TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material Chapter 1 Diversity of Living World

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material 1st Lesson Diversity of Living World Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material 1st Lesson Diversity of Living World

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term metabolism. Give any one example.
Answer:
The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the bodies of organisms constitute metabolism and it is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception. Eg : Photosynthesis and respiration.

Question 2.
How do you differentiate between growth in a living organism and non living object?
Answer:
Growth in living beings is ‘growth from inside’ whereas growth in the non-living things is by accumulation of material on the surface.

Question 3.
What is biogenesis?
Answer:
‘Life comes only from life and not from non-living substances’ is known as biogenesis.

Question 4.
Define the term histology. What is it otherwise called? [March 2019]
Answer:
Histology is the study of microscopic structure of different tissues. This branch is also referred to as “Microanatomy”.

Question 5.
Distinguish between embryology and ethology.
Answer:

1. Embryology deals with the study of events that lead to fertilization, cleavages, early growth and differentiation of zygote into an embryo.
2. The study of the animal behaviour based on the systematic observation, recording, analysis of functions of animals, with special attention to ecological, physiological and evolutionary aspects is called Ethology.

Question 6.
‘In a given area, remains of an animal that lived in the remote past are excavated for study. Which branch of science is it called?
Answer:
Palaeontology, (specifically palaeozoology – study of fossils of animals)

Question 7.
“Zoos are tools for classification” Explain.
Answer:
Zoos are the places where wild animals, taken out of their natural habitat, are placed in protected environment under human care. This enables us to study the various aspects of animal living. Thus it enables us to systematise the organism and position it in the animal world.

Question 8.
Where and how do we preserve skeletons of animals, dry specimens etc?
Answer:
In Museums animal specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens. Museur often have collections of skeletons of animals too.

Question 9.
What is trinominal nomenclature ? Give an example. [March 2018 – A.P.; March 2015 – T.S.]
Answer:
Trinominal nomenclature is the extension of the binominal system of nomenclature. This system permits the designation of subspecies with a three-worded name called ‘trinomen’. Subspecies is a category below the level of species. Eg : Corvus splendens splendens.,

Question 10.
What is meant by tautonymy. Give two examples.[ May 2017 – A.P.; May/June, Mar. 2014]
Answer:
The practice of naming the animals, in which the generic name and species name are the same, is called tautonymy. So the name is called tautonym. Eg : Naja naja (the Indian cobra), Axis axis (spotted deer).

Question 11.
Differentiate between Protostomia and Deuterostomia.
Answer:
a) Protostomia :
The eumetazoans in which blastopore develops into mouth are referred to as the protostomians. (eg : Annelida)

b) Deuterostomia :
These are eucoelomates in which anus is formed from or near the blastopore, (eg: Echinodermata)

Question 12.
‘Echinoderms are enterocoelomates’. Comment.
Answer:
Enterocoel is a true coelom formed from the archenteron. In phylum Echinodermata, true coelom is formed from the primitive gut called archenteron. Hence Echinoderms are enterocoelomates.

Question 13.
What does ICZN stand for? [March 2015 – A.P.]
Answer:
ICZN stands for International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Question 14.
Give the names of any four protostomian phyla.
Answer:
1) Platyhelminthes 2) Nematoda 3) Annelida 4) Arthropoda.

Question 15.
Nematode is a protostomian but not a eucoelomate. Justify the statement.
Answer:
In Nematodes the blastopore becomes mouth and the group belongs to protostomia. However the body cavity is not a true coelom as it is not lined by mesodermal epithelial layers. Their body cavity is a pseudocoel.

Question 16.
What is ecological diversity? Mention the different types of ecological diversities.
Answer:
Diversity at the ecosystem level is called “Ecological diversity”. The different types of ecological diversities are Alpha, Beta and Gamma diversities.

Question 17.
Define species richness. [March 2017 – A.P.]
Answer:
Species richness in simple terms, it is the number of species per unit area. The more the number of species in an area the more is the species richness.

Question 18.
Mention any two products of medicinal importance obtained from Nature.
Answer:

1. Quinine (drug of Malaria) obtained from the bark of cinchona officinalis.
2. Vin blastin (anti cancer drug) from Vinca rosea.
3. Digitalin from ‘fox glove’ plant (Digitalis purpurea).

Question 19.
Invasion of an Alien species leads to extinction of native species. Justify this with two examples.
Answer:

1. Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria, in East Africa lead to the extinction of 200 species of cichlid fish in the lake.
2. Illegal introduction of exotic African cat fish, Clarias gariepinus, for aquaculture purpose is posing a threat to the indigenous cat fishes.

