TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes

Students can make use of TSBIE Telangana TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium to revise the chapters easily without having to worry about reading the textbooks. To understand all the crucial topics and concepts, nothing can be better than TS Intermediate 1st Year Physics Notes made by expert teachers as per the latest syllabus.

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TS Intermediate 1st Year Physics Notes

AP Inter 1st Year Physics Notes in Telugu Medium

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes in English Medium

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Weightage Blue Print

Students can study the TS Intermediate 1st Year Physics Notes to improve their knowledge about all the important topics and concepts in their curriculum. By strictly following TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes students can clear all their doubts and proceed with their preparation process for the exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes

Students can make use of TSBIE Telangana TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium to revise the chapters easily without having to worry about reading the textbooks. To understand all the crucial topics and concepts, nothing can be better than TS Intermediate 1st Year Chemistry Notes made by expert teachers as per the latest syllabus.

Students can also check the TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Study Material and TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Important Questions for strong academic preparation.

TS Intermediate 1st Year Chemistry Notes

TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes in Telugu Medium

TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes in English Medium

TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Weightage Blue Print

Students can study the TS Intermediate 1st Year Chemistry Notes to improve their knowledge about all the important topics and concepts in their curriculum. By strictly following TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes students can clear all their doubts and proceed with their preparation process for the exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 13th Lesson Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 12th Lesson Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

→ The essence of biological understanding is to know how organisms while remaining an individual interact with other organisms and physical habitats as a group and hence behave like organised wholes,
i. e., population, community, ecosystem or even as the whole biosphere.

→ Ramdeo Misra
Ramdeo Misra is revered as the Father of Ecology. His research laid the foundations for understanding of tropical communities and their succession, environmental responses of plant populations and productivity and nutrient cycling in tropical forest and grassland ecosystems.

→ Study of reciprocal relationship between plants and their environment is called ecology.

→ Father of Ecology in India is Ramdeo Misra.

→ Ecology is basically concerned with four levels of biological organisation- organisms, populations, communities and biomass.

→ Warming classified plant communities into xerophytes, mesophytes and hydrophytes.

→ Hydrophytes grow in water or very wet places. They are 5 types.
(a) Free floating hydrophytes
(b) Rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves
(c) Submerged suspended hydrophytes
(d) Submerged rooted hydrophytes
(e) Amphibious plants.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

→ Hydrophytes show morphological and anatomical adaptations depending upon the environment.

→ Xerophytes grow in habitats where water supply in deficient or soil is physiologically dry – They are 3 types.
(a) Ephemerals or drought evaders
(b) Succulents or drought avoiders
(c) True xerophytes or non succulents

→ Hydrophytes and Xerophytes have many ecological adaptations to suit their surroundings.

→ The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called ecological succession.

→ Succession that starts where no living organisms are found is called primary succession.

→ Succession that processes in an area where all the organisms lost that existed there is called secondary succession.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 11 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Students can go through TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 11th Lesson Cell Cycle and Cell Division will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 11th Lesson Cell Cycle and Cell Division

→ Cell division is a process by which a cell duplicates for growth and reproduction of an organism.

→ Virchow proposed that new cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. This is i called cell lineage theory.

→ Somatic cells divide by a process of mitosis while the germ cells divide by a process called meiosis (reduction division).

→ In mitosis daughter cells have exactly the same number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

→ Duplication of DNA molecules and doubling of chromosomal constituents are observed during S – phase of interphase.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 11 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

→ Mitosis includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Karyokinesis occurs in four stages.

→ During prophase nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, each having two chromatids.

→ During metaphase, spindle fibres are formed. Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of chromosomes. Chromosomes move to the centre of the spindle.

→ In Anaphase centromere divides. Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles.

→ In Telophase nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear. Chromosomes J decondense into chromatin. Two daughter nuclei are formed.

→ Cytokinesis, is by cell plate method. Two daughter cells are formed.

→ In meiosis, karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur two times.

→ Meiosis I is a reductional division.

→ Prophase t is the longest stage and is divided into 5 stages.
(a) In leptotene, chromosomes become distinct being quite long and uncoiled.
(b) In zygotene, pairing of homologous chromosomes – synapsis occurs.
(c) In pachytene, exchange of genetic material (crossing over) occurs between non sister chromatids of the bivalent.
(d) In diplotene, repulsion starts between homologous. Chiasmata show terminalisation process.
(e) In diakinesis, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear.

