TS Inter 1st Year

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 1st Lesson Dimensions of the Environment Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 1st Lesson Dimensions of the Environment

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term “Environment”.
Answer:
Environment refers to the sum total of conditions which surround a living being’s habitation. It includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) aspects. The word ‘environment’ has been derived from the French word ‘environir’ which means ‘to surround.’ Environmental Studies is a multidisciplinary subject which systematically studies human interaction with the environment and seeks to find answers to problems such as how the growing population on earth can be sustained with the finite resources of Nature.

Man has had a close relationship with his environment since time immemorial. Primitive man lived in the lap of Nature and derived nourishment and sustenance from the bountiful resources of Nature in the form of the air he breathed, the water he drank, the food he ate and the trees and caves in which he sought shelter. Man’s needs were few and Nature seemed a perennial source and supplier of pristine resources.

However, rapid technological advancements and unchecked urbanization in the last few centuries have altered the relationship between Man and Nature in unimaginable ways. The everincreasing growth in population led to the depletion and degradation of the environment. Over – exploitation of natural resources in the last century has led to an unprecedented crisis and has raised concerns not only about the resource availability for future generations but the very existence of the human race.

Question 2.
Write the relationship between Man and Environment. What are the impacts of Man on Environment?
Answer:
Man – Environment relationship :
The relationship between Man and his Environment can be categorised into four broad stages if we examine the history of the socio-cultural evolution of man. The four stages are :

1. Hunting and Food gathering.
2. Animal domestication and Pastoralism.
3. Agriculture.
4. Industrialization.

i) Hunting and Food gathering :
The life of primitive man was nomadic and unstructured. Man was dependent on his surroundings for food and other needs.

• Primitive man :
a) Man was part of the natural environment.
b) He lived in harmony with the environment and completely depended on the natural resources and food available in his habitation.
c) Later he began to hunt animals for food.

• Discovery of fire, invention of tools :
a) The necessity of tools for hunting and the invention of fire radically changed the life of primitive man and paved the way for the exploitation of natural resources.

ii) Animal domestication and Pastoralism :
The next stage of evolution was the domestication of animals for meat and milk. This led to greater control on the environment and reduced dependence on natural resources alone.

iii) Agriculture :
During this stage man started cultivating crops. There was no further need to lead a nomadic life. He now had a permanent habitation and this, in turn, paved the way for community living and a gradual increase in human population. In subsequent years he started clearing the forests, not only for the purpose of gathering firewood, but for agricultural use as well as for the construction of dwellings.

iv) Industrialization :
The subsequent development of Science and Technology led to the Industrial revolution which began during the late eighteenth century in Great Britain. Goods started being produced on a mass scale in factories. This led, inevitably, in indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources and the fouling of the environment.

Impact of Man on Environment :
Various activities of man have left a profound impact on the environment. Some of the effects are direct while others are indirect.
Activities of Man that affect the Environment :

a) Land use changes :
• Clearing of forests, burning of land, felling of trees, changes in cropping patterns.

b) Agricultural practices ;
• Mechanization of agriculture, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

c) Construction and Excavation :
• Construction of dams, roads and bridges; Mineral extraction by way of excavation; Urbanization.

d) Exploitation of Natural Resources :
• Excessive use of natural resources like wood and water
• Excessive use of conventional sources of energy like coal and fossil fuels.

Question 3.
Describe the Dimensions of the Environment.
Answer:
The Environment has three major dimensions. These dimensions have a mutual influence on each other and have a significant impact on the sustenance of life on this earth. The three dimensions are :
1) Physical 2) Biological 3) Social

The various sub-components in each of the three dimensions of the environment are given in the table below :

I. The Physical Environment :
It comprises the abiotic components or non-living components of the environment such as land, air and water. These components are referred to as the lithosphere (land), atmosphere (air) and hydrosphere (water). Each of these physical components can be sub divided into different components based on their physical properties.

a) Lithosphere :
The word ‘lithosphere’ is derived from the Greek words ‘lithos’ (rock) and ‘spharia’ (globe or ball). The lithosphere includes the crust and the upper most mantle of the earth and constitutes the Biotic Environment. It is the solid part of the earth, made up of rocks and solids. The lithosphere occupies about 29% of the earth’s surface area and provides the habitat for flora (plants) and fauna (animals).

b) Atmosphere :
It is a layer of gases which surrounds the earth on all sides. The word ‘atmosphere’ is derived from the Greek words ‘atoms’ (vapour) and ‘sphaira’ (sphere).

The atmosphere of the earth is composed mainly of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (21%) and argon (0.9%). Carbon dioxide and other gases are found in traces.

The atmosphere plays a crucial role for the sustenance of life on the earth. Life, as we know it, would not be possible without the atmosphere. Oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration. Plants and animals need nitrogen to make proteins. Carbon dioxide is used by plants and algae for photosynthesis.

The atmosphere keeps us warm. It holds the surface heat on the earth and prevents it from radiating out into space. It reduces the extreme temperatures between day and night. The atmosphere also gives us weather. Wind, rain and snow depend on the atmosphere. Without winds and rain we would not have water to drink. Plants and animals too would perish. Apart from these functions, the atmosphere also helps to pro­tect living organisms from damage caused by harmful ultra violet radiation from the sun.

The atmosphere of the earth consists of a number of layers which differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure.

The lowest layer is the troposphere with extends from the surface of the earth to the bottom of the stratosphere. The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere and contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15-35 km where most of the U.V radiation from the sun is absorbed.

The top of the mesosphere ranges from 50-85 km. The thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation.

c) Hydrosphere :
The hydrosphere (from Greek ‘hydr’ which means ‘water’) is the combined mass of water found on, under and above the surface of the earth. It includes the oceans, lakes and rivers, water vapour in the atmosphere, water in the soil, aquifers and glaciers. About 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. The oceans hold about 96.5% of all the water on the Earth.

