Srinivas

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 9th Lesson Ethics in Social Media and Technology Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 9th Lesson Ethics in Social Media and Technology

Question 1.
Describe some of the advantages and disadvantages of the internet.
Answer:
Uses of Internet:
i) Availability of the Vast Resource :
The information that is accessible on the Internet is practically infinite. Whether in the field of sciences, humanities, fine arts or medicine. One need not go to library now a days. More books are readily accessible at the click of the mouse in all fileds.

ii) Instant and Easy Access to Information :
It takes just seconds for a website to open and, within minutes, one can go through several websites in search of the information that is needed.

iii) Effortless communication with Friends and Family :
Letter writing, posting, and delivering of letters has been replaced by instant, hassle-free “e-mail”. E-mail means electronic mail.

iv) Easy Interaction with unknown Person :
Networking sites on the Internet enable us to chat with family members and unknown persons also. There are several forums on the Internet for people sharing common interests.

v) Source of Endless Entertainment :
With the use of the Internet, we can listen to music and watch movies and TV shows. Besides, we can also play online games. These games may be action or adventure games, board games, racing games, puzzle games, skill games.

vi) Flexi Work and Easy Transfer of Data :
It is no longer necessary to follow rigid timings of work in the office. Work can be completed at home on a computer and reports, bulky data, files, etc can be transmitted to any corner of the earth in seconds.

vii) Applications in Banking and Finance :
Internet banking has made it possible to pay utility and other bills online, transfer money from one account to another and conduct financial transactions like the buying and selling of shares.

We can book railway, bus, and aeroplane tickets, make hotel bookings and give donations to an organization without leaving home.

Drawbacks of the Internet and Misuse among Youth :
i) Excessive dependence on Technology and Addiction :
The Internet is not only a substitute for a library, but doubles up as a TV, a phone, a music provider and a medium to play games and interact with friends. Youngsters, especially in western countries, spend a lot of time on the Internet. The extent of dependence on the Internet can be alarming at times. It may border on addiction.

ii) Disconnect with the Real world :
Youngsters are so immersed in the virtual world that they are losing connection with the real world in which they live. They spend hours together browsing the web, playing online games and being active on social networking sites.

iii) Loss of Skills :
In advanced countries, people are accustomed to using their laptop from a tender age and, as a result, rarely have an occasion to practice hand writing.

iv) Break down of Family Ties :
Present-day adolescents spend so much time on the Internet that the time they spend with family members is decreasing day by day. Even at dinner, the teenager is constantly checking mails.

v) Inability to communicate in the Real Social World :
It cannot be denied that social networking sites enable us to make friends with total strangers and stay in touch with family and friends living far away.

vi) Blurring of distinctions between Office time and Home time :
It might be convenient to work at home, either part-time or full-time, but sometimes family life is affected adversely.

vii) Unethical usage of the Internet :
Students often “copy” and “paste” chunks of information found on the Internet and do not bother even to acknowledge the source when submitting assignments. It is also becoming increasingly common to use blue tooth devices for malpractices in the examination hall with help from experts who supply the answers from outside.

ix) Easy access to Indecent Sites :
Youngsters have easy access to sites which may contain indecent movies. The ready availa¬bility of pornography is a matter of grave concern. It may not be a coincidence that some of the most brutal crimes against women have taken place in the recent past in India soon after the juvenile criminals viewed pornography.

x) Information on the Internet may be Inaccurate :
The information available on websites may not always be accurate and may need to be cross checked.

Question 2.
List out some guidelines for youngsters regarding the proper and judicious use of the internet.
Answer:
Guidelines for the use of the Internet by Teens :

1. Teenagers should spend only a limited amount of time on their computer. A computer cannot be a substitute for a friend or family member.
2. Teenages should spend time outdoors in games and social interaction with friends and family. They should not remain cooped up in their home with laptops during holidays.
3. Teenagers should use the Internet mostly for information and partly for recreation. They should make ethical use of the infor- mation on the web.
4. Teenagers should have a frank discussion with their parents about various aspects of Internet usage, such as amount of time spent daily on the net, timings and purpose.
5. Teenagers should agree to parental supervision and frequent checks of what they have been surfing or doing on the net.
6. Teenagers should promise not to visit sites that are not suitable for them. They should avoid sites that are indecent and which contain ‘adult content’.
7. Passwords should NEVER be revealed to anyone, except to parents. They should not be shared even with friends.
8. Photos should NEVER be shared with strangers.
9. Teenagers should avoid meeting online acquaintances except with parental approval.
10. Teenagers should immediately inform parents if anything inappropriate or odd takes place while interacting with others on social networks.
11. E-mails from unknown persons should not be opened as they may contain spam and unsolicited messages. Anti-virus software should be installed.
12. Credit cards of parents should not be used without prior permission to buy goods online. Good should be bought only from reliable sites.
13. Teenagers should observe ‘netiquette’. They should.be polite and should avoid posting mean or nasty comments.
14. Laptops should be used carefully. When their life is over they should be handed over at a place for recycling e-waste.

Question 3.
Your friend has bought her first mobile phone and is asking you for some general advice about the usage of mobile phones. How would you guide her?
Answer:

1. Teenagers should remember that the primary purpose of a mobile phone is to stay in touch with the family. They should yield to peer pressure or make comparisons with those who have fancy gadgets. They should not force parents to buy them expensive phones.
2. Teenagers should discuss with their parents the amount of time they can use the phone daily and the expense involved. They should keep within those limits.
3. Mobile phones should not be used in class. They should either be switched off or kept in silent mode.
4. It is impolite and discourteous to talk loudly over the phone in public places such as movie halls, restaurants, malls and trains.
5. Talking over the mobile, checking mail and sending messages should be completely avoided during formal occasions such as meetings.
6. Talking on the phone while driving, even on Bluetooth, is dangerous and also illegal in most countries. Texting while driving is doubly so.
7. Youngsters should avoid too much texting on the mobile. Excessive texting results invariably in the excessive use of abbreviations. After a while even spoken and written language gets distorted.
8. The use of the phone should be avoided while the battery is being charged as there have been instances of spurious batteries exploding.
9. It is advisable to speak not more than half an hour on the mobile everyday. Mobile phones like laptops, electric hair driers and shavers emit electro magnetic radiation. Some scientific studies have linked the excessive use of talking on mobile phones with a greater incidence of headaches, stress and even brain tumours.
10. It is rude to look into the messages of others or even their list of contacts without their permission.
11. It is advisable to use a password for opening the phone. If the phone is lost the mobile service provider should be informed at once and a police complaint too should be lodged. There have been several instances when stolen SIM cards have been used for criminal purposes.
12. Back up all data such as contacts and photos on a pendrive or as a hard copy on your computer.
13. If the mobile is a “smart phone” and has Internet connectivity, all the guidelines related to the proper use of the Internet should be observed.
14. Avoid using the smart phone for banking and other sensitive transactions in public places having wireless connectivity as data can be compromised.