→ In Metaphase I, the bivalénts come to be at the equator.

→ In Anaphase I, homologous..chromosomes separate. Each chromosome of a pair moves to opposite poles of the spindle.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 11 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

→ In Telophase I, reappearance of nuclide and nudear membrane results in the formation of two haploid nuclei.

→ The events of meiosis Il are similar to mitotic divisioñ. Thus it is an equational division. Four haploid cells are formed. Daughter cells produced are called gametes br spores.

→ Crossing over results in exchange of genetic information between individuals of spores and evolution of species.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 10 Biomolecules

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 10th Lesson Biomolecules to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 10th Lesson Biomolecules

→ Even though there is a wide diversity in living organisms, all living organisms are made up of the same chemicals.

→ The elemental composition of living and non-living matter appears similar when analysed qualitatively.

→ Analysis reveals that the relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to other elements is higher in any living organism than in earth crust.

→ The most abundant chemical in living organism is water.

→All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissues can be called “biomolecules”.

→ He There are thousands of carbon compounds that we get from living tissues. They are called biomolecules.

→ Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharide’s are three types of macro molecules found in living systems.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 10 Biomolecules

→ Lipids are small molecular weight compounds and are present not only as such but also arranged into structures like cell membrane and other membrane.

→ Proteins are polypeptide and polymer of amino acids.

→ He Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar containing different monosaccharides as building blocks.

→ Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.

→ Nucleotide has three components-heterocyclic compounds, monosaccharides and phosphoric acid.

→ He Biomolecules have hierarchy of structures-primary, secondary, teritiary and quaternary.

→ He All the chemical reactions that occur is called metabolism. The metabolic flow is called the dynamic state of body constituents.

→ The most important form of energy currency in living systems is the bo, .d energy in a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

→ He Living process is a constant effort to prevent falling into equilibrium.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 9th Lesson Cell: The Unit of Life to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 9th Lesson Cell: The Unit of Life

→ Cell theory laid emphasis on the unity underlying in the diverse forms, i.e., the cellular organisation of all life forms

→ The physico chemical approach to study and understand living organisms is called ‘Reductionist biology’.

→ G.N. Ramachandran

  • G.N. Ramachandran, an outstanding figure in the field of protein structure, was the founder of the Madras school of conformational analysis of biopolymers.
  • His discovery of the triple helical structure of collagen published in Nature in 1954 and his analysis of the allowed conformations of proteins through the use of the ‘Ramachandran plot’ rank among the most outstanding contributions in structural biology.

→ Cell is the basic unit of life in all living organisms.

→ Cytology is the study of structure and functions of cell and cell organelles.

→ Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann and later by Rudolf Virchow.

→ Cells that have membrane bound nuclei are called eukaryotic cells.

→ In prokarytic cells genetic material is basically naked, not enveloped by a nuclear membrane.

→ Plasma membrane or cell membrane is lipoproteinaceous. Unit membrane (Sandwitch model) and Fluid mosaic models explain the structure and properties of plasma membrane.

→ Part of protoplasm except nucleus is called cytoplasm. It exhibits active movements. It shows cytoskeleton formed of microtubules and microfilaments.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life

→ Plastids, mitochondria and ER are double membraned cell organelles. Lysosomes, dictyosomes, glyoxisomes and peroxisomes are single membraned. Ribosomes are amembranous.

→ Plastids are 2 types – Leucoplasts and Chromoplasts.

→ Chloroplasts are green plastids concerned with photosynthesis.

→ Mitochondria are also called ‘power houses of cell’. Cellular respiration occurs in these cell organelles.

→ Endoplasmic reticulum consists of tubules, vesicles and cisternae. It is concerned with protein and lipid synthesis. It is an intracellular transportation channel.

→ Ribosomes are nucleoprotein particles. They are sites of protein synthesis.

→ Golgi complex (dictyosomes) consist of cisternae, vacuoles and tubules. They help in synthesis of cell wall materials and formation of cell plate during cell division.

