many states in the modem period. For instance the constitution of India provided for single citizenship to every Indian citizen irrespective of his place of birth, residence etc.

ii) Dual Citizenship :
Dual citizenship means possession of two citizenships in two States. It is in vogue in some developed and developing countries. For instance, children bom to American citizens in other states acquire natural citizenship in both the states – one in their parent American State and another in the State where they are bom. However, persons having dual citizenship are not entitled to the special privileges. They are subject to the laws of both countries. Dual citizenship applies to the children until they attain adulthood. Later they have to choose citizenship of one of the two States.

iii) Global or Universal Citizenship :
Global or Universal Citizenship is the latest phenomena in the contemporary international and national politics. The dramatic events that took place after 1980s and 1990s created a great awareness among the people all over the world. The advancement in communications, science, technology and other spheres transformed human life in a miraculous way.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How is naturalised citizenship acquired?
Answer:
Naturalised Citizenship :
Citizenship may also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien will become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state. Some of them may be summed up as follows.

1) Residence :
An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.

2) Choice :
The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.

3) Application :
An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.

4) Fixed Assets :
An alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.

5) Service (Public or Private) :
An alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He is entitled for such citizenship if he serves in the public or private authorised departments. He may also be given Citizenship if the renders meritorious service in another state.

6) Marriage :
An alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries when a person marries an alien, citizenship of either of the husband or wife is acquired. For instance, a British lady will acquire Indian citizenship if she marries an Indian citizen. Japanese women do not lose their citizenship even if they marry persons of alien states. The alien person on the other hand, acquires the citizenship of Japan if he marries a Japanese lady.

Question 2.
How citizenship is lost? [Mar. ’17]
Answer:
Citizens loose their citizenship under the following conditions :
1) Renunciation :
A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of one’s parent state and may become the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization. In India, the Constitution prescribes that a person who voluntarily acquires citizenship of any other state will no longer be an Indian citizen.

2) Marriage :
Generally a woman lose her citizenship when she marries an alien. However some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries an alien.

3) Accepting Foreign Service :
A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.

4) Obliging Foreign Decorations or Titles :
When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles, it may lead to the forfeiture of his Citizenship.

5) Prolonged Absence :
Prolonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In some states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will loose their citizenship.

6) Treason or Crime :
Involvement of a citizen in a serious crime and subsequent proof of his action will also lead to the loss of citizenship. Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state, anti-social and anti-govemmental activities, will loose their citizenship by a special notification to that effect.

7) Desertion from Army :
Desertion from army thereby jeopardizing the security of a state leads to the forfeiture of citizenship.

Question 3.
Explain any three conditions for securing naturalized citizenship.
Answer:
1) Residence :
An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.

2) Choice :
The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.

3) Application :
An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define citizenship.
Answer:

1. Prof. Laski defines “Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgement to the public good”.
2. T.H.Marshall defines “Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess this status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the state is endowed”.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Jus Sanguinis?
Answer:
Acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relation is called Jus Sanguinis. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Blood relation alone determines the citizenship in Jus Sanguinis method.

Question 3.
What does the terms Jus Soli mean?
Answer:
Jus Soli means acquisition of .citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, a child acquires the citizenship of a State, where it borns. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. This method is not more popular in modem times. At present, this method is observed exclusively in Argentina.

Question 4.
List out two conditions of loss of citizenship.
Answer:
i) Renunciation :
A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of any other State.

ii) Marriage :
Generally a woman lose her citizenship when she marries an alien.

Question 5.
What is dual citizenship. [Mar.’17]
Answer:
Dual Citizenship means possession of two citizenships in two States. Ex : Children born to American citizens in other States acquire citizenship in both the States – one in their parent State and the other in the State, where there are born. Dual citizenship applies to the children until they attain adulthood. Later they have to choose citizenship of any one of the two states.

Question 6.
Mention any two qualities of a good Citizen. [Mar. ’17]
Answer:
i) Good Character :
Good character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful, and virtuous in letter and spirit.

ii) Sound Health :
A good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy and wealthy.

Here you will find Telangana TSBIE State Board Syllabus TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material Pdf free download, TS Intermediate 1st Year Botany Textbook Solutions Questions and Answers in English Medium and Telugu Medium according to the latest exam curriculum. The chapter-wise TS Inter 1st Year Study Material will help the students in understanding the concept behind each question in a detailed way.