Question 4.
Describe how privacy and personal safety can be compromised unknowingly by users of the internet. What precautions should one take to avoid becoming a victim of cyber crime?
Answer:
There are many risks involved in visiting social networking sites. Novices to the Internet may not be even aware of these risks. Cyber crimes are steadily increasing by the day and result sometimes in the loss of one’s entire savings and even, occasionally, loss of life.

1. Teenagers should remember that the primary purpose of social networking sites is to stay in touch with friends and family.
2. They should not make friends with strangers or people who promise lucrative jobs like modelling careers or movie roles.
3. Teenagers should discuss with their parents if anyone un – known tries to make “friends” with them on a social net working site.
4. Social networking sites should not be used to post offensive messages about friends or to gossip about others.
5. Personal d fails like address and telephone number and passwords should never be revealed on social networking sites.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 8th Lesson Health and Nutrition Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 8th Lesson Health and Nutrition

Question 1.
Write a short essay about some of the important nutrients that are needed for good health during adolescence, including important sources and effects of deficiency.
(OR)
List out 15 guidelines that should be followed by adolescents regarding food habits and exercise.
Answer:
1) A varied diet is necessary :
A diet which is low in fat, moderately high in carbohydrates and rich in protein is ideal for adolescents.

2) A variety of grains and pulses should be consumed :
A diet containing whole grains, pulses, vegetables, fruits and milk can prevent most deficiency diseases.

3) Fresh vegetables and fruits should be consumed :
Vegetables and fruits must be consumed in plenty as they are rich in nutrients like beta-carotene, folate, calcium, riboflavin and iron.

About 300 grams of vegetables, including 50 grams of green leafy vegetables should be consumed daily. About 100 grams of fruits should be eaten daily.

4) A wide variety of vegetables and fruits should be eaten :
For maximising nutrient benefits of different foods. Fresh amla, guava, banana, certain vegetables such as turnips, citrus fruits like orange and lime, are rich in “Vitamin C”. A natural chemical that prevents heart disease and some kinds of cancer.

5) Milk and meat :
Foods of animal origin like milk and meat should be included in the diet. Vegetarians must use milk as supplement for B₁₂ deficiency.

6) Rich in Iron foods must be eated :
Green leafy vegetables, whole grains and nuts are rich in iron and should be eaten by teenagers, particularly girls.

7) Fried foods must be less :
They increase the risk of obesity, stroke, heart disease, diabetes and also various kinds of cancers.

8) Processed foods should be avoided :
They contain additives like chemical preservatives, colour, excessive salt and sugar.

9) The intake of sugar should be restricted :
The amount of sugar per day should not exceed 90 grams and this includes the sugars that are found naturally in fruits.

Artificial sweetners such as aspartame and sucralose contain less calories than sugar but some studies have shown that they may be harmful and could cause serious health problems if taken regularly.

10) Salt intake should be restricted :
Per day one should use only less than 6 gram. Salt consists of 40% sodium which is harmful and 60% chloride bread also consists of sodium. Excess of Sodium undertake risk of hypertension, Osteoporosis, kidney disease and certain kinds of cancer.

11) 3-4 litres of water every day :
It is essential to take water daily. Water helps to flush out toxins and waste products from the system.

12) Breakfast is the most important meal of the day :
Breakfast should not be skipped. Dosa, upma, idli and paratha are nutritions as they contain variety of grains, pulses and lentils and sometimes vegetables too. Sprouts are also good.

13) Eat a Number of small Meals :
It is preferable to eat a number of small meals rather than two or three heavy ones.

14) Meals should be had at regular timings :
Avoid over-eating, binge eating or prolonged fasting. Crash diets and mono diets should be avoided.

15) Eat in a peaceful Environment :
Leisurely as the body absorbs nutrition best when there is minimum stress. Avoid watching T.V. while eating and instead, relish the food.

Question 2.
Write a short essay about the spread and prevention of communicable diseases.
Answer:
Definition :
The disease that spread from person to person through disease causing organisms such as virus, bacteria, fungus, and protozoa.

The most common ways communicable diseases spread from person to person are

i) Transmission of germs through air :
Sneezing and coughing cause germs to be expelled from nose and these germs may be inhaled by people around.

ii) Contaminated food and water :
Diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid and infective hepatitis spread through the contamination of food and water. Sometimes sewage water gets mixed with drinking water.

iii) Direct and Indirect contact with the infected person :
Diseases like T.B. spread among close members of the family who have prolonged contact with the infected person. Sharing of utensils and bed clothes increase chances of the spread of the disease. Diseases like HIV spread through sexual contact with an infected persons as well as through sharing of syringes and transfusion of blood from an injected person.

iv) Bites from insects and Animals :
Malaria, dengue and chikungunya are spread by the bite of mosquitoes which harbour the parasites.

Precautions to prevent spread of commuicable diseases :
i) Wash hands frequently :
It is the best single step can give substantial protection against infectious diseases.

ii) Handle and prepare food safely :
Food should be prepared and served in a hygienic manner. Sometimes a person may be a silent carrier of a disease, without personally suffering any symptoms. “Typhoid Mary”, a silent carrier of typhus germs, infected nearly 50 persons in the U.S. during her career as a cook. 3 of her victims died of the disease.

iii) Keep the house and office clean :
Studies house shown that the vegetable cutting board and the office computer may contain more germs them toilet seat. The kitchen and bath rooms in particular, should be disinfected regularly. Houses should be mosquito proofed, if possible.

iv) Do not let water stagnate :
Water should not be allowed to stagnate in any area as it can become a breeding place for mosquitoes.

v) Do not share personal items :
Personal articles like tooth brushes, combs, towels and razors should not be shared.

vi) Cover your mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing :
If we do so we can prevent transmission of germs.

vii) Remain home when sick :
One should remain at home only for few days if they are suffering from diseases like chickenpox or typhoid.

viii) Drink purified water and eat in hygienic places :
Water should be boiled or purified inorder to kill germs. Eating bajjis and chaats at wayside bandis must be curbed in winter atleast.

ix) Do not spit or urinate in public places :
Diseases like diarrohoea and T.B. spread rapidly in such unhygenic conditions.

x) Dispose of garbage carefully :
Garbage and kitchen waste should not be thrown out in the open should be disposed of in a hygienic manner.

xi) Take proper care of pets :
Pets should be kept clean and should be regularly vaccinated against rabies and other diseases.

xii) Take all required vaccines :
Several communicable diseases can be prevented by taking vaccines which lend immunity against the particular disease.

xiii) Safe sex practices :
H.I.V/AIDS, Syphilis, Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea are example of unsafe sex. Prostitutes and drug addicts are high risk group for STDs.

xiv) Eat nutritious food :
Nutritious food keeps the body strong and builds immunity to various diseases.