→ Lysosomes are single membrane bound organelles with enzymatic matrix. They help in intracellular digestion. They also cause autolysis of cell contents (suicidal bags of cells).

→ Peroxisomes are involved in photorespiration and oxidation of fatty acids. Glyoxysomes contain enzymes related to glyoxalate cycle.

→ Fluid filled sacs of cell having sap bound by tonoplast are called vacuoles. Vacuole acts as a ‘store house of cell’ or ‘repository of cell’. It helps in osmoregulatory processes of cell.

→ Nucleus Is dynamic centre of cell or cell brain. It plays an important role in heredity.

→ Chromosomes are composed of coils of DNA bound to basic proteins – histones.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life

→ Choromatids are vertical halves of a chromosome attached to each other attached at centromere.

→ Basing on the position of centromere chromosomes are 4 types – metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric and telocentric.

→ Chromosomes are physical basis of heredity.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 8 Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 8th Lesson Taxonomy of Angiosperms to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 8th Lesson Taxonomy of Angiosperms

→ Systematic Botany or Taxonorm deals with the identification nomenclature and classification of plants into related groups on the basis of information obtained from different fields of Botany.

→ Carl Linnaeus:

  • Carl Linnaeus is “Father of Taxonomy”.
  • He popularised the Binomial Nomenclature system and also proposed the sexual system of classification.
  • His system of classification was simple enough to allow most of the people to key out a plant.

→ Plant taxonomy deals with characterisation, identification, nomenclature and classification of plants.

→ Grouping of plants based on their structural similarities and their relationships refers classification of plants.

→ Taxonomy purely based on the description of morphological characteristics is called Alpha Taxonomy.

→ Taxonomy in which information from other branches of science is also considered is called Omega Taxonomy.

→ Carl Linnaeus is considered as Father of Taxonomy.

→ Reproductive characters related to flower are of more stable and form basis of classification.

→ Artificial systems of classification are based on one or few superficial characters.

→ Natural systems are based on many similarities and differences in the floral and other related morphological characters.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 8 Taxonomy of Angiosperms

→ Phylogenetic systems are based on evolutionary relationships of plants.

→ The latest phylogenetic classification is APG (Angiospermic Phylogenetic Group) system.

→ Numerical taxonomy uses mathematical methods to evaluate observable differences are similarities between taxonomic groups.

→ According to Bentham and Hooker classification, flowering plants are grouped into 202 natural orders now called as families.

→ The branch of taxonomy that uses the cytological characters like chromosome number, structure in solving taxonomic problems is Cytotaxonomy.

→ The branch of taxonomy that uses the phytochemical data to solve the problems of taxonomy is Chemotaxonomy.

→ Floral formula is represented by symbols of floral parts.

→ Floral diagram is the diagrammatic representation of floral parts and their arrangement.

→ In Fabaceae, the corolla is Papilionaceous corolla.

→ Pollination in Fabaeceae is entemophily and occurs by piston mechanism.

→ Biological nitrogen fixation is affected since root nodules of Fabaceae plants consist of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria – Rhizobia.

→ The stems of Solanaceae plants consist of bicollateral vascular bundles.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 8 Taxonomy of Angiosperms

→ Gynoecium in Solanaceae plants is bicarpellary and syncarpous ovary is bilocular with numerous ovules on axile placentation on swollen placenta. Ovary is oblique.

→ Perianth in liliaceae is homochlamydeous (tepals) and trimerous.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

→ The branch which deals with the study of flowers is called Floriculture.

→ The two most important units of sexual reproduction in a flower are Androecium and Gynoecium.

→ Embryology is the study of formation of gametes, fertilization and embryo development.

→ Each stamen has two parts filament and anther.

→ Each dithecous anther has four microsporangia whereas monothecous anther has two microsporangia.

→ Each microsporangium is generally surrounded by four wall layers – epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and tapetum.

→ The sporogenous cells of microsporangium produce microspore mother cells.

→ These cells produce tetrads of haploid microspores or pollen grains by meiosis.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

→ Microspore or pollen grain represents male gametophyte.

→ Pollen grain contains two cells

  • Vegetative cell
  • Generative cell.

→ Ovules are present in the ovary of gynoecium. Ovule is the megasporangium.