Students can check the TS Inter 1st Year Botany Syllabus & TS Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 1st Year Botany Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Botany Textbook Solutions Telangana

Unit I Diversity in the Living World

• Chapter 1 The Living World
• Chapter 2 Biological Classification
• Chapter 3 Science of Plants – Botany
• Chapter 4 Plant Kingdom

Unit II Structural Organisation in Plants – Morphology

• Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants

Unit III Reproduction in Plants

• Chapter 6 Modes of Reproduction
• Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Unit IV Plant Systematics

• Chapter 8 Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Unit V Cell Structure and Function

• Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life
• Chapter 10 Biomolecules
• Chapter 11 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Unit VI Internal Organisation of Plants

• Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Unit VII Plant Ecology

• Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 1st Year Botany Syllabus

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD
BOTANY – I
SYLLABUS (w.e.f. 2012-13)

Unit-I DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD (30 Periods)

CHAPTER-1 The living world
What is living? – Diversity in the living world; Taxonomic categories and Taxonomic aids

CHAPTER-2 Biological Classification
Five kingdom classification – Monera, Protista, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, Three domains of life (six kingdom classification), Viruses, Viroids, Prions & Lichens

CHAPTER-3 Science of plants – Botany
Origin, Development, and Branches of Botany, Scope of Botany and Branches of Botany

CHAPTER-4 Plant Kingdom
Salient features, classification and alteration of generations of the plants of the following groups – Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

UNIT – II STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS-MORPHOLOGY (20 Periods)

CHAPTER-5 Morphology of flowering plants
Vegetative: Parts of a typical Angiospermic plant; Vegetative morphology and modifications- Root, Stem and Leaf- types; Venation, Phyllotaxy.
Reproductive: Inflorescence – Racemose, Cymose and special types (in brief). Flower: Parts of a flower and their detailed description; Aestivation, Placentation. Fruits: Types- True, False and parthenocarpic fruits.

UNIT-III: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS (25 Periods)

CHAPTER-6 Modes of Reproduction
Asexual reproduction, binary fission, Sporulation, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, Sexual reproduction in brief, Overview of angiosperm life cycle.

CHAPTER-7 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule) and embryo sac; Development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination – Types, agents, Out breeding devices and Pollen – Pistil interaction. Double Fertilization; Post fertilisation events: Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, Structure of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous seeds, Significance of fruit and seed. Special modes – Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.

UNIT-IV: PLANT SYSTEMATICS (10 Periods)

CHAPTER-8 Taxonomy of angiosperms
Introduction. Types of Systems of classification (In brief). Semi-Technical description of a typical flowering plant Description of Families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae.

UNIT-V: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS (35 Periods)

CHAPTER-9 CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE
Cell- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life- overview of the cell. Prokaryotic cells, Ultra Structure of Plant cell (structure in detail and functions in brief), Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, Plastids, Ribosomes, Golgi bodies, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Microbodies, Centrosome and Centriole, Cilia, Flagella, Cytoskeleton and Nucleus. Chromosomes: Number, structural organization; Nucleosome.

CHAPTER-10 Biomolecules
Structure and function of Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic acids.

CHAPTER-11 Cell cycle and cell division
Cell cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis – significance.

UNIT-VI: INTERNAL ORGANISATION OF PLANTS (25 Periods)

CHAPTER-12 HISTOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Tissues – Types, structure and functions: Meristematic; Permanent tissues – Simple and Complex tissues. Tissue systems – Types, structure and function: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular tissue systems. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous plants – Root, Stem and Leaf. Secondary growth in Dicot stem and Dicot root.

UNIT-VII: PLANT ECOLOGY (12 Periods)

CHAPTER-13 ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION, SUCCESSION AND ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
Introduction. Plant communities and Ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, Mesophytes and Xerophytes. Plant succession. Ecological services – Carbon fixation, Oxygen release and pollination (in brief).

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Textbook Solutions Telangana

Unit I Man and Environment

• Chapter 1 Dimensions of the Environment
• Chapter 2 Environmental Stakeholders
• Chapter 3 Population Explosion and its Consequences

Unit II Environment and Development

• Chapter 4 Factors Affecting Development
• Chapter 5 Effects of Industrial Development
• Chapter 6 Development in Telangana

Unit III Environmental Pollution and Global Issues

• Chapter 7 Types, Sources and Effects of Pollution
• Chapter 8 Natural and Man-made Disasters
• Chapter 9 Global Environmental Issues

Unit IV Energy

• Chapter 10 Demand for Energy and Energy Consumption Patterns
• Chapter 11 Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
• Chapter 12 Energy Conservation

Unit V Bio-Diversity

• Chapter 13 Concept, Types and Threats to Biodiversity
• Chapter 14 Significance of Biodiversity
• Chapter 15 Conservation of Biodiversity

