TS Inter 1st Year

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 3rd Lesson Nation, Nationality and Nationalism Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 3rd Lesson Nation, Nationality and Nationalism

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Nationality. Explain the Essential Elements of Nationality. [Mar. ’17]
Answer:
Introduction :
The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between Serbians and croatians in the former Yugoslavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning :
The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :
1. R.G. Gettle :
“Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.

2. J.H. Rose :
“Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.

3. J.W. Garner :
“Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
1) Purity of Race :
Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modem races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.
Ex : Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language :
Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion :
Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity :
Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their riationality sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History :
Common History is considered as an important element of Na-tionality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people .to develop national sentiments.
Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture :
Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations :
Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties :
This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

Question 2.
Discuss the relation between Nation and Nationalism.
Answer:
Introduction :
The concepts of Nation and Nationalism have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feelings prior to the two world wars.

Meaning :
The word “Nation” and “Nationalism” are used as complementary to each other.

The word Nation is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common descent”.

Nation :
“Nation is a Nationality which has organised itself into a political body, either independent or desiring to be independent”.

Nationalism :
“Nationalism is a state of mind in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the Nation state.”

Relationship between “Nation” and “Nationalism”:

1. Nationalism is a psychological feeling prevailing in the minds of the people.
2. People through the feeling of Nationalism sacrifice all their interests for the sake of their Nation.
3. The strong desire of the people of a nationality to emerge aS a nation state is nationalism.
4. The seeds of nationalism originated in the cultural renaissance of Europe in 16^th century.
5. In French Revolution (1789) pushed”the nationalism further in Europe and took to the great heights.
6. The Vienna congress (1815) further supported the cause of nationalism in Europe.
7. The Italian and German unifications boosted the cause of nationalism.
8. The American War of Independence (1774) was a great leap forward in spreading nationalism among the people.
9. The much publicized theory of Nation’s self-determination of Woodrow Wilson in 1917 was further generated hope among the people of the world to form Nation States.
10. The two world wars completed to redraft the European map with the formation of Nation-states.
11. The Freedom struggles and national aspiration of the people of the Asia, Africa and Latin America are fulfilled with the formation of Nation states immediately after the end of II-World war.
12. The Indian national movement from 1885 to 1947 had fulfilled with the formation of India and Pakistan as an Independent States.

In this regard, we can understand that the feeling of nationalism when it acquires unity and independence. It becomes a Sovereign Nation.

There were some writers who treated the two terms as synonymous.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Briefly explain the essential elements .of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction :
The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between Serbians and croatians in the former Yugoslavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning :
The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :
1. R.G. Gettle :
“Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.

2. J.H. Rose :
“Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.

3. J.W. Garner :
“Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
1) Purity of Race :
Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modem races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.
Ex : Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language :
Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion :
Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity :
Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their riationality sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History :
Common History is considered as an important element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people .to develop national sentiments.
Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture :
Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations :
Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties :
This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, even though there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

Question 2.
In what way do “Nation” and “State” differ from each other?
Answer:
Several Nation-States came into existence after the two world wars, on the basis of the principle of self-determination. The terms “Nation” and “State” were used synonymously. Even the political experts used both these words homogeneously and intermixingly as if both had same meaning. However, in practice both these terms are not same and identical.

Nation :
“Nation is a nationality which has organized itself into a political body either Independent or desiring to be independent”.

State :
“State is a people organized for law within definite territory”.

Differences:
The concepts of Nation and State differ from one another from the following points of view:

Nation	State
1) Nation is an independent political community or an integral part of a multi-national state.	1) State may consist of the people of the same nation or many nations.
2) Nation preceeds the state.	2) State follows the nation. The final form of a nation is the accomplishment of statehood.
3) Nation is historical and cultural in its evolution.	3) State is political and legal structure.
4) Nation is the community of people who exist together for a common goal and who were united by psychological feeling of oneness.	4) State is a people organised by law in a definite territory.
5) Nation is the culmination of a long coexistence of the people.	5) State need not be evolutionary in nature. It may come into existence either by unification of the smaller independent political communities or by partition.

Question 3.
Describe the tnerits of Nationalism.
Answer:
The Nationalist charactor of the Modern State has the following merits.

1. Nationalism removed the mutual differences, personal animosities and internal feeds. It promoted unity integrity and solidarity among the people of a nation. It enabled them io understand the neighbour’s point of view. So, it promoted closer understanding among the people.
2. Nationalism made the people obey the government.
3. It helped in achieving the progress of a nation in a short period.
4. It accelerated the pace of the development of the state. It provided a democratic bare to the government and those strengthened the administrative system.
5. It is anti-imperialistic. So it does not allow economic exploitation.
6. It secured political stability and peacefull social atmosphere.

Question 4.
What are the differences between Nation and Nationality.
Answer:
The concepts of Nation and Nationality laid formidable foundations to several modem political systems.
Nation:
“Nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body either independent or desiring to be independent”.

Nationality:
“Nationality is a population having the common bonds of race, language, religion, traditions and history”.

Differences between Nation and Natipnality :

Nation	Nationality
1) Nation is a political concept.	1) Nationality is a psychological feeling.
2) Nation is always a politically organised state.	2) Nationality is always an unorganised and flexible feeling.
3) Nation is always independent.	3) Nationality is not independent.
4) There can’t be a nation without nationaltiy.	4) There can be nationality without a nation.
5) People who form into a nation should obey the laws of the state.	5) Untill the people of nationality form into a nation. There can’t be constitutional laws. But they oblige certain common rules, in their best interests.

Question 5.
Write a short notes on National Self-Determination.
Answer:
The theory of national self-determination was advocated by the former president of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson in 1917. From then onwards nationalism became a world-wide phenomenon. This principle implies that every nation should be organised as an independent political entity. It raises the question whether every nationality has the right to be a self-governing or sovereign state. .