Saltwater accounts for 97.5% of water. Fresh water accounts for only 2.5%. Of this fresh water, about 30% is in the form of fresh gro jnd water and the rest exists as snow and ice on glaciers.

II. The Biological Environment or Biosphere :
The biosphere (from Greek ‘bios’ which means ‘life’) is also known as the ecosphere (from Greek ‘oikos’ which means ‘environment’). It is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It contains all forms of life including human, animal and plant life. Flora includes all plants in various forms such as forests, grasslands and other types of vegetation. Fauna refers to all animals and other organisms which live in the air, soil or water. The average thick-ness of the biosphere, consisting of those parts of the air, water, soil and rock where life exists in some form, is about 25 km.

It is difficult to pinpoint the exact time the biosphere came into existence as records of primitive living forms that have been preserved are indistinct and rare to find in the earth’s crust. However, from the evidence available, it is believed that life began about 4 billion years ago when the oceans were formed.

III. Social Environment :
It is also known as cultural or man-made environment. It is concerned with the social behaviour of organisms. All the organisms of the floral and faunal environment organise themselves into social groups and form what is known as the social environment. Social environment involves population interaction and behaviour patterns of animals in response to their environment.

Question 4.
Explain the impact of Man’s Activities on the Environment.
Answer:
Impact of Man’s Activities on the Environment :
Several human activities like industrialization, urbanization and population growth have adversely affected bio-geo-chemical cycles. The impact of man’s activities on the environment is referred to as the anthropogenic impact on the environment. It includes the impact on biophysical environments, biodiversity and other resources.

Man’s activities have caused a rapid depletion of natural resources. Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) have increased, leading to global warming, climate change and natural disasters. Pollution is fouling the air, water and land. Altered bio-geo-chemical cycles combined with climate change have a negative impact on biodiversity, food security, human health and water quality. The National Wildlife Federation, USA, states that every day 100 plant and animal species are becoming extinct as a result of deforestation. It is estimated that global temperature may increase by more than 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century, making the earth in hospitable to most species.

The impact of man’s activities on the environment may be long lasting and even irreversible. We can stem the damage to some extent by taking appropriate steps like afforestation, change of farming practices, optimal use of resources and changing our patterns of consumption.

If we compare Earth with other planets in the solar system, we find that while sunlight is available on the other seven planets too, with varying intensities, air and water are available only on Earth. Without air and water, Life, as we know it, cannot exist.

The Environment does not require man. It can exist without human interaction or interference and can sustain billions of species that inhabit the earth. Man, on the other hand, requires the environment for sustenance of life. It is our bounden duty to protect it and ensure that future generations too can live in harmony with Nature.

Question 5.
What is the legacy thet we should leave for future generations?
Answer:
It is just multi-storeyed buildings, massive infrastructure and complex electronic gadgets that we should bequeath our children or a clean environment which supports life and provides sustenance? Man is the most intelligent animal on earth. He is well aware of the havoc he is wreaking on the environment and knows too that the damage he is inflicting on Nature may be irreversible. Even now it is not too late for all of us to save the earth. The majestic mountains, the vast oceans, the rich flora and fauna need to be preserved. Small individual actions will collectively make a huge difference.

Let us all take a pledge, ‘I shall go Green’.
Let us all take a decision to

• Conserve Water.
• Conserve Energy.
• Implement the concept ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle’ in our day to day life.
• Conserve Natural Resources.
• Minimize activities that cause Pollution Let us not forget.

“We have not inherited the Earth from our ancestors, we have borrowed it from our children.”

Question 6.
Explain water cycle briefly.
Answer:
It refers to the cycle of processes by which water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, falls to the surface as precipitation and is collected once again in lakes, rivers and oceans. Solar energy, in the form of heat and light, besides gravity, causes the transfer of water from one state to another over periods ranging from hours to thousands of years. The water cycle is crucial for the sustenance of life and ecosystems on earth.

There are four important stages in the water cycle. In the first stage the sun heats the water on the surface of the earth. The water from lakes, rivers and oceans gets hot and changes into vapour. This process is called evaporation. The water vapour then cools and collects in the sky as clouds. This is called condensation. In the next stage water in the form of rain, snow or hail falls from the clouds. It is called precipitation. The water that falls gets collected in oceans, streams, rivers and lakes. This stage is called collection. The process continues in this manner.

It should be noted that evaporation takes place not only from water but also from snow and plants. Evaporation from snow and ice is called sublimation. Transpiration refers to the expiration of water through the minute pores or stomata of trees. Evapo transpiration is the term used by hydrologists with reference to the three processes together — transpiration, sublimation and evaporation.

Question 7.
Explain Bio-geo-chemical cycle briefly.
Answer:
Bio-geo-chemical cycles are defined as large scale cycles, involving inorganic substances which pass through a biotic phase and then return to an abiotic or inorganic state. The term is used as the process includes a variety of biological, geological and chemical processes. Many chemicals cycle through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere and hydro-sphere) compartments of the earth. Nutrient elements like car-bon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur move through the earth’s atmosphere, ocean and sediments. These cycles are important because important elements are transported and stored suclj that they can be used by living organisms. Given below is an example :

• Plants take nutrients (inorganic elements) through their roots from the soil while animals do so through the intake of food and water. These nutrients get recycled back to the earth after the death and decay of the plants and animals.

Bio-geo-chemical cycles are of two types :

1. Those that involve cycling of all elements together e.g. Water cycle
2. Those that involve cycling of individual elements e.g. carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle.

Question 8.
Write about Oxygen Cycle.
Answer:

1. Large amounts of oxygen is present in air (21%).
2. Some of this O₂ is dissolved in water. O₂ content in air and water are in equilibrium i.e., whenever O₂ content in water decreases, more amount of O₂ from air gets dissolved in water. So that the ratio of O₂ in air and water always remain constant.
3. O₂ dissolved in water is used for respiration by aquatic plants and animals.
4. Similarly terrestrial plants and animals use oxygen present in air for their respiration.
5. The by – products of respiration – carbondioxide and water are released into air.
6. These two are taken up by plants and are used by photosynthesis.
7. The by – product of photosynthesis is O₂ which is released into air.
8. Carbondioxide is also formed when fuels like wood, coal and petroleum products are burnt.
9. There is a fine balance between these processes, so that the total amount of O₂ present in air remains constants. All these processes together represent O₂ cycle.
   