Question 3.
What are the causes of risk behaviour among adolescents and how can such behaviour be checked?
Answer:
Adolescence is commonly referred to as the “troubled teens”. Teenagers sometimes display poor self-control, judgement, and decision making. Some of the risky and reckless behaviours among the teens are

i) Incomplete development of the brain :
The part of the brain which is responsible for problem solving and decision making, is not fully developed during adolescence.

ii) Spurt in hormones :
Many hormones are secreted during adolescence, such as adrenal stress hormones, growth hormones and sex hormones such as testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone. These harmones influence mood and behaviour. A small argument can flare up into an ugly incident of stabbing.

iii) Peer pressure :
Peer pressure and approval greatly influence teen behaviour. It has been observed that teens indulge in more risk taking in the company of their peers.

Assertion of individuality :
Adolesecence is a time when youngsters wish to assert themselves by an open defiance of authority. It is thrilling to do something that is prohibited and to test the limits of one s skills or endurances.

How to Avoid Risk:
i) Support of Parents and Teachers:

1. The teen receives lone and support from the parents and other family members.
2. The teen feels free to talk to his parents and share his innermost thoughts.
3. The teen has access to other adults with whom he can discuss his problems.
4. Parents play an active role in the teen’s academic and extra curricular activities.
5. The school / college is a place where the teen feels at ease and can seek the advice of teachers.

ii) Boundaries Laid down by parents:

1. Parents lay down standards for appropriate behaviour.
2. Parents discipline the child when rules are broken.
3. Parents are aware of the movements of the teen and the company he keeps.
4. Parents ensure that the number of outings and the time spent does not cross a reasonable limit.
5. Parents have an idea about the activities of the teen on the internet.

Structured Time use :

1. The teenager should be actively encouraged to pursue a hobby such as music or painting.
2. The teen should participate in a sport like cricket or football at least thrice a week.
3. Interesting home assignments should be given at school to keep the teen occupied productively.
4. The teen can take up some part time course to improve his skills. It could be an online course.
5. The teen should be encouraged to take up some community or social work with friends, say volunteering to teach slum children twice a week or participating in a door to door campaign about creating awareness about proper garbage disposal.

Question 4.
Discuss the effects of substance abuse. How can substance abuse be prevented.
Answer:

1. Substance abuse can cause neurological, respiratory and cardio – vascular damage, depending on the type of drug, dosage, frequency and individual factors.
2. It can also lead to frightening psychological effects like hallucinations.
3. Initially a small dose of the substance is enough to. give a high or feeling of euphoria but later increasingly large amounts of the substance may be needed to experience the same intensity of sensation or experience.
4. Often multiple drugs are combined and used with alcohol. This is far more dangerous than taking a single drug.
5. Sudden stopping of the abused substance gives rise to withdrawal symptoms which may be unbearable, such as tremors, severe depression, seizures and in extreme cases, even death.
6. Risk behaviour increases when drugs are taken and may result in fatal injuries. It is common for example, for accidents to take place when people drive under the influence of alcohol.
7. Drug addicts may have several sexual partners and this increases the likelihood of contracting STDs.
8. It is not just the individual but the family and also society that are impacted by substance abuse.
9. Poor academic and work performance, dropping out of school or college, inability to hold a job, stress in relationships and break up of marriage, inability to meet family or societal obligations, these are just a few of the effects of drug abuse.

Prevention of substance Abuse among teens:

1. The earlier a person indulges in substance abuse the greater is the chance of becoming an addict.
2. It is important therefore to prevent substance abuse from childhood itself.
3. Prevention is effected at three levels. Primary, secondary and teritary.
4. At the primary level the aim is to reduce incidence at the secondary level, the aim is to reduce. Prevalence while at the teritary level the focus is on treatment and rehabilitation.
5. The family, school, community and neighbourhood can play a crucial role in inculcating good values in adolescents and ensuring that teens are sensitised to the dangers of substance abuse.
6. The individual should develop enough self-worth and selfconfidence to be able to refuse drugs even if pressurised by friends.
7. In recent years the Government of India has prohibited advertisements relating to liquor and cigarettes on TV and has also prohibited the glorification such substances in movies.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 7th Lesson Professional Ethics Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 7th Lesson Professional Ethics

Question 1.
Enumerate some ethical norms that should be followed by teachers and doctors.
Answer:
Teachers should observe certain ethical Norms such as :

1. A true teacher is a lifelong learner. He should never feel that he knows everything or that he is so experienced that he can go without preparation to the class.
2. A teacher should be sensitive by calling him stupid, “dumb”, etc. This can have a crippling effect on the child. The child may be demoralized, sink into depression and, in extreme cases even commit suicide.
3. A good teacher draws out the best from each child.
4. The teacher should try to avoid punishment as far as possible. Punishment can be in the form of imposition. Corporal punishment should be avoided at all costs as not only is it ethically unacceptable but is also against the law.
5. The teacher should be a role model who inspires the respect of the students. Her dress and mode of inter-action with students as well as colleagues should be beyond reproach. If a teacher frequently uses her mobile phone in class, she loses the moral authority to reprimand students when they do the same.
6. The teacher should strive to be a friend, philospher and guide to students. The relationship with students continues beyond the classroom. The teacher should be ready to listen patiently to the problems and difficulties of students, whether related to academics or pertaining to their personal life. Teachers can play a stabilizing role in the life of students by showing tolerance, sympathy and compassion.

Important duties of physicians include :

1. Treating patients to the best of one’s ability and judgement and offering the best standards of treatment.
2. Refraining from causing harm to the patient.
3. Refraining from performing or aiding abortion and euthanasia, (mercy killing)
4. Refraining from any form of corruption or impropriety with patients, particularly women.
5. Maintaining confidentiality about the problems and diseases of patients.
6. Placing the interest of the patient above one’s own interest.
7. Leaving surgeries and specilized care to those who are trained in those fields.

Question 2.
What are some of the ethical practices that should be adopted by politicians and the police?
Answer:
Politicians:

1. Personal integrity and impeccable standards of morality.
2. Commitment to the welfare of the people.
3. Thorough grasp of the problems and issues that concern the people.
4. Efficient allocation and utilization of funds and resources.
5. Speedy implementation of welfare and developmental schemes.
6. Courage to withstand external influences and internal party pressures.
7. Innovative thinking and problem solving.
8. conforming to the laws, including those related to election funding and accounts.
9. Shunning corruption, nepotism and misuse of power.
10. Compassion for people, particularly the under privileged and weak sections of society and respect for women.
11. Maintaining the highest standards of property, fairness and decorum in the legislative assembly, parliament and government offices as well as in public.