Nations, unlike other social groups, seek the right to govern themselves and determine their future development. In making this claim, a nation seeks recognition and acceptance by the international community of its status as a distinct political entity or state. Quite often these claims come from the people who lived together in a given land for a long period having sense of common identity. Such claims of self-determination were frequently, made in the 19th century in Europe. The nation of one culture – one state began to gain acceptability at that time. Subsequently, this idea was employed while reordering state boundaries after the first World war. The treaty of Versailles led to the formation of several small and newly independent states.

The Right to national self-determination has asserted the National liberation movements in Asia and Africa when they were struggling against colonial rule. Nationalist movements maintained that political independence would ensure dignity and recognition to the colonised people.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Nationality?
Answer:
Nationality is derived from the Latin word “Natio”, which means birth. It is a spiritual sentiment or feeling of oneness. This emotional feeling of oneness or unity is caused due to factors like common race, common language, common religion, common territory, common history and culture, common political aspirations etc. Nationality is not politically organised. There can be no nation without nationality.

Question 2.
Define Nation.
Answer:
Nation is derived from two Latin words – “Nates” and “Natio” which means birth. Lord Bryce defined it as “A Nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body, either independent or desiring to be independent. “It means that the people of country are called as a National if they are united by characteristics of nationality and have a strong desire for political independence or if they are politically free.

Question 3.
Write any two differences between Nation and State. [Mar. ’17]
Answer:

Nation	State
1. Nation is an independent political community or an integral part of a Multi-National state.	1. State may consist of the people of the same Nation or many nations.
2. Nation is Historical and cultural in its evolution.	2. State is a political and Legal structure.

Question 4.
Mention any two essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Nationality is derived from the Latin word “Natio”. Which means birth. It is a spiritual sentiment or feeling or oneness. This emotional feeling of oneness or unity is caused due to factors like common race, common language, common religion, common territory, common history and culture, common political aspirations etc. Nationality is not politically organised. There can be no nation without nationality.

Question 5.
What is the importance of Nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism is an effective force in modem politics and it played prominent role in the world Affairs. It’s importance can be analysed from the following points.

1. Nationalism inspired the people and created deep hatredness among the people.
2. It helped in liberalising the people from oppressive rule.
3. It became a deciding factor in the breakup of many empires and states.

Question 6.
Write any two merits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism made the people obey the government.
2. It helped in achieving the progress of a nation in a short period.

Question 7.
Mention any two de-merits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism makes the people extremely proud, Jealous, and arrogant as was clear from the history of Germany and Italy.
2. It leads to unnecessary and unhealthy competition among the nations in economic matters.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 2nd Lesson State and Sovereignty Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 2nd Lesson State and Sovereignty

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define state and discuss its Essential Features.
Answer:
Introduction :
State is an important political organisation. The study of political science begins and ends with the state. The term state for the first time, was used by an Italian political thinker, Machiavelli in his famous book “The Prince” in 16^th century.

Meaning :
The word state is derived from a Tuetonic word “status” which means political organisation.

Definitions:

1. “State is a people organised for law within a definite Territory” – Woodrow Wilson.
2. “State is a politically organised people of a definite Territory” – Bluntschlli.
3. “State is a territorial society divided into government and subjects claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions. – Harold. J. Laski.

Essential elements of state :
State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population :
Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modem world.

2) Territory :
Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modem world.

3) Government :
Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be ho state without government. State enforces its authority through the government. Government consists of 3 organs namely
Legislature – Which makes laws
Executive – which implements laws and
Judiciary – which interpretes laws.

Government are of different kinds namely, Unitary, Federal, Parliamentary and Presidential governments. Governments are at different levels like Local, State level and National level.

4) Sovereignty :
Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state. It is spirit and soul of the state. There can be no state without sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from other associations and institutions. Sovereignty is the supreme political power of the state over citizens and subjects.

5) International Recognition :
This is another and recent element of the state. In Modem times many nations have grown and many International organizations have come into being. Therefore some scholars have argued that International Recognition has become an essential element of state.

It should also be recognized as a state by other states. Every state requires recognition of other sovereign states. Such recognition is rendered by some International organizations like the united Nations Organisation. The UNO membership is a means for recognising state’s sovereignty. Whenever a new state comes into existence, it’s recognition by other states and by UNO is considered as very essential.

Question 2.
Discuss Monistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Introduction :
John Austin was a great EngMsh jurist of eighteenth century. He published a famous book ‘Lectures on Jurisprudence’ in 1832. Austin was the chief exponent of the monistic theory or legal theory of sovereignty. He was influenced by the writings of Hobbes and Bentham.

Main features of John Austin’s Theory:
1) It is Determinate :
Sovereignty is a determinate person or a body of persons. The sovereign need not be a single person alone. The state is legal order wherein there must be a determinate authority. This determinate authority acts as the final source of the power.

2) Sovereign receives habitual obedience :
That the determinate human superior receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society. The obedience should come from the bulk of the society, where the habitual obedience from the bulk of the society is not forthcoming there is no sovereign power.

3) Sovereign is indivisible :
That the sovereign power is not divisible. It is a unified one and therefore cannot be divided. There is no limitation on his sovereignty and it cannot be divided.

4) Sovereignty is essential :
Sovereign power is essential to every political society. A non-sovereign society is neither political nor independent.

5) Law is a command :
Law is a command of the sovereign and whatever may be command is Law. Since it is a command, failure to obey law is to be punished.

6) The subjects have no right against the state :
Rights are those which are legally permitted by the sovereign and upheld by him.

Criticism :
Austin’s monisitc absolute theory of sovereignty has been criticized by many writers like A.VDiecy, H.J.Laski, J.C.Gray. Henry maine, Sidgwick are prominent They criticized this theory on the following grounds.