10. O₂ also has another important role in environment. In the upper layers of atmosphere, O₂ is converted to ozone. This is another form of oxygen in which each molecule has three oxygen atoms instead of two.
11. 
12. Ozone gas is present at a height of 16 – 23 km from the surface of earth. At this height it covers the entire planet like a blanket.
13. Light rays reaching earth from such has three components i.e. Ultraviolet rays (uv), visible rays and Infrared rays. Ozone has the property of absorbing ultraviolet light and does not allow it to fall on Earth.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Economics Study Material 10th Lesson Basic Statistics for Economics Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Economics Study Material 10th Lesson Basic Statistics for Economics

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain one dimensional diagram with suitable examples.
Answer:
The following are the common types of diagrams, which are used in statistical analysis.

One Dimensional Diagrams :
In such diagrams only one dimensional measurement, i.e, height is used, the width is not considered.
a) Simple Bar Diagrams :
Simple bar diagrams are used to present individual observations, time series and spatial series.

b) Sub – divided Bar Diagrams :
In a sub-divided bar diagram, the bar is subdivided into various parts in proportion to the values given in the data and the whole bar represents the total. Such diagram is also called “components bar diagram”. Such a diagram shows total as well as various components.

c) Multiple Bar Diagrams :
Such diagrams are used to compare two or more variables. The method of drawing multiple bar diagrams is shown in figure with the help of an example.

d) Percentage Bar Diagram :
Relative changes are studied with the help of percentage bar diagrams. The length of the bar is treated as 100 units. Each bar is divided on the basis of percentage.

Quetion 2.
Calculate arithmetic mean from the following data.

Answer:
The above data relates to inclusive method changed into exclusive method. Deduc¬tive 0.5 from lower limit, add 0.5 to upper limit changed as above data.

Here, A = Assumed mean = 54.5
∑ fd’ Sum of the product of deviations (d) taken from the assumed mean multiplied with its respective frequencies = – 374
N = Total no. of frequencies = 200
i = Class interval = 10
Substitute these values in above equation
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) = 54.5 + (\(\frac{-374}{200}\)) × 10
= 54.5 + (-1.87) × 10 = 54.5 + (-18.7)
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) = 35.8

Question 3.
Compute median for the data given below.

Solution:

Median = L₁(\(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-C F}{f}\)) × i
Location of median class = \(\frac{N^{th}}{2}\) item
= \(\frac{100^{th}}{2}\)
= 50^th item
L₁ = Lower limit of the median class = 30 N
\(\frac{N}{2}\) = Median value = 50

CF = Cumulative frequency of the class preceeding to the median class = 40
f = Frequency of the median class = 30
i = class interval = 10
Substitute these values in the above formula
= 30 + (\(\frac{50-40}{30}\)) × 10
= 30 + (\(\frac{10}{30}\)) × 10
= 30 + (0.33) × 10
= 30 + 3.33 = 33.3
∴ Median = 33.3

Question 4.
Locate modal value for the below given data.

Answer:
Grouping Classification Table


(2)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of two rows each.
(3)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of two rows each leaving first row.
(4)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of three rows each.
(5)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of three rows each leaving first row.
(6)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of three rows each leaving second row.

The analysis table, presented below, is prepared with the help of classification table,
Analysis Table

From the analysis table, it is found that 6000 has occurred many times, i.e., 6 times. Therefore, Z = 6000

Question 5.
Draw the pie diagram for following data.

Solution:
Area changed into Degree =

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Statistics? Explain its relationship with Economics. [Mar.’17]
Answer:
There is a close relationship between statistics and economics. In the words of Tugwell, “The science of economics is becoming statistical in its method”. All the economic laws are pronounced on the basis of statistical facts and figures. The theory of population of Malthus, the law of family expenditure of Engels etc., were propounded after statistical tests. Statistics helps the economics to become an exact science.

In the study of theoretical economics, the application and use of statistical methods are of great importance. Most of the doctrines of economics are based on the study of a large number of units and their analysis. This is done through statistical methods. Law of demand was formulated because of statistical methods.

The importance of statistics is felt in all branches of knowledge in accountancy and auditing in banking, in insurance, in research and in many fields. Without statistics no branch of knowledge is complete.

Question 2.
Explain simple and sub – divided bar diagrams with examples.
Answer:
The following are the common types of diagrams, which are used in statistical analysis.

1. One Dimensional Diagrams :
In such diagrams only one dimensional measurement, i.e, height is used, the width is not considered.

1) Simple Bar Diagrams :
Simple bar diagrams are used to present individual observations, time series and spatial series. The method of drawing simple bar diagram is explained with the help of the example.

Example :
Draw the simple diagram from the following data relating to Censs of India from 1901 to 2011.

Population from 1901 to 2011

2. Subdivided Bar Diagram :
Component bar diagram charts are also called as sub-divided bar diagrams, which are very useful in comparing the sizes of different component parts.

The following data relates to the number of companies registered in a country.

Registered Companies

Question 3.
Calculate arithmetic mean for the data given below.

Solution:

\(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) = A + \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{fd}}{\mathrm{N}}\)
Here, \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) = Mean
A = Assumed mean = 1200
∑fd = Sum of product of the step deviation (d¹) taken from the assumed mean multiplied with its respective frequencies -600
N = Total no. of frequencies = 100
Substitute these values in above formula
= 1200 + \(\frac{-600}{100}\)
= 1200 + (-6) = 1194
∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) = 1194

Question 4.
Calculate median for the following data.

Solution:

Location of median class = \(\frac{N+1^{th}}{2}\) item
Here, N = total frequencies =116
\(\frac{116+1^{th}}{2}\) item = \(\frac{117}{2}\) = 58.5
The 58.5^th item is included in the cumulative frequencey of 75. The corresponding class of the median is 50.