→ Ovule has integuments, nucellus, chalaza, stalk or funiculus and microphyle.

→ Orthotropous ovule – Micropyle, funiculus and chalaza are in the a straight line,

→ Anatropous ovule – Ovule inverted. Funiculus and micropyle lie side by side.

→ Campylotropous ovule – Body of the ovule is at right angles to the funicules.

→ One cell of the nucellus develops into megaspore mother cell.

→ Development of megaspore from megaspore mother cell is called megasporogenesis.

→ Megaspore mother cell produces 4 haploid megaspores by meiosis. Upper degenerate and lower one develops into embryo sac.

→ Embryosac represents female gametophyte. It is 7 celled and 8 nucleated.

→ The process of transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma is called pollination, It is of two types.
(a) Self pollination : Pollen grains transferred to stigma of same flower,

(b) Cross pollination : Pollination between 2 flowers – 2 kinds.

  • Geitonogamy : Cross pollination between 2 flowers of same plant.
  • Xenogamy: Cross pollination between 2 flowers of different plants of same species.

→ Contrivances of cross pollination
(a) Dichogamy – Androecium and gynoecium of a bisexual flower mature at different timings.
(b) Herkogamy – Male and female parts of a bisexual flower arranged at different levels.
(c) Heterostyly – Presence of styles in different lengths in the flower of the same species.
(d) Self sterile – Pollen fail to germinate on the stigma of the same flower.
(e) Decliny – Flowers unisexual.

→ External agents that help in pollination i.e. transfer of pollen to the stigma are called ‘agents’.

→ Water and wind are abiotic agents.

→ Pollination that occurs through wind is called anaemophily. Eg : Rice.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

→ Pollination that occurs in hydrophytes with the help of water is called Hydrophily. – They are Epihydrophily & Hypohydrophily.

→ Pollination favoured by animals is called zoophily. Based on animals they are – Ornithophiiy, Chiropterophily, Entamophily, Malacophily.

→ The fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilisation.

→ Entry of pollen tube into the ovule is 3 types – They are

  • porogamy,
  • chalazogamy and
  • mesogamy.

→ Pollen tube reaches the embryosac only through micropylar end by destroying one of the synergids.

→ Pollen tube releases two male gametes.
(a) One male gamete (x) + egg (x) → Zygote (2x) – Syngamy.
(b) Second male gamete (x) + secondary nucleus (2x) → Primary endosperms jj nucleus (PEN) (3x) – Triple fusion.

→ As two fusion processes are occuring in angiousperms it is called – Double fertilisation.

→ All the floral parts except ovary wither and fail off.

→ Ovary forms fruit. Ovule forms seeds. Zygote develops into embryo. Integuments becomes seed coats.

→ Primary endosperm nucleus develops into nutritive tissue – Endosperm.

→ In some seeds some amount of nucellus is left out, it is called perisperm.

→ Many fruits have evolved mechanisms for seed dispersal.

→ Seeds without fertilisation is called Apomixis.

→ Fruits without fertilisation is called parthenocarpy.

→ Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is referred on polyembryony.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 4 Plant Kingdom

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 4th Lesson Plant Kingdom to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 4th Lesson Plant Kingdom

→ Plant kingdom is divided into five groups : Algae, Bryopbytes, Reridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

→ Algae, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes are non-flowering plants or Cryptogams. m Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are flowering plants or Phanerogams or Spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants).

→ Algae are simple, thalioid, autotrophic and aquatic plants.

→ Algae show vegetative, asexual and sexual methods of reproduction.

→ Algae are divided into three main Classes Chlorophyceae (Green algae)

→ Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) and Rhodophyceae (Red algae)

→ Bryophytes are primitive land plants.

→ Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants live in moist soil and are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.

→ BryophytesInclude liverworts, hornworts and mosses.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 4 Plant Kingdom

→ In Bryophytes the plant body is thallus like and erect and attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids.

→ The plant body in haploid and possesses root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures. m The Bryophytes show haplontic type of life cycles.

→ The Pteridophytes are the first land plants having vascular bundles. m The Pteridophytes include club mosses, horsetails, ferns etc.

→ In Pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.

→ Gametophytes are small, inconspicuous, multicellular, photosynthetic thalioid called thallus.