1. It is Unhistorical :
Henry Maine stated there was no historical evidence for Austin’s therory.

2. Opoose Democracy :
Austin’s theory of sovereignty is against the spirit of democracy becasuse it supported the concept of absolute and relentless sovereignty.

3. Indivisibility not real :
According to Austin indivisibility is an important attribute of sovereignty. This seems to be an unsustainable proposition. In every political society there is a division of functions and without such division no government can be conducted successfully.

4. Sovereignty cannot be located :
Sovereignty in the Austinian sense cannot be located in a modem democratic state.

5. State not supreme :
Austin treated the state as the omnipotent and supreme organization. But that is not real. Stae did not poses, such a characteristic feature. There are several agencies, institutions and organizations in the state. State is one among them. State is not the only organization in human society.

6. Customs and traditions ignored :
Austin’s theory failed to recognize the influence and importance of customs and traditions of the people. It stands that the determinate human superior (having sovereignty) could not exercise the administrative affairs without recognizing the various customs and traditions. But it is a known fact that customs and traditions have been influencing the law making process since ancient period.

Conclusion :
Inspite of the above criticism, Austin’s theory is recognized as significance in political science. It has acquired special place in political science and in jurisprudence in a short time.

Question 3.
Discuss pluralistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Pluralism or pluralistic theory of sovereignty was proposed and popularized as an attack on monism. Elements like democracy, federal spirit, individual freedoms, separation of powers, decentralization of authority etc. are considered as the factors which influenced the proponents of pluralism. This theory finds its origin during the middle age.

Main Principles:
Pluralism comprises the following main principles :

1. The state is one of the many organizations in society. It is not the only organization having supremacy. It has no different features, status and significance apart from other organizations.
2. The state has not created the society or any organization. The various cultural, economic, religious and political associations were not created by the state. State cannot dissolve the above organizations. It has no such power.
3. Society is federal in structure. State too must distribute its powers on the basis of federal principle.
4. Sovereignty is not the exclusive possession of the state. The state is not supreme over all other organizations.
5. Sovereignty is not absolute, unlimited and unquestionable. It has some internal and external limitations. While the customs and traditions of the people will act as internal limitations, international covenants and agreements will impose some restrictions on the sovereignty of the state.
6. Sovereignty is not discretionary in nature. It has to be enforced keeping in view the various constitutional acts and covenants. It will not vest in the state alone.
7. It is not correct to say that the commands of the sovereign are laws. Sovereignty has to be exercised keeping in view the customs, traditions and the constitutional provisions.
8. Pluralists criticized that Austin’s theory assigned more importance to the state. This may threaten the very origin, existence, survival and progress of the remaining associations in human society. Hence Krabbe and Laski pointed out that it is better to ignore the criticism of sovereignty.

Criticism :
1) Inspite of the above criticism, pluralistic theory of sovereignty is recognized as very important in political science. Similarly the concept of state and Monistic theory of sover-eignty have acquired special place in political science.

Main Principles:
Pluralism comprises the following main principles.

1. The state is one of the many organizations in society, it is not the only organization having supremacy. It has no different features, status and significance apart from other organizations.
2. The state has not created the society or any organization. The various cultural, economic, religious and political associations were not created by the state. State cannot dissolve the above organizations. It has no, such power.
3. Society is federal in structure. State too must distribute its poowers on the basis of federal principle.
4. Sovereignty is not the exclusive possession of the state. The state is not supreme over all other organizations.
5. Sovereignty is not absolute, unlimited and unquestionable. It has some internal and external limitations. While the customs and traditions of the people will act as internal limitations, international covenants and agreements will impose some restrictions on the sovereignty of the state.
6. Sovereignty is not discretionary in nature. It has to be enforced keeping in view the various constitutional acts and covenants. It will not vest in the state alone.
7. It is not correct to say that the commands of the sovereign are laws. Sovereignty has to be exercised keeping in view the customs, traditions and the constitutional provisions.
8. Pluralists criticized that Austin’s theory assigned more importance to the state. This may threaten the very origin, existence, survival and progress of the remaining associations in human society. Hence Krabbe and Laski pointed out that it is better to ignore the criticism of sovereignty.

Criticism:

1. The pluralist’s contention that sovereignty is possessed by all associations along with the state has been condemned by the critics. The critics expressed their apprehension stating that the pluralist’s ideas may lead to the creation of anarchy and instability in the state.
2. The pluralist’s asumption of similarity of state and other associations in regard to their aims objectives, and aspirations is not appropriate.
3. The plujralist failed to identity the distinction between the community, society and state. There prevails more similarity rather than differences between the state and society. Both the state and society are independent in their sphere. They are more heterogeneous in their nature.
4. The critics viewed pluralism as unreal and iihpractical. They felt that it is not possible to achieve coordination between the state and associations.

Conclusion :
Inspite of the above criticism, pluralistic theory of sovereignty is recognized as very important in political science. Similarly, the concept of state and Monistic theory of sovereignty have acquired special place in political science.

Quwstion 4.
What is Sovereignty and explain its Characteristic features.
Answer:
Introduction :
Sovereignty is the most important characteristic of the modem state. Today all the modem states are the nation states. Sovereignty is their main element. The state is distinguished from other associations or institutions only by sovereign power. The state is qualified to exercise its power on account of sovereignty alone.

Definitions :
The word sovereignty has been defined by different writers in different ways. Some definitions are mentioned as follows :

Willoughby :
“Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state”.

Blackstone :
“Sovereignty is the irresistible, absolute, uncontrolled and suthority in which the supreme legal power resides.”

Jean Bodin :
“Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law”.

Characteristics of sovereignty;
The following are the main characteristic of sovereignty :

1. Absoluteness
2. Universality
3. Permanence
4. Inalienability
5. Indivisibility
6. Exclusiveness

1) Absoluteness :
Sovereignty is the absolute power of the state, within the sphere of the state, there is no other power over and above sovereignty. It is subject to no legal limitations within or without. No other state can control the policies and actions of a particular state. If there are certain boundaries or limitations to the sovereignty of state, they are only self imposed. But, the absolute sovereign power of the state is questioned by writers like Maitland raised some objections over this characteristic feature of sovereignty. They stated that the various customs and traditions of the people within the state and international obligations outside of the state will act as limitations on the sovereignty of the state.