Question 20.
List out any four sacred groves in India.
Answer:

Name	State
1) Khasi and Jaintia Hills ………….	Meghalaya.
2) Aravalli Hills ………….	Rajasthan and Gujarat.
3) Sarguja, Bastar ………….	Chhattisgarh.
4) Western Ghat region ………….	Karnataka and Maharastra.

Question 21.
Write the full form of IUCN. in which book threatened species are enlisted. [March 2020]
Answer:

1. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
2. All the threatened species are listed in the Red Data Books published by the IUCN.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the Phylogenetic system of biological classification.
Answer:
Carolus Linnaeus introduced the system of hierarchical classification. Phylogenetic system of biological classification (cladistic classification).

It is an evolutionary classification based on how a common ancestry was shared. Cladistic classification summarizes the ‘genetic distance’ between all species in the ‘phylogenetic tree’. In cladistic classification characters such as analogous characters (Characters shared by a pair of organisms due to convergent evolution e.g. wings in sparrows and patagia (wing like structures in flying squirrels) and homologous characters (characters shared by a pair of organisms, inherited from a common ancestor e.g., wings of sparrows and finches) are followed/ taken into consideration. Ernst Haeckel introduced the method of representing phylogeny by ‘trees’ or branching diagrams.

Question 2.
Explain the hierarchy of classification.
Answer:
Linnaeus was the first taxonomist to establish a definite hierarchy of taxonomic categories called taxa (singular: taxon) like kingdom, class, order, genus and species. Haeckel introduced the taxon phylum. A species sometimes may have more subspecies, which shows some morphological variations (intra – specific variations).

Taxonomic Categories :
Nowadays the three Domain classification is followed. CARL WOESE and co – workers observed that many prokaryotes previously classified under ‘Prokaryota/ Monera1 are more closely related to the ‘eukaryotes’ and classified them under a separate Domain the ARCHAEA. This type of study is called ‘MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS’.

Now there is a general agreement on the THREE DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION of the living organisms namely DOMAIN -1: BACTERIA, DOMAIN – II: ARCHAEA and ; DOMAIN – III: EUKARYA. (Note : DOMAIN is a taxon higher than ‘Kingdom’.)

Question 3.
What is meant by classification? Explain the need for classification.
Answer:
NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION :
It is impossible to study all living organisms. So, it is | necessary to devise some means to make this possible. This process is called ‘classification’. Classification is defined as the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters. The scientific term used for these categories is ‘TAXA’ (singular: taxon). Taxa can indicate categories at different levels e.g. Animalia (which includes multicellular animals), chordata, mammalia, etc., represent taxa at different levels.

Hence, based on characteristics, all the living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is called taxonomy.

Question 4.
Define species. Explain the various aspects of ‘species’. [March 2020, ’13, ’14]
Answer:
Species :
Species is the ‘basic unit’ of classification. Species is a Latin word meaning ‘kind’ or ‘appearance’. John Ray in his book ‘Historia Generalis Plantarum’, used the term ‘species’ and described it on the basis of common descent (origin from common ancestors) as a group of morphologically similar organisms. Linnaeus considered species, in his book ‘Systema Naturae’, as the basic unit of classification.

Buffon’s biological concept of species explains that species is an interbreeding group of similar individuals sharing the common ‘gene pool’, and producing fertile offspring. Species is considered as a group of individuals which are :

1. Reproductively isolated from the individuals of other species – a breeding unit.
2. Sharing the same ecological niche – An ecological unit.
3. Showing similarity in the karyotype – a genetic unit.
4. Having similar structure and functional characteristics – an evolutionary unit.
5. Species is dynamic.

Question 5.
What is genetic diversity and what are the different types of genetic diversity?
Answer:
Genetic diversity :
It is the diversity of genes with in a species. A single species may show high diversity at the genetic level over its distributional range. For e.g. Rauwolfia vomitoria, a medicinal plant growing in the Himalayan ranges shows great genetic variation, which might be in terms of potency and concentration of the active chemical (reserpine extracted from it is used in treating high blood pressure) that the plant produces. India has more than 50,000 different strains of rice, and 1,000 varieties of mangoes. Genetic diversity increases with environmental variability and is advantageous for its survival.