→ Majority of plants are homosporous. Some plants like selaginella and salvinia are heterosporous.

→ The development of zygotes into young embryos takes place within the female gametophyte. This has led to the seed habit during the course of evolution.

→ The Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants.

→ Ginkgo is considered to be as living fossil.

→ The roots are generally tap roots – Mycorrhiza roots .(Pinus) and Coralloid roots (Cycas) are present.

→ Anatomically stem shows eustele.

→ The sporophylls (microsporophyll and megasporophyll) are arranged spirally on the axis to form male and female cones respectively.

→ Microspores are produced from microsporophyll.

→ Microspores develop into a male gametophytic generation which is highly reduced.

→ It is called pollen grain.

→ Megasporophyll with ovules are called megasporangiate (similar to female flower) Pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube releases male gamete in the ovule. Union of male gamete with female egg cell results in diploid zygote.

→ Zygote develops into embryo, and the ovules into seeds.

→ Angiosperms are embryophytic, non-archegoniate, vascular, fruit-bearing phanerogams or spermatophytes.

→ Angiosperms are large group of plants occurring in wide range of habitats. Angiosperms develop flowers. ‘

→ Male sex organs are called stamens and female sex organs are called pistil or the carpels.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 4 Plant Kingdom

→ Pollination is indirect in Angiosperms.

→ Pollen tube enters the embryo sac and discharges two male gametes. One male gamete unites with the egg resulting zygote. Other male gamete unites with the secondary nucleus to form primary endosperm nucleus. .

→ During the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations between gametophyte and sporophyte.

→ Haplontic, diplontic or diplo-haplontic life cycles can be observed in different groups.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 3 Science of Plants – Botany

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 3rd Lesson Science of Plants – Botany to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 3rd Lesson Science of Plants – Botany

→ The study of the plants is called Botany. The word ‘botane’ originated from the Greek word Bouskein (cattle feed).

→ Theophrastus was regarded as “Father of Botany” He wrote a book “de Historia Plantarum”.

→ The period of 16th and 17th centuries is the period of herbalists.

→ Botany emerged as a specific science during the 17th century with the discovery of the cell by Robert Hooke.

→ In 18th century, there was progress in the areas of Taxonomy and Physiology.

→ During 19th century Mendel discovered laws of inheritance. Darwin put forward ‘The Theory of evolution”. Haeckel made ecological studies.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 3 Science of Plants – Botany

→ Twentieth century witnessed great advances in Genetics, Plant physiology and Embryology.

→ Indian scientist prof. V.S. Rama Das and his students made significant contributions to C4 photosynthesis .

→ ScientistsMe Wodehouse, P.K.K. Nair, C.G.K. Ramanujam developed the Palynology, the study of pollen.

→ Some proposed phylogenetic system of classifications.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 6 Modes of Reproduction

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 6th Lesson Modes of Reproduction to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 6th Lesson Modes of Reproduction

→ The ability of an organism to produce a new generation of individuals of the same species is called Reproduction.

→ Reproduction can be broadly grouped into asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

→ Sexual reproduction produce new characters in the off spring so that survival advantage is enhanced.

→ Panchanan Maheswari

  • Ptmchanan Maheswari is one of the distinguished botanists not only of India but of the entire world.
  • He worked on embryological aspects and popularised the me of embryological characters in taxonomy.
  • His work on test tube fertilisation and intra – ovarian pollination won world wide acclaim.

→ The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its life.

→ Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones similar to itself.

→ The organism’s habitat, its internal physiology and several other factors are collectively responsible for how it reproduces.

→ There are two types of reproduction-Asexual and Sexual methods.

→ In asexual method of reproduction, a single individual is capable of producing offspring.

→ In asexual method, the offsprings produced are not only identical to one another but also exact copies of their parent.

→ In unicellular organisms, asexual reproduction is done by binary fission or : budding.

→ In algae, and fungi asexual reproduction is done by spores.

→ In Bryophytes and Pteridophytes the spores produced are haploid.

→ In higher plants asexual reproduction is done by vegetative propagation.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 6 Modes of Reproduction

→ In flowering plants vegetative propagation is done by runner, stolon, sucker, offset, rhizome, corm, tuber, bulb, bulbil, reproductive leaves etc.