Question 5.
Calculate mode for the following series.

Answer:

Analysis Table

∴ Z = 16

Question 6.
What is Arithmetic mean? What are its merits and drawbacks?
Answer:
Arithmetic Mean (\(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\)) :
Among all types of averages, the arithmetic mean or simple mean is most commonly and widely used measure of central tendency. It is normally expressed as “the sum total of the observations divided by the number of items observed”. It is defined as the quotient of the sum of all items or entries divided by the number of items.

1. Computation of Arithmetic Mean – Individual Series – Direct Method:

Where, \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) = Arithmetic mean, ∑X = Sum total of ‘X’, and
N = Number of items of ‘X’.

Merits and Drawbacks of Arithmetic Mean :
i) Merits of A.M.:

1. It can be easily calculated; and can be easily understood.
2. As every item is taken into calculation, it is affected by every item.
3. As the mathematical formula is rigid one, therefore, the result remains the same.
4. It is useful for further algebraic treatment.
5. It is mostly used for comparing the various issues.

ii) Drawbacks of A.M :

1. It cannot be located graphically.
2. A single item can bring a big change in the result. For example, if there are three terms 3, 6, 9; the A.M. value is 6. If we add a new term 82, the new AM. value is 3 + 6 + 9 + 82 / 4 = 25. This a big change as compared to the size of first three terms of X.
3. The A.M. gives greater importance to higher items of a series and lesser importance to smaller items.
4. It cannot be located by inspection as in the case of mode and median.
5. Sometimes it gives absurd results. For instance, if we have to find out.the number of children per family and if we get the average value as 4.3 children, obviously the result is absurd adn it can’t be in fractional value. A

Question 7.
What is median? What are it’s merits and drawbacks?
Answer:
Median (M):
Median is the middle element when the data set is arranged in order of the magnitude. Median is that positional value of the variable which divides the distribution into two equal parts. In the ungrouped data, the median is computed as follows :

1. The values of the variate are arranged either in ascending or in descending order.
2. The middle – most value is taken as the median.

If the number of values ‘n’ in the raw data is odd, then the Median will be the (\(\frac{n+1}{2}\))^th value arranged in order of magnitude. In this case, there will be one and only one value of Median. On the other hand, if n is even, and when the data arranged in order of magnitude, there will be two middle – most values, (\(\frac{n}{2}\))^th and (\(\frac{n}{2}\)+1)^th values. Median is the average of the \(\frac{n^{th}}{2}\) (\(\frac{n}{2}\)+1)^th values.

Merits and Drawbacks of Median :
i) Merits of Median:

1. It is rigidly defined.
2. Even if the value of extreme item is much different from other values, it is not much affected by these values.
3. It can be located graphically.
4. It can be easily calculated and is also easy to understand.

ii) Drawbacks of Median:

1. Even if the value of extreme items is too large, it does not affect too much, due to this reason, sometimes median does not remain the representative of the series.
2. Median cannot be used for further algebraic treatment.
3. In a continuous series it has to be interpolated.
4. If the number of series is even, we can only make its estimate; as the A.M. of two middle terms is taken as Median.

Question 8.
What is mode? What are its merits and demerits?
Answer:
Mode (Z) :
Mode is the most frequently observed value in the data or an observation with the highest frequency is called the mode of the data. Mode is defined as that value in series which occurs most frequently. Mode is a point of maximum concentration on a scale of values, i.e., it is the most typical or most fashionable value of series.

Merits and Drawbacks of Mode:
i) Merits or uses of Mode :

1. Mode is the term that occur most in the series hence, it is neither an isolated value like Median nor it is a value like mean that may not be there in the series.
2. It is not affected by extreme values hence, is a good representative of the series.
3. It can be found graphically also.
4. For open end intervals it is not necessary to know the length of open intervals.
5. It can also he used in case of quantitative phenomenon.
6. With only just a single glance on data we can find its value. It is simplest.
7. It is the most used average in day-to-day life, such as average marks of a class, average number of students in a section, average size of shoes, etc.

ii) Drawbacks of mode :

1. Mode cannot be determined if the series is. bimodal or multimodal.
2. Mode is based only on concentrated values; other values are not taken into account inspite of their big difference with the mode. In continuous series only the lengths of class intervals are considered.
3. Mode is most affected by fluctuations of sampling.
4. Mode is not so rigidly defined. Solving the problem by different methods we won’t get the same results as in case of mean.
5. It is not capable of further algebraic treatment. It is impossible to find the combined mode of some series as in case of Mean.
6. If the number of terms is too large, only then we can call it as the representative value.

Question 9.
What are the characteristics of a good average?
Answer:
Characteristics of goods average :

1. It should be based on all the observations.
2. It should be rigidly defined. It should be clearly defined. There should be no confusion about the meaning or description of an average.
3. It should be capable of future algebaic treatment.
4. It should not be unduly affected by extreme values. No item of the series should affect the average too much. If very large items unduly affect the average, then the average cannot represent the entire group.
5. It should be easy to calculate and simple to understand.
6. It should not be affected by variations of sampling.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the importance of statistics for the study of economics. [Mar. ’16]
Answer:
Statistical analysis render valuable assistance in the understanding of the economic problems and the formulation of economic policy. Economic problems are capable of being expressed numerically. The nature of many economic problems like poverty, unemployment, rise in prices, volume of trade, output of manufacturing, mining, agriculture etc., cannot be analysed without the help of statistics.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of diagrams?
Answer:
Diagrams are used with great effectiveness in the presentation of all types of data.

The advantages of diagrams are as follows :

1. A properly constructed diagram appeals to eye and mind.
2. There is no need to have special mathematical knowledge.
3. Data presentation becomes easier.
4. It facilitates comparison.
5. It improves memory power.

Question 3.
What is a Pie diagram? [Mar.’17, ’16]
Answer:
Pie – Diagram :
This diagram enables us to show the partitioning of total into component parts. It is also called a pie chart.