Police :

1. Affirm allegiance to the constitution of India and respect the rights of all citizens.
2. Be ready to lay down life in the line of duty.
3. Enforce all laws without questioning their property or need.
4. Enforce the law strictly without fear or favour, malice or vindictiveness.
5. Use discretion in the use of force. Force should be resorted to only when persuasion, advice and warnings fail.
6. Function within their limits and not usurp the powers of the judiciary by meting out punishment to the guilty.
7. Strive to prevent crime in the first place, rather than solve it.
8. Remember that they too are members of the public. /
9. Earn the confidence and respect of the members of the public, without whose co-operation it would be difficult to discharge the various duties.
10. Be sympathetic and responsive to all members of the public, both rich and poor. Be particularly considerate to the under privileged and to women.
11. Be courteous and pleasant in dealing with the public.
12. Be irreproachable in private life by maintaining high standades of honesty and integrity.

Question 3.
The highest standards of morality should be observed by those in the Civil Services and the Judiciary. Do you agree?
Answer:
The civil services encompass a wide range of services at the Central as well as the state level. Thus apart from IAS and IPS, we have the Indian Foreign Service, Indian Forest Service, Accounts and Audit Service, Railway Service, Health Service, Engineering Service, Postal Service.

Civil Servant must follow :

1. Discharge official duty with responsibility, honesty accountability and without discrimination based on caste, creed, gender or religion.
2. Ensure effective management, leadership and development.
3. Avoid misuse of official position or information.
4. Serve as instruments of good governance and foster social and economic development.

The Draft Public Services Bill 2007 :

1. Patriotism and national pride.
2. Allegiance to the constitution.
3. Objectivity, impartiality, honesty, diligence, courtesy and transparency are the three important area where the public servant should be guided.

The qualities of the Civil Servant :
i) Integrity :
Civil servants should be guided in their decisions solely by pubjic interest, they should not make personal profit by accepting money and other favours.

ii) Impartiality :
Decisions should be based on the merit alone.

iii) Commitment to public service :
Service should be rendered in a fair, effective and courteous manner.

iv) Accountability :
Civil servants are accontable for their decisions and should be willing to subject themselves to scruting.

v) Devotion to duty :
Civil servants should show unstinting devotion towards their duties and responsibilities.

vi) Exemplary behaviour :
Civil servants should be a model of good behaviour.

Ethical standards thai an advocate should observe :

1. The dignity of the court should be maintained under all circumstances.
2. He should not communicate with the judge in private or use influence or coercion.
3. He should not do anything illegal while dealing with opposite party.
4. He should refuse to represent clients who insist on unfair or improper means.
5. The reputation of the opposite party should not be damaged on false grounds.
6. If the judge is close relative, the advocate should not plead the case.
7. The advocate should not appear in any case where there is a conflict of interest. He should not represent establishments of which he is a member.
8. He should not stand surety for the client.
9. He should not appear in a case where he himself is a witness.
10. He should uphold the interest of the client irrespective of his personal opinions.
11. He should not suppress material evidence.
12. He should not advertise or solicit work.

Special qualities that a judge should possess are :

1. He should be a model of integrity and propriety.
2. He should have vast knowledge, particularly with reference to the laws of the land.
3. He should be unprejudiced and impartial and not be influenced by his personal opinions.
4. He should not show discrimination on the grounds of caste, creed, religion, gender etc.
5. He should use discretion and insight in interpreting laws jn the present day context.
6. He should be incorruptible and fearless.
7. He should not allow unethical practices, such as adjourments on flimsy grounds.
8. He should show compassion and have abundant patience.
9. He should not have affiliations to political parties.
10. He should have the courage to pass strictures against the Government, if warranted, and show no fear in dealing with cases relating to corruption or impropriety in high places.

Question 4.
Write an essay on ethical practices that should be followed in Corporate Management and business.
Answer:
Ethics in Management:

1. Business Ethics Management System is a “set of interdependent policies, processes and procedures that a company uses to conduct its operations legally, ethically and consistent with its values”.
2. Ethical issues include the rights and duties between a company and its employees, customers or clients, shareholders, – competitors and the general public.
3. It encompasses diverse areas and issues such as protection of the environment, employee welfare measures, fair trade practices and marketing strategies, transparency about potential health risks.

Ethics in Business :

1. Children should not be employed. In fact, child labour is not only unethical but illegal.
2. Adequate wages should be paid to workers and medical facilities provided.
3. The product being sold should meet the requirements of the client.
4. Quality control should be maintained. A contractor should not use bricks or sand of inferior quality.
5. Goods should be weighed correctly. Traders often cheat customers by using inaccurate weighing scales.
6. Harmful colours and preservatives to make food items attractive should be avoided.
7. Artificial scarcity of goods should not be created.
8. Defective goods should be replaced without harassing the customer.
9. False claims should not be made about a product.
10. Pollution and degradation of natural resources should be avoided.

Question 5.
Write an essay on ethical practices that should be followed in general by people of all professions.
Answer:
i) Ethics in corporate Management :
Many companies framed social responsibility charters and declared their commitment to ethical practices of conducting business. The famous philosopher says “All for ourselves, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of man kind”.

ii) Ethics in Business, Industry, Finance, Sales :
It is not just large corporate houses that should follow a model code of ethics and social responsibility. Whether one is a businessman or a salesman or a contractor or a tailor, one should adopt ethical practices at work. Profit should not be the sole motivating factor.

iii) Ethics in Eductation :
According to Abdul Kalam “If a country is to be free of corruption and a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher”.

Teachers are expected to maintain high standards of morality, besides being good at their subject.

Education has become a commodity, to be sold at a premium. SchoQls and colleges have been reduced to coaching centres and the emphasis is on providing intensive training in certain subjects only.

iv) Ethics in Civil Services :
It is system of Parliamentary democracy of India, the ministers are the elected representatives of the people and are the vested with the responsibility of running the administration of country.

However, as ministers are not well-versed with the intricacies of administration they mainly focus on making executive decisions. It is the civil servants who are entrusted with the onerous task of implementing the details of policy.

The civil servants should discharge their duties with responsibility, honesty, accountability and without discrimination based on caste, creed, gender or religion.

v) Ethics in politics :
According to Muhammand Iqbal “Nations are born in the hearts of poets, they prosper and die in the hands of politicians”.

According to Nikita “Politicians are the same all over. They promise to build bridges even when there are no rivers”.

According to John F. Kennedy “Ask not what country can do for you, Ask what you can do for the country”. These inspiring message should be followed by citizens as well as politicians.

vi) Ethics in Medicine :
Doctors in India have been accorded the highest status and reverence in India since times immemorial. “Vaidyo narayano hari” goes the saying, an affirmation that Doctors are living forms of Gods.

Many Doctors today charge lot of fees, prescribe unnecessary tests or refer patients to several specialists and “super specialists” even for simple ailments.