Unit VI Environmental Management

• Chapter 16 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Chapter 17 Pollution Control
• Chapter 18 Environmental Audit (EA)

Unit VII Sustainable Development

• Chapter 19 What is Sustainable Development
• Chapter 20 Environment Laws and Policies
• Chapter 21 Global Conferences on Sustainable Development

Unit VIII Sustainable Agriculture

• Chapter 22 Conventional Practices of Agriculture
• Chapter 23 Sustainable Agriculture
• Chapter 24 Management of Agriculture Produce

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 1st Year Environmental Education Syllabus

Chapter 1 Dimensions of the Environment
Meaning of the term “Environment”, Relationship between Man and Environment, Impacts of Man on the Environment, Dimensions of the Environment, Legacy for future generations, Water cycle, Bio-geo-chemical Cycle, and Oxygen cycle.

Chapter 2 Environmental Stakeholders
Meaning of Environment stakeholders, Categories of stakeholders, ‘3Rs’ Approach, Benefits of the stakeholder consultation process, 4 case studies on the issue of stakeholder participation.

Chapter 3 Population Explosion and its Consequences
Meaning of the term population and population explosion, Causes of population explosion, Consequences of population explosion, and Population control measures.

Chapter 4 Factors Affecting Development
Understanding the term “Environment” and “Development”, Factors that affect Development – Physical, Social, Economic, Social evils – causes, effects, and solutions.

Chapter 5 Ill Effects of Industrial Development
Pollution in terms of Industrial Development (Types), Reasons why pollution control measures are difficult to implement, Impacts of Industrial development and human activities on the environment, and Need for sustainable development.

Chapter 6 Development in Telangana
Development in Telangana State – Agricultural Sector, Industrial Sector, Services Sector
Telangana Industries – IT Sector, Mining, Pharma Industry

Chapter 7 Types, Sources and effects of Pollution
Understanding the term Environmental Pollution, Sources, effects and control measures of air pollution, Sources, effects and control measures of noise pollution, Sources, effects and control measures of water pollution, Definition, causes, effects and control of soil pollution, Definition, sources, effects, control of thermal, nuclear and plastic pollution, Solid Waste definition, types, effects and handling of wastes.

Chapter 8 Natural and Man-made Disaster
Understanding the term “Disaster”, Types-Natural and Man-made disasters, Natural disasters – Types, effects, damages, Man-made disasters – Types and their description, Disaster management, and Examples of Global Environmental Disasters.

Chapter 9 Global Environmental Issues
Definition of Global Environmental Issues, Major current Environmental Problems.

Chapter 10 Demand for Energy and Energy Consumption
Energy consumption (definition), Types of energy consumption, Energy consumption in India.

Chapter 11 Conventional and Non-conventional Energy Sources of Energy
Sources of energy – Conventional sources of energy, Non-conventional sources of energy, Its advantages and disadvantages, Types of non-conventional sources of energy – Solar energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Wind energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Geothermal energy, Hydrogen energy, Tidal energy, Wave energy, Hydrogen energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Biomass energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Nuclear energy – Advantages – disadvantages.

Chapter 12 Energy Conservation
Need for Energy conservation, Energy saving tips

Chapter 13 Concept, Types, and Threats to Biodiversity
Definition of Biodiversity and its types, Bio-geo-graphical classification of India, Threats to Biodiversity.

Chapter 14 Significance of Biodiversity
Benefits of Biodiversity

Chapter 15 Conservation of Biodiversity
Measures to conserve Biodiversity – Insitu conservation, Exsitu conservation, Acts of Biodiversity.

Chapter 16 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The environmental Impact Assessment Definition uses Methodology and an Environmental Impact statement.

Chapter 17 Pollution Control
Air pollution control, Water pollution control, Solid waste management, Hazardous waste management, Biomedical waste management, E-waste management, Radio active management.

Chapter 18 Environmental Audit (E.A)
Definition of Environmental Audit and its types.

Chapter 19 What is Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Definition, Uses, Threats, Sustainable Consumption Definition, the difference between Sustainable Development and consumption.

Chapter 20 Environmental Laws and Policies
Environmental law of India – Its policies and activities, Pollution Control Boards.

Chapter 21 Global Conferences on Sustainable Development
Environmental issues and problems, Stockholm Declaration – 1972, Brundtland Commission – 1983, The Rio Summit, Montreal Protocol – 1987, The Kyoto Protocol – 1997, The Paris Protocol – 2015.

Chapter 22 Conventional Practices of Agriculture
Definition, Methods, Impact, Benefits, Impact of Conventional Agricultural Practices.