Question 4.
Explain the uses of sub divided bar diagrams.
Answer:
In a sub-divided bar diagram, the bar is sub-divided into various parts in proportion to the values given in the data and the whole bar represents the total. Such diagram is also called “component bar diagram”. Such a diagram shows total as well as various components.

Question 5.
Compute median for the following data. [Mar. ’17, ’16]
5, 7, 7,8,9,10,12,15 and 21
Solution:

Here N = 9
Median = \(\frac{N+1}{2}\)
= \(\frac{9+1}{2}\) = \(\frac{10}{2}\)
5^th value is 9.
Hence, Median (Q₂) = 9

Question 6.
Explain the concept of Mode. [Mar. ’17]
Answer:
Mode is most frequently occuring value in data.

Question 7.
What are the uses of Arithmetic mean
Answer:
Uses of A.M.

1. It can be easily calculated; and can be easily understood.
2. As every item is taken into calculation, it is affected by every item.
3. As the mathematical formula is rigid one, therefore, the result remains the same.
4. It is useful for further algebraic treatment.
5. It is mostly used for comparing the various issues.

Question 8.
Explain the concept of Geometric mean.
Answer:
Geometric mean (G.M.) :
The Geometric mean is a special type of average where we multiply the numbers together and then take a square root (for two numbers), cube root (for three numbers), fourth root (for four numbers) etc., and for ‘n’ numbers n^th root (ty-). It is technically defined as ‘the n^th root (\(\sqrt[n]{}\))product of ‘n’ numbers’. For instance, the geometric mean of two numbers, say 2 and 8, is the square root of their product, i.e., \(\sqrt{2.8}\) = 4. As another example, the geometric mean of three numbers, say 2, 3 and 6 is the cubic root of their product, i.e., \(\sqrt[3]{2.3.6}\) or (2.3.6)^1/3 = 3.3.
Symbolically G.M. = \(\sqrt[n]{X_1,X_2,X_3……….X_n}\)

Where, G.M. = geometric mean; n = number of items and X = values of the variable.

Question 9.
What are the merits of Median?
Answer:
Merits of Median :

1. It is rigidly defined.
2. Even if the value of extreme item is much different from other values, it is not much affected by these values.
3. It can be located graphically.
4. It can be easily calculated and is also easy to understand.

Question 10.
What are the drawbacks of Median?
Answer:
Drawbacks of median :

1. Even if the value of extreme items is too large, it does not affect too much, due to this reason, sometimes median does not remain the representative of the series.
2. Median cannot be used for further algebraic treatment.
3. In a continuous series it has to be interpolated.
4. If the number of series is even, we can only make its estimate; as the A.M. of two middle terms is taken as Median.

Question 11.
Explain the merits of Mode.
Answer:
Merits:

1. Mode is the term that occur most in the series hence, it is neither an isolated value like Median nor it is a value like mean that may not be there in the series.
2. It is not affecteed by extreme values hence is a good representative of the series.
3. It can be found graphically also.
4. For open end intervals it is not necessary to know the length of open intervals.
5. It can also be used in case of quantitative phenomenon.
6. With only just a single glance on data we can find its value. It is simplest.
7. It is the most used average in day-to-day life, such as average marks of a class, average number of students in a section, average size of shoes, etc.

Question 12.
Explain the drawback of Mode?
Answer:
Drawbacks of mode :

1. Mode cannot be determined if the series is bimodal or multimodal.
2. Mode is based only on concentrated values; other values are not taken into account inspite of their big difference with the mode. In continuous series only the lengths of class intervals are considered.
3. Mode is most affected by fluctuation of sampling.
4. Mode is not so rigidly defined. Solving the problem by different methods we wont get the same results as in case of mean.
5. It is not capable of further algebraic treatment. It is impossible to find the combined mode of some series as in case of Mean.
6. If the number of terms is too large, only then we can call it as the representative value.

Question 13.
Find the mode from the following data.

Answer:
From the given data, it can be seen that Rs. 480 occurred many times in the series.
∴ Mode = 480

Question 14.
Explain the concept of Harmonic mean?
Answer:
Harmonic Mean (H.M.) :
The Harmonic mean of a series is the reciprocal or the arithmetic average of the reciprocal of the values of its various items. It can be calculated by using the following formula :

Question 15.
Compute Harmonic means for 4, 6 and 12.
Answer:
Harmonic mean for 4, 6, 12

∴ Reci procals (\(\frac{1}{x}\))

Question 16.
What is the Geometric mean of two numbers 4 and 16?
Answer:
Geometric mean of two numbers : 4, 16

N = 2
G.M. = \(\sqrt[n]{X_1.X_2.X_3}\) = (x₁, x₂ ………… x₄)ⁿ
= \(\sqrt{4 \times 16}\) = \(\sqrt{64}\) = 8

Textual Examples

Qustion 1.
The following data relates to students studying foreign languages in a college.
Table-10.3 : Students Studying French & German in a College

Answer:

Question 2
Draw the pie diagram for the following data.
Area of Crops Cultivated in a Year (in hectares)

Answer:
Total area = 16 + 24 + 10 + 8 + 5 = 63
Area changed into Degrees =

Question 3.
Following data relates to percentage of students going to school and out of school.
Table-10.4:Students Going to School and Out of School

Answer:

Question 4.
The following are the marks obtained by 6 students in a test. Calculate arithmetic mean.
Marks (X) : 70, 80, 40, 50, 65, 45
Answer:

\(\overline{\mathrm{X}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{X}}{\mathrm{N}}=\frac{350}{6}\) = 58.3
∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) = 58.3

Question 5.
Calculate arithmetic mean from the following data :

Answer:

Note : In the above example assumed mean is taken as 40,
Substituting the values the in the above formula,
= 40 + \(\frac{60}{60}\) = 40+1
∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) = 41

Question 6.
Find the arithmetic mean for the following data:

Answer:

Where, \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) = Arithmatic mean
A = Assumed mean =155

Question 7.
Calculate median for the below given data relating to income of seven persons.
Incomes (X): 100 150 80 90 160 200 140
Answer:
After arranging the given data in ascending order:

Med = (\(\frac{N+1}{2}\))^th item
Where, Med = Median, N = Total no. of Items = 7
M = (\(\frac{7+1}{2}\))^th item = \(\frac{8}{2}\) = 4^th item
The corresponding ’X’ value of the 4^th item in the series is 140 and
∴ Med = 140

Question 8.
Calculate median for the following data.