Besides, it is difficult to resist the allure of expensive gifts and exotic holidays dangled by medical companies before the doctor for prescribing; whether needed or not medicines or that particular company. These unethical practices should be curbed.

vii) Ethics in Police :
The core functions of the police include enforcing the law, maintaining peace, and protecting the life, property, and rights of all citizens. The Ministry of Home Affairs, India, laid down a model code of conduct for the police in 1985. Accordingly, the police are expected to follow some ethics.

It is essential to identify and remove the black sheep in the police force. It is also imperative that the police force is given a measure of autonomy and is freed from the influence of the rich and politically influential sections of society.

viii) Ethics in Judiciary and Legal Services :
Advocate Act, of 1961 lays down rules on the professional and ethical standards that an advocate should observe, some ethical values.

Judges are vested with duties of great responsibility and hold offices of public trust. An independent and fearless Judiciary is essential for democracy to flourish.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 6th Lesson Religious and Cultural Values Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 6th Lesson Religious and Cultural Values

Question 1.
Write an essay on the tenents and ethical values in Hinduism or Islam?
Answer:
Hinduism:

1. There are six orthodox system in Hindu Philosophy.
2. They are Nyaya, Visashika, Samkhya, Yogi, Poorva Mimansa and Uttara Mimansa.
3. The term “Upanishad” means sitting near to receive sacred teaching.
4. Of the 108 Upanishads that are extant, 12 are considered the principal ones, including the Katha Upanishad, Kena, Isha, Prasna, Chandogya, Mandukya and Aitareya.
5. The Bhagvadgita, set in the narrative frame work of the Mahabharat, is composed of 700 verses spread over 18 chapters.
6. The Gita’s message of selfless action is a source of perennial inspiration and is relevant for all ages and times.
7. The Ramayana is one of the most sacred epics of Hinduism. Written by Valmiki, it consists of 24,000 verses in seven books.
8. Rama, considered by Hindus as the incarnation of Lord Vishnu, embodies the 16 qualities of an ideal man.
9. The Mahabharatha is the longest epic in the world. Writen by Vyasa, it consists of 1,00,000 siokas.
10. It centres on the struggle for sovereignty between the Pandavas and Kauravas, who were consins, and the ensuing battle of Kurukshatra.
11. The epic is a treatise on Dharma and contains myriad small stories within stories.
12. The AranyaParva, in which Yuddhishtaraanswers the queries of the Yaksha arid is an exposition on values and ethics.

Core Beliefs of Hinduism :

1. Belief in the divinity or vedas.
2. Lord Brahma brings about creation. Lord Vishnu maintains the universe and Lord Shiva represents the principle of dissolution and recreation.
3. An individual creates his own destiny by his thoughts, words and deeds. This law of cause and effect is called Karma.
4. Every soul evolves through a series of births and deaths until all Karmas have been resolved.
5. A master or a guru is essential to follow the right path.
6. All must follow the practice of non-injury or ahimsa.
7. There may be several ways to. salvation, including Bhakti marga, Gnan marga and Karma Yoga marg.
8. AdiSankaracharya, the founder of a ‘Advita Philosophy’ proclaimed the Jeeva and Paramatma are identical. Madhva- charya, the expent of ‘Dvaita Philosphy’ declared that the two are eternally different and Ramanujacharya, the founder of Visishtadvaita proclaimed that the two are different and yet not different.

Islamic :
The true Muslim believes in the following articles of faith.

1. He believes in one God, Supreme and Eternal, Infinite and Mighty, Merciful and Compassionate, Creator and Provider. This belief, in order to be effective, requires complete trust and hope in God, submission to his will and reliance on his aid. It secures man’s dignity and saves him from fear and despair, from guilt and confusion.
2. He believes in all the messengers of God without any discrimination among them. The messengers the great teachers of the good and champions of right.
3. The true Muslim believes in all the scriptures and revelations of God.
4. The true Muslim believes that the angels of God are spiritual and splendid beings. They have no physical desire of any kind nor material needs.
5. The true Muslim believes in the last Day of Judgement. This world will come to an end some day and the dead will rise to stand for their final and fair trail.
6. The true Muslim believes in the knowledge of God and His power to plan and execute His plans. God is not indifferent to this world nor is He neutral it. His knowledge and power are in action at Jill times to keep order in His vast domain and maintain full command over His creations.

Question 2.
Write an essay about the important teachings and values in Buddhism or Jainism.
Answer:
Buddhism :

1. Buddhism is a religion which originated in India in the 6th century B.C.
2. It is a nontheist religion as there is no belief in a supreme being or God.
3. It is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, . commonly known as the Buddha Enlightened one.
4. There are two schools of Buddhism – Theravada and Mahayana both of which spread throughout – various countries in Asia.

The four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path:

They are :
i) Dukha :
There is Dukha or suffering.

ii) Dukha Samudhaya :
There is a cause for suffering. Wants or desires are the reason for suffering. In a larger sense, Ignorance is the root of all suffering.

iii) Dukh Nirodha :
Suffering can be stopped.

iv) Dukha Nirodha Marga :
There is a way to stop suffering.

In Buddhism Samsara is defined as continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that takes place because of the ignorance of the being.

Buddhism advocates the adherence to five precepts. These are not in the nature of commandments with the threat of punishment if violated. Buddhists are expected to.

i) Avoid taking the life of beings :
Allbeings have a right should be respected. Buddha did not advocate vegetarianism but said that animals should not be killed for the sake of meat. Mahayana Buddhists, however are strict vegetarians.

ii) Avoid taking things not given :
A person should not steal or take anything not intended for him.

iii) Avoid sensual misconduct :
Any overinduigence of the flesh should be avoided, including greed and gluttony.

iv) Refrain from false speech :
One should avoid telling lies or saying things that may harm another.

v) Abstain from substances that cause intoxication and heedlessness :
One should refrain from alcohol and drugs.

Jainism:

1. Jainism is an ancient Indian religion which lays great emphasis on the principle of ahimsa or non-violence towards all living beings and equality among all forms of life.
2. The word Jainism is derived from Jin, which means “to conquer”.
3. Those who are successful in achieving self control and detachment are called Jinas.
4. Vardhamaa Mahavira is most influential teacher of Jainism.
5. Jainism proclaims that the universe was never created nor will it cease to exist. It is independent and self-suffient.
6. The cosmic wheel of time, called Kalachakra rotates without a pause. It is divided into two halves Utsarpini and Avasarpini.
7. Jainism lays a lot of emphasis on self cOntrok Ascetics are expected to follow more rigorous standards of self control. They have to undertake five major vows which include.

a) Ahimsa :
The ascetic vows not to harm other living beings, either intentionally or unintentionally.

b) Satya :
Truth must be followed at all times. In a situation where speaking the truth could lead to violence, silence is to be observed.

c) Asteya :
This implies not only refraining from theft but not accepting anything that is not willingly offered.

d) Brahmacharya :
Control over the senses should be exercised.

e) Aparigraha :
The word means non-possessiveness. Detachment from people and objects should be developed.

f) Prayer and Meditation :
Jainism places a lot of importance on meditation. It is believed that meditation helps one to control passions and thoughts. The type of meditation practised by Jains is called Samayika.

g) Fasting :
Fasting, particulary during festivals, is an important practice in Jainism. A unique ritual in Jainism is a holy fast into death called Sallekhana or Santhara.