Chapter 23 Sustainable Agriculture
Definition, Principles, Methods

Chapter 24 Management of Agriculture Produce
Causes of Harvest loss and its solution, Steps involved in pre-Packing produce management.

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Notes

• Chapter 1 Diversity of Living World Notes
• Chapter 2 Structural Organisation in Animals Notes
• Chapter 3 Animal Diversity-I: Invertebrate Phyla Notes
• Chapter 4 Animal Diversity-II: Phylum Chordata Notes
• Chapter 5 Locomotion and Reproduction in Protozoa Notes
• Chapter 6 Biology in Human Welfare Notes
• Chapter 7 Type Study of Periplaneta Americana Notes
• Chapter 8 Ecology and Environment Notes

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Ethics and Human Values
• Chapter 2 The Constitutional Values of India
• Chapter 3 Individual and Society
• Chapter 4 Life Skills
• Chapter 5 Environmental Concerns
• Chapter 6 Religious and Cultural Values
• Chapter 7 Professional Ethics
• Chapter 8 Health and Nutrition
• Chapter 9 Ethics in Social Media and Technology
• Chapter 10 Ethics, Values and Thinking

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Examination Pattern

General Instructions of Lectures: The Examination on the subject of Ethics and Human Values comprises a total of 100 marks. The breakup of marks is as follows.

1. Theory Examination consisting of 4 essays of 15 marks each – 60 marks
2. Group Project – 20 marks
3. Individual Project – 20 marks

For the purpose of the written examination, in order to provide a wide choice to the students, the 10 Chapters are being placed under 4 Sections. Two/Three questions will be given under each section. The student has to answer one question from each section.

Section A – Chapters 1, 3, 10
Section B – Chapters 2, 4, 9
Section C – Chapters 5, 7
Section D – Chapters 6, 8

(The division of chapters has been done in a random manner and does not reflect the relative importance of any Chapter/Chapters)

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Diversity of Living World
• Chapter 2 Structural Organisation in Animals
• Chapter 3 Animal Diversity-I: Invertebrate Phyla
• Chapter 4 Animal Diversity-II: Phylum Chordata
• Chapter 5 Locomotion and Reproduction in Protozoa
• Chapter 6 Biology in Human Welfare
• Chapter 7 Type Study of Periplaneta Americana (Cockroach)
• Chapter 8 Ecology and Environment

TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Syllabus

Unit I Zoology – Diversity of Living World (30 Periods)

• 1.1 What is life?
• 1.2 Nature, Scope & meaning of zoology
• 1.3 Branches of Zoology
• 1.4 Need for classification- Zoos as tools for the study of taxonomy
• 1.5 Basic principles of Classification: Biological system of classification- (Phylogenetic classification only)
• 1.6 Levels of Hierarchy of classification
• 1.7 Nomenclature – Bi & Trinominal
• 1.8 Species concept
• 1.9 Kingdom Animalia
• 1.10 Biodiversity – Meaning and distribution (Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity(alpha, beta, and gamma), other attributes of biodiversity, the role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN Red data books, Conservation of wildlife in India – Legislation, Preservation, Organisations, Threatened species.

Unit II Structural Organization in Animals

• 2.1 Levels of organization, Multicellularity: Diploblastic & Triploblastic conditions.
• 2.2 Asymmetry, Symmetry: Radial symmetry, and Bilateral symmetry (Brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla)
• 2.3 Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Eucoelomates: Schizo & Entero coelomates (Brief account of the formation of coelom)
• 2.4 Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous tissues. (make it a little more elaborative)

Unit III Animal Diversity – I: Invertebrate Phyla
General Characters – Strictly restrict to 8 salient features only
Classification up to Classes with two or three examples – Brief account only

• 3.1 Porifera
• 3.2 Cnidaria
• 3.3 Ctenophora
• 3.4 Platyhelminthes
• 3.5 Nematoda
• 3.6 Annelida (Include Earthworm as a type study strictly adhering to NCERT textbook)
• 3.7 Arthropoda
• 3.8 Mollusca
• 3.9 Echinodermata
• 3.10 Hemichordata

Unit IV Animal Diversity – II: Phylum: Chordata
General Characters – Strictly restrict to 8 points only Classification up to Classes – Brief account only with two or three examples