Answer:

Med (\(\frac{7+1}{2}\))^th = item
Where, N = Total no. of frequencies = 116
Median = (\(\frac{116+1}{2}\))^th item (\(\frac{117}{2}\)) = 58.5^th item

58.5^th item is included in the cumulative frequency of 75. Therefore, the corresponding X’ value is 50.
∴ Median = 50

Question 9.
Calculate median for the following data.

Note : When the data is given in ‘inclusive form’ (as the above), we have to change it into ‘exclusive from’. For that, we have to ‘subtract’ 0.5 from the lower limit of the class and ‘add’ 0.5 to the upper limit.
Answer:

Med = (\(\frac{N+1}{2}\))^th item
Location of median class = (\(\frac{N}{2}\))^th item = \(\frac{700}{2}\) = 350^thitem
The 350^th item is included in the cumulative frequency of 502. The corresponding class is the median class, i.e., 39.5 – 49.5.

Med = L₁ \(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-C F}{f}\) × i
Where, Med = Median
L₁ = Lower limit of the median class = 39.5, \(\frac{N}{2}\) = Median value = 350
CF = Cumulative frequency of the class preceeding to the median class = 252
F = Frequency of the median class = 250

Question 10.
Locate modal value for the below given data.

Solution:

(2)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of two rows each.
(3)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of two rows each leaving first row.
(4)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of three rows each.
(5)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of three rows each leaving first row.
(6)* = figure arrived at by adding ‘f’ of three rows each leaving two row.

From the analysis table, it is found that 10 – 15 has modal class. So, the modal value lies in 10 – 15 class.

After grouping and analysis, the following formula is applied to determine modal value:
Z = L₁ + \(\frac{\Delta_1}{\Delta_1+\Delta_2}\) × i
Where, Z = Mode = ?
L₁ = Lower limit of the median class = 0
f₀ = Frequency for the class proceeding to the modal class = 195
f₁ = Frequency of the modal class = 241
f₂ = Frequency of the class after the modal class =117
i = Size of the class interval = 5
∆₁ = f₁ – f₀ = 241 – 195 = 46
∆₂ = f₁ – f₂ = 241 – 117 = 124
After substituting the values in the above formula, we get
= 10 + \(\frac{46}{46+124}\) × 5
= 10 + \(\frac{230}{170}\) = 10 + 1.35 = 11.35
∴ Z = 11.35

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 1st Lesson Meaning, Nature and Scope of Political Science Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 1st Lesson Meaning, Nature and Scope of Political Science

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction :
Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Meaning :
The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions :
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows:
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Scope of Political Science :
The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the follow-ing ways :

i) Study of man in relation to the Society, State and Government :
Political science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship among state, society and government with individual. Aristotle stated that Man is a social and political animal as well.

ii) Study of State :
Political science explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the state and its intimate relationship between the state and the citizens. It explains the various theories of the origin of the state and it also studies the nature, functions and various theo¬ries of the state.

iii) Study of the Government :
Scope of political science includes the study of government. Political science explains the relationship between state and government. The state realises it’s aims and objectives through the government. Government formulates various policies, programs and their implementation for well being of the people. Political science also studies various forms and structures of the government and their merits and demerits.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions :
There are several associations and institutions which influence the life of the individual. Political science studies various associations, institutions and their relationship with the state. Political science explains structure, nature and functions of the various associations and institutions. It also studies voluntary organisations and their role in the political processes.

v) Study of Rights and Duties :
Scope of Political Science includes the study or rights and duties of citizens. In recent times, issues relating to civil rights, human rights and civil society got significance in the study of political science.

vi) Studies of National and International Issues :
The scope of Political science comprises the study of national and international affairs. The political science deals with the matters relating to nation state, territorial integrity and it’s sovereignty. It also studies inter-national aspects like armaments and disarmaments, balance of power, defence and security studies. It also covers international law, international organisations etc.,

vii) Study of Comparative Government and Polities :
The importance of the comparative study of government and politics has been increased in recent times. Political science covers the study of various world governments, their structures and functions. It studies the relationship among the different political systems in the world.

viii) Study of Modem Political Analysis :
The 20^th century political science is regarded as a study of sharing and shaping of power, and it’s execution in a day to day political process. Political science studies the modem concepts like, political socialisation, political participation, political development, political culture and political communication.

ix) Study of Public Policies :
Modem political scientist like David Easton, Gabriel A. Almond, Charles Merriam argued that ‘political science is a policy science’. They considered political science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of public policies. They also emphasised the study of political parties, pressure groups, mass media and organs of the governments and their influence in the formulation of the public policies. It also studies major polices like Agriculture policy, Industrial policy, Environmental policy, Reservation policy and Education policy etc.

Thus, the scope of political science has, in recent times, extended to the study of above concepts and theories and has become one of the most Relevant social sciences.

Question 2.
Write about the importance of Political Science.
Answer:
Introduction :
Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Meaning :
The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions :
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows :
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

The political science helps to bring out certain changes in the political system and also suggests solutions for the political problems. It also helps to promote good citizenship and formation of responsible government susceptible to public opinion.

1. Political Science explains concepts and theories :
Political Science studies the relations between the individual, society and state. It helps to protect the liberty and freedom of the individuals. Study of Political Science aids to know the political theories, concepts and ethical principles useful for the creation of a progressive society.

2. Political Science examines forms and organs of the government :
‘The study of Political Science enhances the knowledge of the systems of government. It details about monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, dictatorship and other forms of goverment. It speaks about the organs of the government like legislature, executive and judiciary, their functions and inter relations.