Question 3.
Write an essay about the important teachings and values in Sikhism or Christianity.
Answer:
Sikhism:

1. Guru Nanak asserted that while realization of truth is important is truthful living.
2. Spiritual and secular life are interwined in Sikhism as asceticism is discouraged.
3. A life of purity, self-control and truthfulness is deemed superior to a purely contemplative life.
4. Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru, stated succinctly that the temporal or “Miri” and the spiritual or “Piri” realms should co-exist.
5. Guru Nanak emphasized the concept of service.
6. Seva or service is an important as Simran.
7. He established the system of the Langar or community kitchen which symbolizes the spirit of sharing and equality.
8. Even today the langar is an integral part of the gurudwara, the place of worship of sikhs.
9. People of all faiths are welcome. Sikhs are expected to serve humanity with their “tan”, “man” and “dhan”, i.e., body, mind and weath.
10. Sikhism delcares that all men are created equal and shuns discrimination based on caste, creed or gender. Women are accorded equal rights as men.

Christianity :

1. Christianity is the world’s largest religion with approximately 2.2 billion followers.
2. It is a monothesitic religion based on the life and teaching of Jesus as presented in the New Testament of the Bible.
3. Christians refer to Jesus as Christ or the Messiah, the promised saviour.
4. Christianity began as a Jewish sect, in the mid-lst century and gradually spread to the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization.

The main points include.

1. Belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the son of God and the Holy Spirit.
2. The death, resurrection and ascension of Christ.
3. Christ’s second coming, the Day of Judgement and Salvation of the faithful.

Ten commandments :
These commandments were inscribed by God on two stone tablets and given to Mosses on Mount Sinai. They include,

1. I am the Lord thy God. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
2. Thou shalt not make unto any graven image.
3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain.
4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.
5. Honour thy father and thy mother.
6. Thou shalt not kill.
7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.
8. Thou shalt not steed.
9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.
10. Thou shalt not cover thy neighbour’s house.

Question 4.
Discuss the need for religious tolerance. Enumerate some of the important concepts of any religion you admire.
Answer:

1. Religion is the foundation of ethical life. It is natural for every person to take pride in his religion and feel it is the best.
2. In a democracy people of all faiths have the freedom to follow the religion of their choice.
3. However, this does not give one the right to look down on other religions or treat people of other religions with contempt or suspicion as this will lead to social disharmony and unrest.
4. In India, people of different religions, castes, tribes, sects live together.
5. They should understand the essence of all religions and realize that religion helps to lead a value based life.
6. The essence of all religions is the same.
7. A religion is defined as a particular system of faith and worship. It often involves the belief in and worship of a super human controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
8. The predominant religions of the world are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism. Other Religions that are followed are Jainism, Judaism, Bahai, Taoism and Confucianism.
9. India is the birth place of several religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.
10. About 80% of India’s population comprises Hindus.
11. The second most dominant religion is Islam which is followed by about 13% of the population.
12. Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are other religions that are practised in India. India is a secular country and citizens enjoy the freedom to practise the religion of their choice.
13. Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world. It is the dominant religion in India and consists of several diverse traditions, notably, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Saktism.
14. Major scriptures include the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagvad Gita.
15. The term Hindu was originally a geographic term and referred to people who lived beyond the river Sindhu or Indus.
16. The term Hiuduism was introduced in the 19^th century to denote the religious, philosophical and cultural traditions followed in India.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 5th Lesson Environmental Concerns Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 5th Lesson Environmental Concerns

Question 1.
Discuss the importance of natural resources like land, trees, air, water and animals and why we should have respect for the natural environment.
Answer:
Natural resources are a) Land b) Trees c) Air d) Water e) Animals.

Land :
Land resources refer to the upper crust or earth’s terristrial surface. It is the original and indestructible power of the soil. According to the Indian tradition land is treated as mother Goddess “Bhoomatha”. This refers to theimportance of land and utmost care we have to take to protect the land just like our mother.

Trees :
Trees form an integral part of the environment. They replenish the air we breathe. Birds providing shelter, they are the main source of fuel. Trees play an important role in the reduction of soil erosion.

Trees release moisture during transpiration thus resulting in rains. Trees cool the environment through water evaporation. Trees cycle water up form the soil and back into the air. In Indian tradition, Tree is a worshipped as the Goddess called “Vanadevatha”.

Air :
All living organisms on the earth need air to live. This air is a life standing factor. It is an inexhaustible natural resource that contains a mixture of gases such as Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbondioxide and other minute gases.

Water :
We all know that water is essential for life. About 71% of the earth’s surface is concerned with water. India has rich water bodies like rivers, ponds, lakes etc, with such abundent sources of water around still we are falling lot of water problem. This is due to careless usage of water and negligence towards conservation. In Indian tradition water is treated as the Goddess “Ganga Matha”.

Animals :
Animals, irrespective of their sizes and shapes, also form as important component of our environment. Eco system cannot function without the activity of the animals. Domestic animals like cows and goats this source of nutritions food like milk and meat. Sheep are the source of wool.

In Indian tradition cow is worshipped as “Gomatha” Snake as “Naga Devatha”.

Respect for Natural Environment:

1. According to the ancient Indian Philosophy, the universe is made up of five elements, they are : a) Bhumi [Earth], Jala [water], Agni [Fire], Vayu [Air] and Akasha [Space]. These five elements are called Panchabhutas.
2. It is believed that the body of all animals and humans is composed of these elements and is essential that these elements should remain in balance.
3. Imbalance these elements will result in natural disasters.
4. Hence the Natural Environment should be respected and always kept in balance.
5. Earthquakes, Hurricanes, Tsunamis, Forest fires are resultant disasters due to the deviation from the ecological balance.
6. Thus we are exhorted to worship the natural resources and animals as the representative of God.
7. There is a Scientific bases for such a belief.
8. It is only by developing respect for our environment, we can maintain ecological balance and biodiversity.

Question 2.
Describe some unethical practices which have led to the degradation of natural resources.
Answer:
A) Depletion of Natural Resources:

1. Depletion is the use of natural resources faster than it is replenished.
2. Human beings are exploiting natural resources ruthlessly for their own benefit.
3. They are not bothered about the effects of the depletion of natural resources on future generations.