→ Plants produced vegetatively or asexually are called clones.

→ Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex.

→ Offsprings formed by sexual reproduction are not identical to the parents or : among themselves.

→ In plants hormones are responsible for sexual reproduction.

→ Events in sexual reproduction are prefertilisation, fertilisation and post fertilisation.

→ Gametogenesis refers to the process of formation of male and female gametes.

→ The fusion of male and female gametes results in diploid zygote. This is known as syngamy or fertilisation.

→ Embryogenesis refers to the process of development of embryo from tha zygote.

→ In flowering plants after fertilisation ovary develops into fruit and ovules mature into seeds.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 5th Lesson Morphology of Flowering Plants to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 5th Lesson Morphology of Flowering Plants

→ The study and description of external characters of plant organs is called external morphology.

→ Ueforo experimental biology, more specifically, physiology, was established as a part of biology, naturalists described only biology. Hence biology remained as a natural history for a long time.

→ Description became meaningful and helpful in framing research ..questions in physiology or evolutionary biology.

→ Theophrastus is regarded as the”Father of Botany”. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants Historic Plantarum and On the Causes of Plants Causae PlantarumJ constituted the most important contribution to botanical science during antiquity and the middle ages

→ The study of external structure of a plant body is called external morphology.

→ Plante have roots, stem, leaves, flowers and seeds enclosed in fruits.

→ The part of the plant body present below the soil is called root system whereas the plant body present above the soil is called shoot system.

→ Dicot plant have tap root system. Monocot plant have fibrous root system.

→ Root has four regions as root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation and region of maturation.

→ Change in morphological structure of roots in order to perform new functions depending upon the environment are called root modifications.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants

→ Root modifications are prop roots, stilt roots, respiratory roots, photosynthetic roots, nodular roots, velamen roots and parasitic roots.

→ The permanent changes in the morphological structure of stem in order to perform new function depending upon the environment are called stem modification.

→ Stem modifications are three types. They are aerial stem modification, sub-aerial stem modification and underground stem modification.

→ Stem tendrils, thorns, phylloclades, bulbils are aerial stem modifications.

→ Runners, stolons, suckers, offsets are sub-aerial stem modifications.

→ All sub-aerial stem modifications are useful for vegetative propagation.

→ Leaf is a green flattened structure borne on the stem.

→ He Leaf has four parts – leaf base, leaf stipule, leaf petiole and leaf lamina.

→ In dicot leaves reticulate venation and in monocot leaves parallel venation is present.

→ He The arrangement of leaf on the stem is called phyllotaxy.

→ He Leaves are often modified to perform functions other than photosynthesis. They are called leaf modification.

→ Insectivorous leaves of pitcher plant (Nepenthes) and Dionea (Venus fly trap) are modified leaves to trap insects for their nitrogen requirement.

→ The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence.

→ The two major types of inflorescence are racemose and cymose.

→ When peduncle is unbranched it is called simple inflorescence. When peduncle is branched is called compound inflorescence.

→ Raceme, Corymb and Umbel type of racemose inflorescence are with pedicellate flowers.

→ Spike, Spadix and Head inflorescence are racemose inflorescence with sessile flowers.

→ Cymose inflorescence ends with a flower. Hence it shows limited growth.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants

→ Solitary cyme, cymule, monochasial cyme, dichasial cyme and polychasial cyme are cymose inflorescence.

→ Verticellaster, Cyathium and Hypanthodium are special type of inflorescence,

→ Flower is a reproductive unit in the angiosperms.

→ Depending upon symmetry, flowers are actinomorphic, zygomorphic and asymmetrical.

→ Dicot plants show tetramerous or pentamerous flowers, Monocot plants show trimerous flowers.

→ The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in the bud condition is known as aestivation.

→ Calyx and corolla are non-essential organ whereas Androecium and Gynoecium are essential organ.

→ Fruit is a characteristic feature of the flowering plant.

→ Fruits formed without fertilisation are called parthenocarpic fruits.

→ Fruits are three types – Simple, aggregate and compound fruits.

→ Ovules after fertilisation develop into seeds.

→ In dicot seeds two cotyledons are present. In Monocot seed single cotyledon is present.