2) Universality :
The sovereignty is universal in character. It is applicable to all persons and organizations within the geographical boundaries of a state. The sovereign power makes no exception, and grants, no exemption to any individual or group. However, the state may provide certain safeguards or exemptions to the diplomats because of the need for promoting peace, friendship and goodwill among the nations on reciprocal basis.

Further, the foreign diplomats are subject to the laws of their own state, therefore, the diplomatic personnel, the foreign tourists, and the foreign heads of the states are given certain immunities. We must also note that the state is free to withdraw the privileges extended to these foreign dignitaries.

3) Permanence :
Sovereignty is a permanent feature of a state. Sovereignty continues as long as the state continues in existence. Government may change periodically or frequently, but state will not change because state is permanent and the government is temporary. To quote Gamer, it does not cease with the “death or temporary dispossession of a particular bearer or the reorganization of the state, but shifts from one point of a physical body to another, when it undergoes external change “According to Grilchrist, It is only a personal change in the government not a break in the continuity of the state”.

This is the reason why people in England used to say “The King is dead, long live the King”. It means the Kingship is immortal and the king is mortal.

4) Inalienability :
Sovereignty is inalienable. It cannot be transferred to another state or organization. The obvious reason is that if the sovereign transfers its supreme power, it no longer remains the sovereign. This can be said that state and sovereignty go hand in hand, no state can claim to remain a state if it has parted and alienate its sovereignty. It is like a ‘soul’ that cannot be separated from ‘body’ and vice-versa.

5) Indivisibility :
Sovereignty cannot be divided. It is indivisible. Division of sovereignty amounts to destruction of sovereignty. Each state can have only one supreme will. The concept of divided sovereignty is against to the notion of sovereignty. There will be only one sovereign authority in a slate. All other organizations and institutions remain subordinate to the state.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any four kinds of Sovereignly.
Answer:
Introduction :
Sovereignty is the most important characteric of the modem state. The state is distinguished from other Associations or Institutions only by sovereign power. Definition:

Willoughby :
“Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state”.

Jean Bodin :
“Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law”.

Kinds of Sovereignty :
Sovereignty is classified into several kinds as mentioned below ;

1. Nominal sovereignty
2. Real sovereignty
3. Legal sovereignty
4. Political sovereignty
5. Popular sovereignty
6. Dejure sovereignty
7. Defacto sovereignty

1) Nominal sovereignty :
Nominal sovereignty is also known as titular sovereignty. Nomial sovereignty implies possession of sovereign powers only in name. The Queen in Britain, the Emperor of Japan, the President of India etc., are some examples of nominal sovereignty.

2) Real sovereignty :
The real sovereign actually possesses the sovereign power. He discharges such authority on behalf of the nominal sovereign head. Accordingly the nominal soverign person exercises his powers only on the advice of the real sovereign persons or body of persons. The Prime Ministers of England and India etc., are some best examples of this kind of sovereignty.

3) Legal sovereignty :
Legal Sovereignty denotes the supremacy in terms of formal law. Only the legal sovereign is competent to issue the highest orders. It transcends even the divine law or the normal laws and the public opinion. The court of law recognizes only the legal sovereign and accepts its orders. The best example of legal sovereign is the king- in-parliament in England. The legal sovereignty is definite, deliberate, decisive and precisely known. The president of India is also an example of legal sovereignty.

4) Political sovereignty :
Behind the legal sovereignty there is the political sovereignty. In a democratic state while the legal sovereign is the supreme law making power; there is behind it another sovereign whose will is the ultimate and final source of authority. Gamer observes: “Behind the legal sovereign, however, is another power, legally unknown, unorganized, and incapable of expressing the will of the state in the form of legal command, yet with a power to those mandates the legal sovereign will in practice bow and whose will must ultimately prevail in the state.

5) Popular sovereignty :
The concept of popular sovereignty is different from that of political sovereignty. It means that sovereignty ultimately resides in the people. The doctrine of popular sovereignty is the product of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It emerged as an expression of resentment of the people against the despotic authority of the kings and their reliance on the theory of Divine Right. Popular sovereignty attributes ultimate sovereignty to the people. This theory, first hinted by the John Locke, was later expounded by Rousseau and it becomes the slogan of the French Revolution.

6) Dejure sovereignty :
The term ‘De Jure’ denotes authority exercised according to law. De Jure sovereignty is the power possessed and exercised by a legally competent authority. It issues orders and enjoys command overall persons, institutions and organizations in the state. The Queen in Britain and the President in India are some examples of the De Jure sovereignty.

7) De facto sovereignty :
The French term ‘De facto’ implies ‘real’. De facto sovereign is a person or a body of persons who exercise such authority in the last resort and at the final stage. De facto sovereign may not be a legal sovereign. His authority is based not on law but on physical force. De facto sovereign may be a king, dictator or religious priest.

Question 2.
Explain the difference between State and Government.
Answer:

State	Government
1. State is broader. It consists of all the people.	1. Government is narrower. It is a body of few citizens.
2. State is permanent.	2. But Government is transitory. Government keeps on changing. For ex: In India NDA at the national level has been replaced by the UPA.
3. State has sovereign power.	3. Government does not have sovereignty. But, Governments exercise the sovereign power in the name of state.
4. All states are universal and similar in nature and characteristics.	4. Government differs from state to state depending upon the wishes of the people or the constitutions of the respective states. For ex : Parliamentary, Presidential Govt etc.
5. Loyalty of the citizens to their state is compulsory.	5. In a democracy, people have the right to critize the acts of omission and commission of the Government.
6. State is a whole. It consists of four essential elements like population, territory, government and sovereignty.	6. Government is one of the four elements of the state. Hence, it is the part and parcel of the state.
7. The state is master; it can place and replace the governments according to their efficiency and popularity.	7. The status of the government in relation to the state is that of a master and servant. The survival of the Government depends on the pleasure of the state.
8. Membership of the State is Compulsory. No one is exempted from its membership.	8. Membership of the Government is not compulsory. ‘It depends upon the will of the person concerned to become the member of the Government or not.