B) Soil Erosion :

1. Erosion is the process by which soil and rocks are removed from the earth’s surface, wind or water flow and then transported and deposited in other locations.
2. While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased the rate of erosion by 10 to 40 times.
3. Excessive erosion causes problems such as desertification, decrease in agricultural productivity due to land degradation, sedimentation of water ways and ecological collapse due to loss of nutrient rich upper soil layers.

c) Deforestation:

1. Deforestation occurs when humans clear or remove large areas of forest lands.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons. Trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removed of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity.
4. Lack of forest management and deficient environment laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale.

C) Mining:

1. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth.
2. Mining of stone and metal has been carried out of since pre-historic times.
3. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of profit potential of proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials and final reclamation of the land after mine is closed.
4. The environmental impact of mining include erosion, loss of biodiversity and contamination of soil, ground water and surface water by chemicals from mining processes.
5. Besides environmental damage, the contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals also affects the health of local population.

D) Pollution:

1. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
2. Pollution can take the form of chemical substance or energy, such as noise, heat or light.
3. Pollutants, the components of pollution can be either foreign substances, energies or naturally occuring contaminants.
4. Pollution takes place in various forms such as Air pollution, Water pollution, Sound pollution, Soil pollution.

E) Air Pollution:

1. The main source of air pollution is the chemicals that are released in air by large industries while burning fossil fuels for the production of energy.
2. Chemical compounds like oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are released into air where they remain suspended for a long time.
3. The inhalation of polluted air causes various respiratory problems and also contributes to diseases like lung cancer.
4. Further, the use of CFCs has led to the depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere.
5. The Ozone layer offers a protective shield to living organisms on earth as it blocks the harmful effects of the ultra violet rays of the sun.

F) Water Pollution :

1. The main cause of the contamination of water is the release of effluents by industries into rivers, lakes.
2. The discharge of effluents in rivers by tannerie’s and textile mills has polluted the Ganges.
3. The Clean Ganga Project is one of the election promises made by the Modi Government.
4. Citizens can do their bit for cleaner water bodies by bathing, washing clothes in them.
5. Drinking of water which is contaminated can cause irreparable damage to health, including stomach and liver problems, besides neurological problems.

G) Noise Pollution:

1. Excessive noise in the environment is not just an irritant but can cause immense neurological damage to humans as well as animals.
2. The chief sources of noise pollution are heavy machinery, vehicles playing on roads as well as aeroplanes, and burning of crackers.
3. Hearing loss, increase in blood pressure, migraine attacks and neurological damage are some of the effects of noise pollution.

Question 3.
Describe some measures to check soil erosion and deforestation.
Answer:
Measures to prevent Soil Erosion :

1. Plants slow down the rain water as it flows over the land and this allows much of the rain to soak into the ground.
2. Plant roots hold the soil in position and prevent if from being washed away.
3. Plants break the impact of the rain before it hits soil, thus reducing, it’s ability to erode the soil.
4. Plants in wetlands and on the banks of the rivers are of particular importance as they slowdown of the water and their roots bind the soil, thus preventing erosion.

Prevention of Soil Erosion :

1. Use of contour ploughing and windbreaks.
2. Organic matter binds the soil particles together and plays an important part is preventing erosion.
3. Avoiding overgrazing and over use of crop lands.
4. Encouraging biological diversity by planting severed different types of plants together.
5. Conservation of wet lands.
6. Intensive cropping and use of proper drainage canals.
7. Terracing the sloping fields as their retards the speed of the flowing water.
8. Planting trees and sowing different kinds of grasses.
9. Carrying out extensive afforestation practices.

Control of Deforestation :

1. If at all deforestation is inevitable, elsewhere reforestation should be taken up.
2. If one tree is cut two should be planted.
3. New methods of cultivation towards high-yields in small areas should be developed.
4. Good forest management techniques should be incorporated.
5. Rewards should be announced to those who take measures to conserve trees.
6. Forests should be kept under the care of strict and non corrupt officers.

Question 4.
Write short notes of about 50 words each of the following.
a) Pollution
b) Use of plastics in daily life
c) Pesticides and Alternatives
d) Eco-Clubs.
Answer:
a) Pollution:

1. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse effect.
2. The components of pollution are known as pollutants.
3. Pollution takes place in various forms such as Air pollution, Water pollution, Sound pollution, Soil pollution.
4. Pollution causes great harm to the environment.
5. Ozone layer is debited to a larger extent due to the harmful pollutants like CFC, aerosols etc. The inhelation of polluted air causes serious respiratory problems.
6. The contamination of water due to release of effluents by industries air hazardous to health.
7. Soil pollution spoils the vegetation which causes heavy loss to environment.
8. Exessive noise in the environment is not just an iritant but also cause neurological damage.

b) Use of Plastic in daily life:

1. Plastics are polymers of high molecular weight.
2. Plastic is one of the chemical materials that poses serious environmental problems.
3. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene are largely used in the manufacture of plastics.
4. Plastic is non-bio degradable and thus it remains in the environment for decades.
5. We can use cloth bags instead of plastic bags. Recycling and re-using are best practices to reduce plastics.

c) Pesticides and Alternatives:

1. A pesticide is any substance that is used to kill or control any form of plant or animal that is considered to be pests.
2. Pesticides include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, disin-fectants.
3. Due to the over usage of pesticides, which are nothing but the chemicals, there are entering into human or animals through diets that causes ill-health.
4. Studies have shown that farmers who used insecticides experienced headache, fatigue, dizziness and other neuro-logical problems.
5. Using biotic pest controls such as microbial pesticides.
6. Implemations genetic engineering methods, Applying composted waste, following corprotation method, are alternative to pesticides.

d) Eco-Clubs :

1. Eco-clubs play an important role in creating environmental awareness amongst the future generations.
2. Some of the activities that are suggested for Eco-clubs are
   a) Organise seminars, debates and lectures on environmental issues in the institution.
   b) Compaign against plastic carry bags.
   c) Organise rallies, marches, human chains with view to spread environmental awareness.
   d) Maintaining of public places like parks and gardens both within and outside the college campus.
   e) Other innovative programmes on environmental issues like biodiversity.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 4th Lesson Life Skills Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 4th Lesson Life Skills

Question 1.
What are life Skills? Discuss the benefits and ways to improve skills related to Goal Setting, Problem Solving, Decision Making and Time Management.
Answer:

1. Life skills refers to the skills usually associated with managing and leading a better quality of life.
2. Life skills are defined by UNICEF as psychological abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life.
3. Life skills are behaviours used approximately and responsibly for the management of personal affairs.

1) Goal Setting :

1. Goal setting is a powerful process for planning one’s ideal future and for motivating oneself to turn one’s vision of the future into reality.
2. Effective goal setting is essential to achieve our goals in a successful, manner by taking right actions in less time.
3. Some goals, such as health goals, need to be ongoing ones, so establish a daily routine. In order to maintain good health your habits must be accordingly
4. A great tool for keeping you focused is to maintain a journal or work book. Go over it regularly as a reference and to remind yourself about what you want to accomplish.
5. Many Successful people, especially atheltes, swear by both these techniques. It is important to see yourself accomplishing a goal before you actually do so.

