Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes 13th Lesson Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques to prepare for their exam.
TS Inter 1st Year Chemistry Notes 13th Lesson Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques
→ Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms are called hydro-carbons.
→ A single atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound is called a functional group.
→ Series of compounds in which adjacent members differ by a CH2 group are called homologous series,
→ Compounds with the same molecular formula but having different properties are called isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism.
→ Isomerism due to the difference in the carbon chain is called chain isomerism.
→ Isomerism due to the difference in the position of a substituent, a functional group or a multiple bond is called position isomerism.
→ Isomerism due to the difference in the nature of the alkyl groups attached to the same functional group is called functional isomerism.
→ Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons having carbon – carbon single bonds and their general formula is CnH2n-2
→ Isomerism due to the difference in the nature of the alkyl groups attached to the same functional group is called, metamerism.
→ A reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms attached to carbon atom is replaced by a new atom or group of atoms is called substitution reaction.
→ Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons having carbon – carbon double bond and their general formula is CnH2n.
→ Alkynes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons having carbon – carbon triple bond and their general formula is CnH2n -2.
→ The process of breaking a pi bond and adding two atoms is called addition.
→ The decomposition of an organic compound into smaller products by heating in the absence Of air is called pyrolysis or cracking.
→ Alkyl magnesium halide is called Grignard reagent.
→ Alkaline KMnO4 solution is called Bayer’s reagent.
→ Alkyl halides on heating with sodium metal in presence of dry ether gives an alkane with twice the number of carbon atoms. This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction.
→ Electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of carboxylic acid gives a hydrocarbon at anode. This reaction is called Kolbe’s electrolysis.
→ Aromatic compounds are cyclic, planar and obey Huckle’s rule.
→ Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitut-ion reactions rather than addition reactions.
→ A mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide is called sodalime.
→ Chromatography is a method of separation of components of a mixture between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
→ Inductive effect is defined as the polarization of a bond caused by the polarization of adjacent o bond.
→ Electromeric effect is defined as the complete transfer of a shared pair of n electrons to one of the atoms joined by a multiple bond on the demand of an attacking reagent.
→ The electron pair displacement caused by an atom or group along a chain by a conjugative mechanism is called the mesomeric effect of that atom or group.
→ Resonance energy is the difference in energy between the actual energy of the molecule and that of the most stable canonical structure of the molecule.
→ Hyperconjugation is also called, no-bond resonance.
→ Electrophiles are the reagents that attack a point of high electron density or negative centres.
→ Nucleophiles are the reagents that attack a site of low electron density or positive centres.
→ Molecular rearrangements are those in which a less stable molecule rearranges into a more stable molecule.
→ Conformational isomers of an alkane are obtained by rotation about C – C bond.
→ Any intermediate conformation between staggered and eclipsed is called a skew conformation.
→ NORBORNANE is Bicyclo (2, 2, 1) heptane.
→ The existence of more than one compound having identical structures but differing in spatial arrangements of atoms or groups is called geometrical isomerism or cis-trans isomerism.
→ Geometrical isomers are diastereomers.
→ Markownikoff’s rule : When an unsymmetrical reagent adds to a double bond, the positive part of the adding reagent attaches itself to a carbon of the double bond so as to give the more stable carbocation as the intermediate.
→ In presence of a peroxide, anti-Markownikoff s addition takes place. It is called, Kharsch effect.
→ Carcinogenic (cancer-producing) substances are generally formed due to incomplete combustion of organic substances like coal, petroleum, tobacco etc.
→ A substance which rotates the plane polarised light is called an ‘optically active substance.
→ Inorganic substances like quartz, some rock crystals, crystals of KClO3, KBrO3, NaIO4 etc. are optically active.
→ Organic compound exhibits optical activity when it is chiral.
→ Most chiral compounds have a chiral centre, which is a carbon atom, bonded to four different atoms or groups.
→ The chiral molecule and its mirror image are not superimposable. They are called enantiomers.