Question 3.
What are the differences between State and Association?
Answer:

State	Association
1. The state is permanent.	1. Associations are temporary.
2. The state has sovereign power.	2. Associations cannot have sovereignty.
3. The state has fixed boundaries. No state is universal or world-wide.	3. The associations cannot have fixed territorial boundaries. Some associations are international and universal in character. Ex: U.N.O., Red cross Society, The Lions International etc.
4. The membership of state is compulsory. Every citizen naturally becomes the member of the state.	4. But the membership of an association is optional. It depends on the will and wish of the people.
5. A man can become a member of one state only at a time.	5. But they can be member of any number as associations as he desires.
6. The state makes the laws, violation of which is visited by punishment.	6. The associations cannot make laws, but makes their own rules and regulations.
7. The aim of state is broader.	7. The aim of the Associations is limited.
8. The state is superior to all associations.	8. May associations in a state which live and depend on the mercy and pleasure of the state.

Question 4.
Explain John Anstin’s theory of sovereignty.
Answer:
Introduction :
John Austin was a great English jurist of eighteenth century. He published a famous book ‘Lectures on Jurisprudence’ in 1832. Austin was the chief exponent of the monistic theory or legal theory of sovereignty. He was influenced by the writings of Hobbes and Bentham.

Main features of John Austin’s Theory :
1) It is Determinate :
Sovereignty is a determinate person or a body of persons. The sovereign need not be a single person alone. The state is legal order wherein there must be a determinate authority. This determinate authority acts as the final source of the power.

2) Sovereign receives habitual obedience :
That the determinate human superior receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society. The obedience should come from the bulk of the society, where the habitual obedience from the bulk of the society is not forthcoming there is no sovereign power.

3) Sovereign is indivisible :
That the sovereign power is not divisible. It is a unified one and therefore cannot be divided. There is no limitation on his sovereignty and it cannot be divided.

4) Sovereignty is essential :
Sovereign power is essential to every political society. A non-sovereign society is neither political nor independent.

5) Law is a command :
Law is a command of the sovereign and whatever may be com-mand is Law. Since it is a command, failure to obey law is to be punished.

6) The subjects have no right against the state :
Rights are those which are legally permitted by the sovereign and upheld by him.

Question 5.
Explain pluralistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Pluralism or pluralistic theory of sovereignty was proposed and popularized as an attack on John Austin’s monism. Von Gierke, Maitland, Ernest Barker, H.J. Laski, G.D.H cole, Maciver and others have proposed and popularized the theory.

Main principles :
Pluralism comprises the following main principles :

1. The state is one of the many organizations in society. It is not the only organization having supremacy. It has no different features, status and significance apart from other organizations.
2. The state has not created the society or any organization. The various cultural, economic, religious and political associations were not created by the state. State cannot dissolve the above organizations. It has no such power.
3. Society is federal in structure. State too must distribute its powers on the basis of federal principle.
4. Sovereignty is not the exclusive possession of the state. The state is not supreme over all other organizations.
5. Sovereignty is not absolute, unlimited and unquestionable. It has some internal and external limitations. While the customs and traditions of the people will act as internal limitations, international covenants and agreements will impose some restrictions on the sovereignty of the state.
6. Sovereignty is not discretionary in nature. It has to be enforced keeping in view the various constitutional acts and covenants. It will not vest in the state alone.
7. It is not correct to say that the commands of the sovereign are laws. Sovereignty has to be exercised keeping in view the customs, traditions and the constitutional provisions.
8. Pluralists criticized that Austin’s theory assigned more importance to the state. This may threaten the very origin, existence, survival and progress of the remaining associations in human society. Hence Krabbe and Laski pointed out that it is better to ignore the criticism of sovereignty.

Question 6.
What are the differences between State and Society?
Answer:

State	Society
1. State is political organization.	1. Society is a social organization
2. Whereas the state has its own fixed territory and limits.	2. Society does not have definite territorial boundaries.
3. The state has a definite Government.	3. Society does not have any legal and prescribed organization.
4. State possesses the power of compulsion. Disobedience to its laws is followed by punishment.	4. Society does not enjoy the power compulsion. Disobedience to its principles is not followed by any physical punishment.
5. State alone has sovereignty. It operates through the instruments of compulsion and coercion. It uses force to implement its laws and policies.	5. Society does not possess sovereignty. It is supported by social customs, conventions and morality. It has no coercive power.
6. State is not a natural organization. It is an artificial institution. Its membership is compulsory for individuals.	6. Society is a voluntary and natural organization. Individuals acquire its membership on discretionary basis.
7. State derives its strength mainly from laws and the constitution.	7. Society derives its strength from customs, conventions and traditions.
8. State regulates only the external relation of men in society. State formulates rules in this regard.	8. Society controls both internal and external activities of the individual. Society regulates all forms of social conduct.
9. The laws and rules of state are definite and clear. They are made by the legislature.	9. The rules of the society are not so clear. They are generally ambiguous and vague. They are based on customs and conventions.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is State?
Answer:
The term ‘State is comparatively modem. To the Greeks the term was not known. They used the word ‘Polis’ which we translate, as ‘City State’. Ancient Romans used the word ‘Civitas’ for State. After the disintegration of the great Roman Empire towards the end of the fifth century, the Teutonic tribes established their principalities and they used the word ‘Status’ from which the English word ‘State’ is derived. Thus the word Status is a Teutonic word. The exact meaning of the status is society.