• 4.1 Sub phylum: Urochordata
• 4.2 Sub phylum: Cephalochordata
• 4.3 Sub phylum: Vertebrata
• 4.4 Super Class: Agnatha
• 4.4.1 Class Cyclostomata
• 4.5 Super Class: Gnathostomata
• 4.5.1 Super Class: Pisces
• 4.5.2 Class: Chondrichthyes
• 4.5.3 Class: Osteichthyes
• 4.6 Tetrapoda
• 4.6.1 Class: Amphibia (Include Frog as a type study strictly adhering to NCERT textbook)
• 4.6.2 Class: Reptilia
• 4.6.3 Class: Aves
• 4.6.4 Class: Mammalia

Unit V Locomotion & Reproduction in Protozoa

• 5.1 Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella & cilia (Brief account giving two examples each)
• 5.2 Flagellar & Ciliary movement – Effective & Recovery strokes in Euglena, Synchronal & Metachronal movements in Paramecium
• 5.3 Reproduction: Definition, types. Asexual Reproduction: Transverse binary fission in Paramecium & Longitudinal binary fission in Euglena. Multiple fission, Sexual Reproduction.

Unit VI Biology & Human Welfare

• 6.1 Parasitism and parasitic adaptation
• 6.2 Health and disease: introduction (follow NCERT) Life cycle, Pathogenicity, Treatment & Prevention (Brief account only)
  1. Entamoeba histolytica 2. Plasmodium vivax 3. Ascaris lumbricoides 4. Wuchereria bancrofti
• 6.3 A brief account of pathogenicity, treatment & prevention of Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, & Ringworm.
• 6.4 Drugs and Alcohol abuse

Unit VII Type study of Periplaneta Americana

• 7.1 Habitat and habits
• 7.2 External features
• 7.3 Locomotion
• 7.4 Digestive system
• 7.5 Respiratory system
• 7.6 Circulatory system
• 7.7 Excretory system
• 7.8 Nervous system – sense organs, the structure of ommatidium.
• 7.9 Reproductive system

Unit VIII Ecology & Environment

• 8.1 Organisms and Environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome, and ecosphere (definitions only)
• 8.2 Ecosystem: Elementary aspects only Abiotic factors – Light, Temperature & Water (Biological effects only), Ecological adaptations
• 8.3 Population interactions
• 8.4 Ecosystems: Types, Components, Lake ecosystem
• 8.5 Food chains, Food web, Productivity and Energy flow in Ecosystem, Ecological pyramids – Pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy.
• 8.6 Nutrition cycling – Carbon, Nitrogen, & Phosphorous cycles (Brief account)
• 8.7 Population attributes Growth, Natality, and Mortality, Age distribution, and Population regulation.
• 8.8 Environmental issues

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Botany Notes

• Chapter 1 The Living World Notes
• Chapter 2 Biological Classification Notes
• Chapter 3 Science of Plants – Botany Notes
• Chapter 4 Plant Kingdom Notes
• Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants Notes
• Chapter 6 Modes of Reproduction Notes
• Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Notes
• Chapter 8 Taxonomy of Angiosperms Notes
• Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life Notes
• Chapter 10 Biomolecules Notes
• Chapter 11 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Notes
• Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants Notes
• Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services Notes

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Maths 1A Formulas PDF Download

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1. Maths 1A Functions Formulas
2. Maths 1A Mathematical Induction Formulas
3. Maths 1A Matrices Formulas
4. Maths 1A Addition of Vectors Formulas
5. Maths 1A Products of Vectors Formulas
6. Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas
7. Maths 1A Trigonometric Equations Formulas
8. Maths 1A Inverse Trigonometric Functions Formulas
9. Maths 1A Hyperbolic Functions Formulas
10. Maths 1A Properties of Triangles Formulas

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Maths 1B Formulas PDF Download

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1. Maths 1B Locus Formulas
2. Maths 1B Transformation of Axes Formulas
3. Maths 1B The Straight Lines Formulas
4. Maths 1B Pair of Straight Lines Formulas
5. Maths 1B Three Dimensional Coordinates Formulas
6. Maths 1B Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios Formulas
7. Maths 1B The Plane Formulas
8. Maths 1B Limits and Continuity Formulas
9. Maths 1B Differentiation Formulas
10. Maths 1B Applications of Derivatives Formulas

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TS Inter 1st Year Study Material Pdf

• TS Inter 1st Year Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Maths 1B Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Telugu Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year English Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Accountancy Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Economics Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year History Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material
• TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material

TS Inter 1st Year Important Questions

• TS Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Maths 1B Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Physics Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Accountancy Important Questions
• TS Inter 1st Year Economics Important Questions

TS Inter 1st Year Notes

• Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Formulas
• Inter 1st Year Maths 1B Formulas
• TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes
• TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes
• TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes
• TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Notes
• TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Notes
• TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Notes
• TS Inter 1st Year Accountancy Notes
• TS Inter 1st Year Economics Notes

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