Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 2nd Lesson Biological Classification to prepare for their exam.
TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 2nd Lesson Biological Classification
→ Biological classification was first done by Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological characters.
→ In Linnaeus time a two kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia was developed that included all plants and animals respectively.
→ R.H. Whittaker proposed a five kingdom classification based on cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
→ The five kingdoms were named as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
→ Bacteria are the sole members of the kingdom Monera.
→ Archaebacteria are different type of bacteria as they have a cell wall structure jj which is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions like salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens).
→ Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape : the spherical j Coccus, the rod shaped Bacillus, the comma shaped Vibrium, the spiral Spirillum.
→ The cyanobacteria or blue green algae are photosynthetic autotrophs i.e., They can prepare their food as they have chlorophyll.
→ Heterotrophic bacteria do not synthesize their own food but depend on other organisms (parasites) or on dead organic matter (saprophytes) for food.
→ The Mycoplasma are the smallest living cells and can survive without oxygen. They do not have cell wall.
→ A number of antibiotics are produced by actinomycetous members especially the genus streptomyces.
→ Kingdom Protista includes all single celled eukaryotes like Chrysophytes, Diano flagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds, Protozoans etc.
→ Protozoans form four groups as Amoeboid protozoans, Flagellated protozoans, Ciliated Protozoans and Sporozoans.
→ Kingdom Fungi shows a great diversity in structure and habitat
→ Basing on the morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies. Fungi is divided into four classes – Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.
→ Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll containing organisms commonly called plants.
→ Plantae includes Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and
→ Kingdom Animalia is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.
→ The mode of nutrition in these organisms is holozoic.
→ They reproduce mostly by sexual modes.
→ Lichens and some acellular organisms like viruses, viroids and prions are not included in the five kingdom system of classification.
→ Carl Woese proposed six kingdom classification. It includes Bacteria,
→ Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.