3. Political Science enlightens on rights and duties :
Fundamental rights are essential for the people to lead a good life in a political society. The observations made in Political Science help to enlighten the citizens about their respective rights and duties …… all their pros and cons to contribute for a good citizenship.

4. Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers :
The study of Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers and theories which had influenced the world in different times. There were many political theories, which became popular in different times. The philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire laid the foundations for French Revolution through their works. In the same way, the writings of Karl Marx led to a revolution in Russia and the ideas of Mao led to a revolutionary trend in China. Mahatma Gandhi provided constructive political leadership to Indian freedom struggle. The study of political science educates about political thinkers.

5. Political science deals with International Relations :
The significance of the Political Science gradually increased as many Sovereign independent countries joined the world political system. It speaks about the inevitable co-operation between different countries. The international relations as a network became very important due to the Industrial Revolution, and its effects. Modernisation, technological development and transport facilities led to formation of regional groups between neighboring countries resulting in growing importance of international relations. Study of Political Science enlightens about all these subjects in detail.

6. Political Science explains world organisations :
The United Nations Organisation has been putting continuous efforts to promote peace, co-operation and friendship among nations of the world. Its agencies are spread throughout the world undertaking various activities for the development of human kind. Political Science acquaints us with all these matters.

Question 3.
Discuss the relationship of Political Science with history and economics.
Answer:
Political Science has intimate relation with other social sciences like History and Economics. Such inter-relation between political science and History as well as relation between political science and Economics can be detailed as below.
a. Political Science – History
b. Political Science – Economics.

a. Political Science – History :
History describes the past. The development of man¬kind and society can be known through History. History being the .story of man, functions as a treasure house of human experiences. It is like a laboratory to all social sciences. The political, economic, social, cultural, religious and literary activity of man can be known only through History. It describes different associations of man from earliest times. History conveys information to the present society, the developments in the past in the areas like state, civilization, culture, religion and economic activity. History is a written record of different events, movements, their causes and inter-relations. History provides information to study the political activity in the past. The birth and development of political ideas and institutions is known through history.

“History without Political Science has no fruit.
Political Science without History has no root”

There has been continuous transformation and development of political institutions since the earliest period of History. The evolution of different political institutions through the ages is recorded in History. History is the foundation of Political Science. A comparative study of the previous political institutions and the contemporary political activity provides a scope to find ideal and stable political institutions in future. The knowledge of political activity is very much essential to understand the events like founding of the Indian National Congress, the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution and the theories like the two Nation Theory of the Muslim League and also to estimate their impact.

In the same way it is possible to study the concepts proposed by Plato, Aristotle and other Philosophers in the light of the knowledge of history of Ancient Europe. Different political thinkers like Machiavelli, Montesquieu and Lord Bryce developed their respective theories basing on the information found in history. As Robbon opined, it is essential for a student to know about the history of his own race to study the constitution and foreign policy of his race. The knowledge of Political Science is essential to history, in the same way as the knowledge of History to Political Science. History and Political Science can contribute for the development of any civilised society in the spirit of mutual co-operation.

b. Political Science – Economics :
Economics studies the aspects like wealth, production, distribution and exchange of goods. It studies about various methods to accumulate wealth. Economics is a sociological study of the aspects like wealth, production and distribution. All the social institutions and political theories place the human life on a right track. A clearly defined political system is very essential for a man to become a good and ideal citizen. Economics helps in different ways to study the human welfare.

Economics tries to co-ordinate file methods of satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources. Lack of peace and dissatisfaction prevail in a society when the economic needs are not satisfied. The Primary needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and medical aid are to be satisfied. Otherwise life becomes sorrowfuL If the basic needs are not satisfied, the individual has to spend all his energy for that purpose only. A poverty sticken society gives scope for the prevalence of immorality and anti-social elements. An individual suffering from hunger, ignorance, ill health cannot be in a position to assess his political aims and responsibilities. He resorts to many crimes to satisfy his hunger. Such individual entertains a spirit to adopt illegal means for his progress. He cannot use his rights properly and discharge his duties. A citizen without basic needs cannot understand the value of right to vote. The communists feel that democracy cannot be successful without a socialist economy. Aristotle, warned that economic inequalities lead to social revolutions.

Even though Political Science and Economics are two different disciplines, their common aim is the welfare of people. The policies related to the production, consumption, proper use of exchange units, removing inflation, contributing for the accumulation of national wealth, promotion of industrial development are very much a part of the activities of a modem State. The impact of economic policies is very much considerable on all the above policies. It is quite possible to solve many economic problems through a political system only.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about the relationship of Political Science with sociology.
Answer:
The knowledge of Sociology is essential to a political scientist. It is essential to study the sociological roots to understand the nature of the State. The Greeks never conceived any difference between society and State. In the opinion of Greek philosophers, State is not only a political system but also a social system of commendable value. Social customs help to systematise social set up and social life. The political scientists give importance to the trends of socialisation to understand the behaviour of the citizen as an individual and part of a community.

Of late, political sociology developed as a special science. This very factor shows how much functional is the impact of social institutions on political life. Political parties, groups and public opinion are subjected to the influence of social factors. The political changes in a State cannot be understood without the knowledge of the social conditions and institutions. For instance, an indepth study of political activity in India needs a study of the social factors like caste, religion, area and language and also processes related to them.

As Political Science discusses the organised groups of people, Sociology studies both organised and unorganised groups. Political Science deals with all the political institutions in the past, present and future. Sociology discusses the rise and growth of all institutions in a society in the past and present.

Question 2.
Write about the relationship of Political Science with economics.
Answer:
Political Science – Economics :
Economics studies the aspects like wealth, production, distribution and exchange of goods. It studies about various methods to accumulate wealth. Economics is a sociological study of the aspects like wealth, production and distribution. All the social institutions and political theories place the human life on a right track. A clearly defined political system is very essential for a man to become a good and ideal citizen. Economics helps in different ways to study the human welfare.