Question 2.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government :
Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. State enforces its authority through the government. Government consists of 3 organs namely
Legislature – which makes laws
Executive – which implements laws and
Judiciary – which interpretes laws.

Question 3.
What is Society?
Answer:
Society :
Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests and aspirations.

Question 4.
Monistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
“Monistic theory of sovereignty was advocated by John Austin, an eminent British Jurist in his famous book” Lectures on Juris prudence in 1832. According to John Austin Sovereignty is a determinate person. This determinate Authority acts as the final source of the power. The determinate human superior receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society. The sovereign power is not divisible. It is a unified one and therefore cannot be divided. There is no limitation on his sovereignty and it cannnot be divided.

Question 5.
Pluralistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Pluralism opposes Austin’s theory of sovereignty. It says state’s sovereignty is not absolute. State is also an Association and the individual is benefited by many Associations. Pluralists want decentralisation of authority and limited functions of the state. Sovereignty is divisible and it is not the source of law. Von Gierke, H.I. Laski, Ernest barker, Maciver, G.D.H cole, Maitland were the exponents of pluralism.

Question 6.
Internal Sovereignty.
Answer:
Internally sovereign has supremacy over all other institutions and associations within Territoraial limits of that state. It also implies that sovereign power is above all laws in the state. All Liberties and Rights of Individuals in the state are only due to sovereign.

Question 7.
External Sovereignty.
Answer:
External sovereignty means freedom from external control and obligations and that in the International field the state is autonomous and has an independent voice. Each state is independent of other state. Any other state does not reserve any right to interfere with the external matter of an independent state. External sovereignty means National Freedom.

Question 8.
‘De – jure’ Sovereignty.
Answer:
The term ‘De – Jure’ denotes authority exercised according to law. Dejure sovereign is the power possessed and exercised by a legally competent authority. It issues orders and enjoys command over all persons, institutions and organisations. In the state. The Queen in Britain and the president in India are examples of the De-Jure sovereignty.

Question 9.
‘De-facto sovereignty.
Answer:
The French term ‘DeFacto’ implies ‘Real’. A de-facto sovereign is a person or a body of persons who exercise such authority in the last resort and at the final stage, Defacto sovereign may not be a legal sovereign. His authority is based not on law but on physical force. DeFacto sovereign may be a king. Dictator or Religious priest.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 1st Lesson Meaning, Nature and Scope of Political Science Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 1st Lesson Meaning, Nature and Scope of Political Science

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction :
Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Meaning :
The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions :
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows:
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Scope of Political Science :
The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the follow-ing ways :

i) Study of man in relation to the Society, State and Government :
Political science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship among state, society and government with individual. Aristotle stated that Man is a social and political animal as well.

ii) Study of State :
Political science explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the state and its intimate relationship between the state and the citizens. It explains the various theories of the origin of the state and it also studies the nature, functions and various theo¬ries of the state.

iii) Study of the Government :
Scope of political science includes the study of government. Political science explains the relationship between state and government. The state realises it’s aims and objectives through the government. Government formulates various policies, programs and their implementation for well being of the people. Political science also studies various forms and structures of the government and their merits and demerits.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions :
There are several associations and institutions which influence the life of the individual. Political science studies various associations, institutions and their relationship with the state. Political science explains structure, nature and functions of the various associations and institutions. It also studies voluntary organisations and their role in the political processes.

v) Study of Rights and Duties :
Scope of Political Science includes the study or rights and duties of citizens. In recent times, issues relating to civil rights, human rights and civil society got significance in the study of political science.

vi) Studies of National and International Issues :
The scope of Political science comprises the study of national and international affairs. The political science deals with the matters relating to nation state, territorial integrity and it’s sovereignty. It also studies inter-national aspects like armaments and disarmaments, balance of power, defence and security studies. It also covers international law, international organisations etc.,

vii) Study of Comparative Government and Polities :
The importance of the comparative study of government and politics has been increased in recent times. Political science covers the study of various world governments, their structures and functions. It studies the relationship among the different political systems in the world.

viii) Study of Modem Political Analysis :
The 20^th century political science is regarded as a study of sharing and shaping of power, and it’s execution in a day to day political process. Political science studies the modem concepts like, political socialisation, political participation, political development, political culture and political communication.

ix) Study of Public Policies :
Modem political scientist like David Easton, Gabriel A. Almond, Charles Merriam argued that ‘political science is a policy science’. They considered political science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of public policies. They also emphasised the study of political parties, pressure groups, mass media and organs of the governments and their influence in the formulation of the public policies. It also studies major polices like Agriculture policy, Industrial policy, Environmental policy, Reservation policy and Education policy etc.

Thus, the scope of political science has, in recent times, extended to the study of above concepts and theories and has become one of the most Relevant social sciences.

Question 2.
Write about the importance of Political Science.
Answer:
Introduction :
Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Meaning :
The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions :
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows :
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

The political science helps to bring out certain changes in the political system and also suggests solutions for the political problems. It also helps to promote good citizenship and formation of responsible government susceptible to public opinion.

1. Political Science explains concepts and theories :
Political Science studies the relations between the individual, society and state. It helps to protect the liberty and freedom of the individuals. Study of Political Science aids to know the political theories, concepts and ethical principles useful for the creation of a progressive society.

2. Political Science examines forms and organs of the government :
‘The study of Political Science enhances the knowledge of the systems of government. It details about monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, dictatorship and other forms of goverment. It speaks about the organs of the government like legislature, executive and judiciary, their functions and inter relations.

3. Political Science enlightens on rights and duties :
Fundamental rights are essential for the people to lead a good life in a political society. The observations made in Political Science help to enlighten the citizens about their respective rights and duties …… all their pros and cons to contribute for a good citizenship.

4. Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers :
The study of Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers and theories which had influenced the world in different times. There were many political theories, which became popular in different times. The philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire laid the foundations for French Revolution through their works. In the same way, the writings of Karl Marx led to a revolution in Russia and the ideas of Mao led to a revolutionary trend in China. Mahatma Gandhi provided constructive political leadership to Indian freedom struggle. The study of political science educates about political thinkers.

5. Political science deals with International Relations :
The significance of the Political Science gradually increased as many Sovereign independent countries joined the world political system. It speaks about the inevitable co-operation between different countries. The international relations as a network became very important due to the Industrial Revolution, and its effects. Modernisation, technological development and transport facilities led to formation of regional groups between neighboring countries resulting in growing importance of international relations. Study of Political Science enlightens about all these subjects in detail.

6. Political Science explains world organisations :
The United Nations Organisation has been putting continuous efforts to promote peace, co-operation and friendship among nations of the world. Its agencies are spread throughout the world undertaking various activities for the development of human kind. Political Science acquaints us with all these matters.

Question 3.
Discuss the relationship of Political Science with history and economics.
Answer:
Political Science has intimate relation with other social sciences like History and Economics. Such inter-relation between political science and History as well as relation between political science and Economics can be detailed as below.
a. Political Science – History
b. Political Science – Economics.

a. Political Science – History :
History describes the past. The development of man¬kind and society can be known through History. History being the .story of man, functions as a treasure house of human experiences. It is like a laboratory to all social sciences. The political, economic, social, cultural, religious and literary activity of man can be known only through History. It describes different associations of man from earliest times. History conveys information to the present society, the developments in the past in the areas like state, civilization, culture, religion and economic activity. History is a written record of different events, movements, their causes and inter-relations. History provides information to study the political activity in the past. The birth and development of political ideas and institutions is known through history.

“History without Political Science has no fruit.
Political Science without History has no root”

There has been continuous transformation and development of political institutions since the earliest period of History. The evolution of different political institutions through the ages is recorded in History. History is the foundation of Political Science. A comparative study of the previous political institutions and the contemporary political activity provides a scope to find ideal and stable political institutions in future. The knowledge of political activity is very much essential to understand the events like founding of the Indian National Congress, the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution and the theories like the two Nation Theory of the Muslim League and also to estimate their impact.

In the same way it is possible to study the concepts proposed by Plato, Aristotle and other Philosophers in the light of the knowledge of history of Ancient Europe. Different political thinkers like Machiavelli, Montesquieu and Lord Bryce developed their respective theories basing on the information found in history. As Robbon opined, it is essential for a student to know about the history of his own race to study the constitution and foreign policy of his race. The knowledge of Political Science is essential to history, in the same way as the knowledge of History to Political Science. History and Political Science can contribute for the development of any civilised society in the spirit of mutual co-operation.

b. Political Science – Economics :
Economics studies the aspects like wealth, production, distribution and exchange of goods. It studies about various methods to accumulate wealth. Economics is a sociological study of the aspects like wealth, production and distribution. All the social institutions and political theories place the human life on a right track. A clearly defined political system is very essential for a man to become a good and ideal citizen. Economics helps in different ways to study the human welfare.

Economics tries to co-ordinate file methods of satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources. Lack of peace and dissatisfaction prevail in a society when the economic needs are not satisfied. The Primary needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and medical aid are to be satisfied. Otherwise life becomes sorrowfuL If the basic needs are not satisfied, the individual has to spend all his energy for that purpose only. A poverty sticken society gives scope for the prevalence of immorality and anti-social elements. An individual suffering from hunger, ignorance, ill health cannot be in a position to assess his political aims and responsibilities. He resorts to many crimes to satisfy his hunger. Such individual entertains a spirit to adopt illegal means for his progress. He cannot use his rights properly and discharge his duties. A citizen without basic needs cannot understand the value of right to vote. The communists feel that democracy cannot be successful without a socialist economy. Aristotle, warned that economic inequalities lead to social revolutions.

Even though Political Science and Economics are two different disciplines, their common aim is the welfare of people. The policies related to the production, consumption, proper use of exchange units, removing inflation, contributing for the accumulation of national wealth, promotion of industrial development are very much a part of the activities of a modem State. The impact of economic policies is very much considerable on all the above policies. It is quite possible to solve many economic problems through a political system only.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about the relationship of Political Science with sociology.
Answer:
The knowledge of Sociology is essential to a political scientist. It is essential to study the sociological roots to understand the nature of the State. The Greeks never conceived any difference between society and State. In the opinion of Greek philosophers, State is not only a political system but also a social system of commendable value. Social customs help to systematise social set up and social life. The political scientists give importance to the trends of socialisation to understand the behaviour of the citizen as an individual and part of a community.

Of late, political sociology developed as a special science. This very factor shows how much functional is the impact of social institutions on political life. Political parties, groups and public opinion are subjected to the influence of social factors. The political changes in a State cannot be understood without the knowledge of the social conditions and institutions. For instance, an indepth study of political activity in India needs a study of the social factors like caste, religion, area and language and also processes related to them.

As Political Science discusses the organised groups of people, Sociology studies both organised and unorganised groups. Political Science deals with all the political institutions in the past, present and future. Sociology discusses the rise and growth of all institutions in a society in the past and present.

Question 2.
Write about the relationship of Political Science with economics.
Answer:
Political Science – Economics :
Economics studies the aspects like wealth, production, distribution and exchange of goods. It studies about various methods to accumulate wealth. Economics is a sociological study of the aspects like wealth, production and distribution. All the social institutions and political theories place the human life on a right track. A clearly defined political system is very essential for a man to become a good and ideal citizen. Economics helps in different ways to study the human welfare.

