TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes Chapter 1 Physical World

Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes 1st Lesson Physical World to prepare for their exam.

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Notes 1st Lesson Physical World

→ Physics: Physics is the study of nature and natural phenomena.

→ Fundamental forces in nature : In physics

• Gravitational force
• Electromagnetic force
• Strong nuclear force
• Weak nuclear force.

→ Gravitational force : It is the force of attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses.
These are very weak forces. They are very long distance forces. For heavy bodies like planets and stars etc. the magnitude of these forces is high. These forces are very important in planetary motion, and in formation of Stars and Galaxies.

→ Electromagnetic forces : It is the force between two charged particles.
Between like charges they are “repulsive forces” and between unlike charges they are “attractive forces”. These forces are very strong forces. These are long distance forces.

→ Strong nuclear forces: Strong nuclear forces bind protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
These are very strong attractive forces. They are 100 times stronger than electromagnetic forces. They are short range forces. Their effect is upto very few fermi.

→ Weak nuclear forces: Weak nuclear forces will appear only in certain nuclear processes such as β – decay of nucleus where nucleus emits electron and neutrino. These are weak forces, their range is upto few fermi.

→ Conserved quantities: In physics any physical phenomenon is governed by certain forces. Si.oeral physical quantities will change with time but some special physical quantities will remain constant with time. Such physical quantities are called conserved quantities of nature.
Ex : For motion under an external conser-vative force such as gravitational field the total mechanical energy (i.e., P.E + K.E) is constant or energy is conserved.

→ Some physicists and their major contributions

→ Fundamental forces of nature

→ Fundamental constants of Physics

→ Conversion factors:

→ Important Prefixes:

→ The Greek Alphabet:

→ Formulae of geometry :

• Area of triangle = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × base × height
• Area of parallelogram = base × height
• Area of square = (length of one side)²
• Area of rectangle = length × breadth
• Area of circle = πr² (r = radius of circle)
• Surface area of sphere = πr² (r = radius of sphere)
• Volume of cube = (length of one side of cube)³
• Volume of parallelopiped = length x breadth x height
• Volume of cylinder = πr²l
• Volume of sphere = \(\frac{4}{3}\)πr³
• Circumference of square = 41
• Volume of cone = \(\frac{1}{3}\)πr²h
• Circumference of circle = 2πr

→ Formulae of algebra:

• (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab
• (a – b)² = a² + b² – 2ab
• (a² – b²) = (a + b) (a – b)
• (a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab (a + b)
• (a – b)³ = a³ – b³ – 3ab (a – b)
• (a + b)² – (a – b)² = 4ab
• (a + b)² + (a – b)² = 2(a² + b²)

→ Formulae of differentiation:

• \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (constant) = 0 differentiation with respect to x = \(\frac{d}{d x}\)
• \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (xⁿ) = n x^n-1
• \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (sin x) = cos x
• \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(cos x) = – sin x dx

→ Formulae of Integration:
Integration with respect to x = ∫dx

• ∫dx = x
• ∫xⁿ dx = \(\frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1}\)
• ∫sin x dx = cos x + c
• ∫cos x dx = sin x + c

→ Formulae of logarithm :

• log mn = (log m + log n)
• log(\(\frac{m}{n}\)) = (log m – log n)
• log mⁿ = n log m

→ Value of trigonometric functions :

→ Signs of trigonometrical ratios :

• sin (90° – θ) = cos θ ; sin (180° – θ) = sin θ
• cos (90° – θ) = sin θ ; cos (180° – θ) = – cos θ
• tan (90° – θ) = cot θ ; tan (180° – θ) = – tan θ

→ According to Binomial theorem :
(1 + x)ⁿ ≈ (1 + nx) if x < < 1

→ Quadratic equation:
ax² + bx + c = 0
x = \(\left(\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4 a c}}{2 a}\right)\)