Economics tries to co-ordinate the methods of satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources. Lack of peace and dissatisfaction prevail in a society when the economic needs are not satisfied. The Primary needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and medical aid are to be satisfied. Otherwise life becomes sorrowful. If the basic needs are not satisfied, the individual has to spend all his energy for that purpose only. A poverty sticken society gives scope for the prevalence of immorality and anti-social elements. An individual suffering from hunger, ignorance, ill-health cannot be in a position to assess his political aims and responsibilities.

He resorts to many crimes to satisfy his hunger. Such individual entertains a spirit to adopt illegal means for his progress. He cannot use his rights properly and discharge his duties. A citizen without basic needs cannot understand the value of right to vote. The communists feel that democracy cannot be successful without a socialist economy. Aristotle, warned that economic inequalities lead to social revolutions.

Even though Political Science and Economics are two different disciplines, their common aim is the welfare of people. The policies related to the production, consumption, proper use of exchange units, removing inflation, contributing for the accumulation of national wealth, promotion of industrial development are very much a part of the activities of a modem State. The impact of economic policies is very much considerable on all the above policies. It is quite possible to solve many economic problems through a political system only.

Question 3.
What is the nature of Political Science?
Answer:
The traditional writers considered the study of state and government as the proper sphere of political science. The state and government are both closely related. There can be no state without government. The sate and government, therefore, have been the central subjects of the study of political science.”

In the period after the Second World War, political scientists in the West developed new theories and concepts in the discipline of political science. American political scientist, Harold Lasswell, in the 1930 s, defined politics as the science of the study of power because the state is a structure of power and the business of the political scientists is to examine ‘Who gets Power, When and How” ?. Twenty years later during 1950 s, a school of thinking shifted the emphasis and redefined politics as a policy-making science. Modem writers have expanded the scope of political science. They describe political science ‘as the science of the study of power’, or a policy-making science; or a fundamental activity in every organized group of human life.

Broadly speaking, the study of Political Science developed in two strands: the normative and the empirical. In the normative studies of political science, the main focus is on norms, values and goals or ends of political life and activity. Most of the studies of the concepts such as liberty, equality, justice and empowerment and the study of ideologies are covered under normative studies. The empirical studies, both quantitative and qualitative, focus on facts and the actual processes or means that subscribe to the achievement of goals. The study of the functioning Of government and other institutions and the human interactions in different capacities come under empirical studies. These include, the studies on public policy, voting behaviour, political parties, pressure groups and social movements.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Evolution of Political Science.
Answer:
The beginning of a study of politics (or political thinking) is traced to the ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Among these, Aristotle- is regarded as the father of Political Science because of his objective and systematic (scientific) study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘politics’ a ‘Master Science’ as it covered almost all the activities of individuals in society that includes political and social institutions. In fact, politics was a comprehensive concept for the Greeks. However, the Greek concept of politics underwent changes over the centuries. In other words, the Greek concept of politics is no more valid today. The study of politics has acquired a wider meaning in the modem times.

As a matter of fact, with the evolution of the systems of production through different stages (e.g., hunters and food-gatherers, to agriculture and then to industry/factory) social and economic institutions become important, and so also political organizations evolved and progressed. This resulted in a distinction between three spheres of human activities, namely, ‘politics’, ‘social’ and ’economics’. Henceforth, Political Science came to be defined as ‘science of state and government. Thus, the detailed study of the evolution of the State, its functions and the government constituted the subject matter of the study of Political Science.

With the influence of the study of Behaviourism in natural Sciences, the behavioural Movement has been initiated in Social Sciences. After the Second world war, the behavioural movement which had emerged in 1920’s, became very popular movement in 1950’s. This movement was led by American Political Scientists like Charles Marrium, Gabriel Almond, David Easton etc. Behaviouralism emphasises on the study of political behaviour, perceptions of the individuals towards their own political system. Hence the study of political science confined itself to the study of political behaviour in an organised society. The study area of political science also extends to policy formulation, implementation and evaluation of the political systems. Hence, the political science is also called as policy science. The concept of policy science was propounded by J. Lasswell.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Political Science.
Answer:
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows.
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Question 2.
Mention any four points of significance of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Political Science explains concepts and theories.
2. Political Science enlightens on Rights and Duties.
3. Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers.
4. Political Science deals with International Relations.

Question 3.
What is meant by sociology?
Answer:
Sociology is the root of all social sciences. Sociology studies the changes in different social institutions. It discusses the social, ethical, economic and cultural systems in a society. It also studies the human relations, social conditions, origin, growth and development of different systems, their respective forms, the rules, customs and traditions.

Question 4.
How Political Science is different from economics?
Answer:
Political Science differs from Economics in many respects which are as follows :

1. Political Science is normative whereas economics is descriptive
2. Political Science deals with values whereas Economics deals with prices.
3. Political Science is concerned with people whereas economics is concerned with things.
4. The scope of Political Science is much wider than that of Economics
5. Political Science tries to secure social welfare through administration whereas economics through better distribution of wealth.

Question 5.
Behaviouralism.
Answer:
It is a modem interdisciplinary approach in Political Science. It seeks to make political Science a real Science. It originated in 1925 but became popular in the USA after the second World War. David Easton, Robert Dahl, Gabriel Almond are important supporters of this approach. It studies political behaviour of people by using Scientific methods of data collection. It is a protest against the Traditional Approach.

Question 6.
Post – Behaviouralism.
Answer:
Post – Behaviouralism is a reaction to Behaviouralism. It brought a change of perspective in political science. Post behaviouralism considered ethics and values as equally important along with the facts and methods.

Question 7.
Master Science.
Answer:
Aristotle used the term ‘Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘Politics’ a “Master Science” as it covered almost all the activities of Individuals in Society that includes Political and Social Institutions.

Question 8.
Aristotle.
Answer:
The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science because of his objective and scientific study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called politics a Master Science. He was the disciple of Plato.