Question 6.
What are the reasons for greater biodiversity in the tropics?
Answer:
Reasons for greater biodiversity in the tropics:

Reason 1 :
Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years and thus had a long ‘evolutionary time’. As long duration was available in this region for speciation, it led to the species diversification.

Reason 2 :
Tropical climates are relatively more constant and predictable than that of the temperate regions. Constant environment promotes niche specialization (how an organism responds, behaves with environment and other organisms of its biotic community), and this leads to greater species diversity.

Reason 3 :
Solar energy, resources like water etc., are available in abundance in this region. This contributed to higher productivity in terms of food production, leading to greater diversity.

Question 7.
What is the “evil quartet”? [March 2018 – A.P.; March 2015 – A.P. & T.S.]
Answer:
The following are the four major causes for accelerated rates of species extinction in the world. These causes are referred to as evil quartet,
a) Habitat loss and fragmentation :
These are most important reasons for the loss of biodiversity.

b) Over exploitation :
When need turns to greed, it leads to over exploitation.

c) Invasion of Allen species :
When Alien species are introduced into a habitat, they turn invasive and establish themselves at the cost of indigenous species.

d) Co – extinctions :
In an obligate association between a plant and an animal, if a plant becomes extinct, the animal also becomes extinct as seen in a parasitic and host association.

Question 8.
Explain in brief “Biodiversity Hot Spots”. [March 2019]
Answer:
Conservationists identified certain regions by name ‘Biodiversity hot spots’ for maximum protection as they are characterized by very high levels of species richness & high degree of endemism. By definition ‘Biodiversity hot spot’ is a ‘Biogeographic Region’ with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat of extinction from humans. They are Earth’s biologically ‘richest’ and ‘most threatened’ terrestrial Ecoregions.

Biodiversity hot spots :
The concept of biodiversity originated by Norman Myers. There are about 34 biodiversity hot spots in the world. As these regions are threatened by destruction, habitat loss is accelerated e.g. I) Western Ghats and Srilanka; II) Indo Burma; III) Himalayas in India. Ecologically unique and biodiversity rich regions are legally protected as in
1. Biosphere Reserves -14, 2. National Parks – 90, 3. Sanctuaries -448.

Question 9.
Explain ‘Rivet Popper” hypothesis. [May ’17; Mar. ’17 – A.P; May/June ’14]
Answer:
This hypothesis is mainly for a reason, what happens if we lose a few species? Will it affect man’s life?

Paul Ehrlich’s experiments ‘The RIVET POPPER’ hypothesis, taking an aeroplane as an ecosystem, explains how removal of one by one ‘rivets’ (species of an ecosystem) of various parts can slowly damage the plane (ecosystem) – shows how important a ‘species’ is in the overall functioning of an ecosystem. Removing a rivet from a seat or some other relatively minor important parts may not damage the plane, but removal of a rivet from a part supporting the wing can result in a crash. Likewise, removal of a critical species’ may affect the entire community and thus the entire ecosystem.

Question 10.
Write short notes on In-situ conservation.
Answer:
In-situ conservation is the process of protecting an animal species in its natural habitat. The following are the types.

Biosphere Reserves
An area which is set aside, minimally disturbed for the conservation of the resources of the biosphere is ‘Biosphere reserve’. Latest biosphere reserve (17th biosphere reserve in India) is Seshachalam hills.

National Parks
A National Park is a natural habitat strictly reserved for protection of natural life. National Parks, across the country, offer a fascinating diversity of terrain, flora, and fauna. Some important National Parks in India are – Jim Corbett National Park (the first National Park in India located in Uttarakhand), Kaziranga National Park (Assam), Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park (Telangana), Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Rajasthan), etc.

Sanctuaries:
Specific endangered faunal species are well protected in wildlife sanctuaries which permits eco-tourism (as long as animal life is undisturbed). Some important sanctuaries in India (AP) include – Koringa Sanctuary, Eturnagaram Sanctuary, Papikondalu Sanctuary.

Sacred Groves:

1. A smaller group of trees than a forest is called grove.
2. A grove of trees of special religious importance to a particular culture is called sacred grove.
3. In these regions all the trees of wild life were venerated (respected) and given total protection.

The following is a list of Sacred Groves in INDIA.

Name	State
Khasi and Jaintia Hills	Meghalaya
Aravalli Hills	Rajasthan and Gujarat
Western Ghat region	Karnataka and Maharashtra
Sarguja, Bastar	Chhattisgarh
Chanda	Madhya Pradesh

In Meghalaya, Sacred Groves are the last refuge for a large number of rare and threatened species.