Economics tries to co-ordinate the methods of satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources. Lack of peace and dissatisfaction prevail in a society when the economic needs are not satisfied. The Primary needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and medical aid are to be satisfied. Otherwise life becomes sorrowful. If the basic needs are not satisfied, the individual has to spend all his energy for that purpose only. A poverty sticken society gives scope for the prevalence of immorality and anti-social elements. An individual suffering from hunger, ignorance, ill-health cannot be in a position to assess his political aims and responsibilities.

He resorts to many crimes to satisfy his hunger. Such individual entertains a spirit to adopt illegal means for his progress. He cannot use his rights properly and discharge his duties. A citizen without basic needs cannot understand the value of right to vote. The communists feel that democracy cannot be successful without a socialist economy. Aristotle, warned that economic inequalities lead to social revolutions.

Even though Political Science and Economics are two different disciplines, their common aim is the welfare of people. The policies related to the production, consumption, proper use of exchange units, removing inflation, contributing for the accumulation of national wealth, promotion of industrial development are very much a part of the activities of a modem State. The impact of economic policies is very much considerable on all the above policies. It is quite possible to solve many economic problems through a political system only.

Question 3.
What is the nature of Political Science?
Answer:
The traditional writers considered the study of state and government as the proper sphere of political science. The state and government are both closely related. There can be no state without government. The sate and government, therefore, have been the central subjects of the study of political science.”

In the period after the Second World War, political scientists in the West developed new theories and concepts in the discipline of political science. American political scientist, Harold Lasswell, in the 1930 s, defined politics as the science of the study of power because the state is a structure of power and the business of the political scientists is to examine ‘Who gets Power, When and How” ?. Twenty years later during 1950 s, a school of thinking shifted the emphasis and redefined politics as a policy-making science. Modem writers have expanded the scope of political science. They describe political science ‘as the science of the study of power’, or a policy-making science; or a fundamental activity in every organized group of human life.

Broadly speaking, the study of Political Science developed in two strands: the normative and the empirical. In the normative studies of political science, the main focus is on norms, values and goals or ends of political life and activity. Most of the studies of the concepts such as liberty, equality, justice and empowerment and the study of ideologies are covered under normative studies. The empirical studies, both quantitative and qualitative, focus on facts and the actual processes or means that subscribe to the achievement of goals. The study of the functioning Of government and other institutions and the human interactions in different capacities come under empirical studies. These include, the studies on public policy, voting behaviour, political parties, pressure groups and social movements.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Evolution of Political Science.
Answer:
The beginning of a study of politics (or political thinking) is traced to the ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Among these, Aristotle- is regarded as the father of Political Science because of his objective and systematic (scientific) study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘politics’ a ‘Master Science’ as it covered almost all the activities of individuals in society that includes political and social institutions. In fact, politics was a comprehensive concept for the Greeks. However, the Greek concept of politics underwent changes over the centuries. In other words, the Greek concept of politics is no more valid today. The study of politics has acquired a wider meaning in the modem times.

As a matter of fact, with the evolution of the systems of production through different stages (e.g., hunters and food-gatherers, to agriculture and then to industry/factory) social and economic institutions become important, and so also political organizations evolved and progressed. This resulted in a distinction between three spheres of human activities, namely, ‘politics’, ‘social’ and ’economics’. Henceforth, Political Science came to be defined as ‘science of state and government. Thus, the detailed study of the evolution of the State, its functions and the government constituted the subject matter of the study of Political Science.

With the influence of the study of Behaviourism in natural Sciences, the behavioural Movement has been initiated in Social Sciences. After the Second world war, the behavioural movement which had emerged in 1920’s, became very popular movement in 1950’s. This movement was led by American Political Scientists like Charles Marrium, Gabriel Almond, David Easton etc. Behaviouralism emphasises on the study of political behaviour, perceptions of the individuals towards their own political system. Hence the study of political science confined itself to the study of political behaviour in an organised society. The study area of political science also extends to policy formulation, implementation and evaluation of the political systems. Hence, the political science is also called as policy science. The concept of policy science was propounded by J. Lasswell.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Political Science.
Answer:
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows.
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Question 2.
Mention any four points of significance of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Political Science explains concepts and theories.
2. Political Science enlightens on Rights and Duties.
3. Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers.
4. Political Science deals with International Relations.

Question 3.
What is meant by sociology?
Answer:
Sociology is the root of all social sciences. Sociology studies the changes in different social institutions. It discusses the social, ethical, economic and cultural systems in a society. It also studies the human relations, social conditions, origin, growth and development of different systems, their respective forms, the rules, customs and traditions.

Question 4.
How Political Science is different from economics?
Answer:
Political Science differs from Economics in many respects which are as follows :

1. Political Science is normative whereas economics is descriptive
2. Political Science deals with values whereas Economics deals with prices.
3. Political Science is concerned with people whereas economics is concerned with things.
4. The scope of Political Science is much wider than that of Economics
5. Political Science tries to secure social welfare through administration whereas economics through better distribution of wealth.

Question 5.
Behaviouralism.
Answer:
It is a modem interdisciplinary approach in Political Science. It seeks to make political Science a real Science. It originated in 1925 but became popular in the USA after the second World War. David Easton, Robert Dahl, Gabriel Almond are important supporters of this approach. It studies political behaviour of people by using Scientific methods of data collection. It is a protest against the Traditional Approach.

Question 6.
Post – Behaviouralism.
Answer:
Post – Behaviouralism is a reaction to Behaviouralism. It brought a change of perspective in political science. Post behaviouralism considered ethics and values as equally important along with the facts and methods.

Question 7.
Master Science.
Answer:
Aristotle used the term ‘Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘Politics’ a “Master Science” as it covered almost all the activities of Individuals in Society that includes Political and Social Institutions.

Question 8.
Aristotle.
Answer:
The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science because of his objective and scientific study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called politics a Master Science. He was the disciple of Plato.