Benefits of Setting Goals:

1. Give a big picture direction to your life goals.
2. Help keep you organized and focused.
3. Build self – confidence and sense of accomplishment.
4. Help you achieve success more efficiently in less time.
5. Make small day to day tasks more meaningful and purposeful.

2) Problem Solving :
Problem solving consists of using methods in an orderly manner for finding solutions to the problems. Planing and structuring will help make the problem solving process more likely to the successful.

Problem Solving Steps:

1. Firstly detect the problem recognize the nature of the problem.
2. Structure the problem through a period of observation, careful inspection, fact finding and developing a clear picture.
3. Look for possible solutions by generating range of possible courses of action select the best solution for implementation.

Decision Making :
People have to make decision all the time, some more important than others.

Regardless of the effort that is put into making a decision, it has to be accepted that some decisions will not be the best possible choice.

Decision making is the act of choosing between two or more courses of action. That may not be correct decision but may be a better decision according to information availability.

Steps for Decision Making in a groups:

1. List all the possible solutions available in the problem-solving process.
2. Before making a decision take account of time and be clear who is responsible for the decision.
3. Gather all relevant information and take care of it updation and accuracy on which to make the decision.
4. Take note of risks involved in decision making.
5. Evaluate the pros and cons of each possible solution or option by considering the possible advantages and disadvantages.
6. Finally make a decision and implement it and review it for the sake of better decision next time.

4) Time Management :
Time Management is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control are the amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity.

Strategies for Time Management:

1. The application of time management have proven to be effective for good study habits.
2. Jot down the best block of time for your work and prepare a to-do list.
3. Dedicated study places can help you to maximize your concentration.
4. Review your time schedule weekly.
5. Don’t deviate from your work for unnecessary activities.
6. Identify and utilize your resources properly to save our energy and live.
7. Review after accomplishing the schedule.

Question 2.
How can one improve Self Esteem and Self Confidence? Discuss the importance of stress Management.
Answer:
I) Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence:

1. Self-esteem is a term used in psychology to reflect a person’s overall emotional evaluation of his own worth. It is a Judgement of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self.
2. The positive or negative life experiences are undergoes create attitudes towards the self, which can be favourable and help to develop positive feelings of self-worth, or can be unfavourable and contribute to negative feelings of self-worth.

Measures to improve Self-Esteem and Self Confidence :

1. Try to stop having negative thoughts about yourself.
2. Aim for accomplishments rather the perfection.
3. View mistakes and failures as learning opportunities.
4. Try New things.
5. Plan and set goals keep track of your progress.
6. Recognize what you can change and what you cannot.
7. Do exercise to avoid stress and to fell confident.
8. Have fun for relaxation.
9. High Self-Esteem leads to Self-Confidence.

So feeling good can build confidence within yourself.

2) Stress Management:

1. Stress management refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person’s level of stress.
2. Stress produce numerous problems which can vary according to persons, situations and severity. The process of stress management is named as one of keys to a happy and successful life in modern society.

Strategies for Stress Management:

1. Avoid unnecessary stress by saying no to work that is beyond your capability and by avoiding people, situations and talks that precipitate or cause stress.
2. Alter the situation by expressing your feelings instead of bottiling them up.
3. Modify the facts causing stress. Reframe the problem through a positive approach.
4. Accept the things you cannot change.
5. “What does not kill us makes us stronger” when facing major challenges try to look at setbacks as opportunities for personal growth.

Question 3.
What are some of warning signs and causes of suicide? Discuss how positive thinking and developing assertiveness can help in preventing suicidal tendencies.
Answer:
Suicidal warnings or Symptoms:

1. Talking about suicide by making statements such as “I am going to kill my self”.
2. Withdrawing from social contact and wanting to be left alone.
3. Having mood swings.
4. Feeling trapped or hopeless about a situation.
5. Increasing use of alcohol and drugs.
6. Being severely anxions or agitated.

The above signs may vary from person to person. Some people make their intention clear, while other keep them secret.

The main causes:

1. Not having hope about the future and thinking that suicide is the only solution.
2. There may be a genetic link. The person having suicidal thoughts is more likely to have a family history of suicide.
3. Inability to face problems.
4. Experiencing a stressful life event such as loss loved one, financial or legal problems etc.
5. Having a substance abuse problem.
6. Failure in study courses.

Remedies:

1. Avoid substance abuse like drugs and alcohol.
2. Remember that suicidal feelings are often temporary. So try to overcome the tendency by diverting the mind towards various activities like praying to God, doing exercises, reading about eminent personalities, having fun etc.
3. Do not hesitate to seek the professional advice of a counsellor or psychiatrist if suicidal feelings repeatedly occur.

Positive thinking:

1. Positive thinking is much more than just being happy or displaying an upbeat attitude. Positive thoughts can have real value in your life and help you build skills that last much longer than a smile.
2. Positive thinking means approaching an unpleasant situation in a positive and productive way. You think the best is going to happen, not the worst.

Methods of increasing positive thinking:

1. Avoid personalized thinking. Do not unnecessarily blame yourself if thing go wrong. Instead of becoming emotional, analyse the problem in a logical mariner.
2. Replace negative thoughts with positive thoughts by saying positive things, and talking positively as a matter of habit.
3. Spend time with optimistic people. Set meaningful goals.

Assertiveness:

1. Assertiveness means standing up for your personal rights and expressing thoughts, feelings and beliefs in direct, honest and appropriate ways.
2. Assertiveness implies being able to express feelings, wishes, wants and desires appropriately and is an important personal and interpersonal skills in all your interaction with other people; whether at house or at the work place.
3. Assertiveness enables individuals to act in their best interests, to stand up for themselves without under anxiety, to express feelings honestly and to asset personal rights without denying the rights of others.

Question 4.
Write short notes of about 50 words each of the following.
a) Peer pressure
b) Team work
c) Interpersonal Relationships
d) Life Skills
Answer:
a) Peer pressure :

1. A peer refers to a person who is equal with another in a group. For students classmates are peer group.
2. A peer group observes or an individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes values or behaviours to conform to the group norms.
3. It is commonly associated with adolescent risk.
4. It may have positive effects when the peer are moving towards positive behaviour.
5. The importance of peers declines upon entering adulthood.

How to Deal with Peer pressure :

1. Saying “No” to peer pressue is tough, but you can do it.
2. Inner strength and self-confidence can help you stand firm, walk away and resist doing something which you know is wrong.
3. Try help friends who are finding it difficult to resist peer pressue.
4. If you continue to face peer pressure and you are finding it difficult to handle it, talk to someone you trust.
5. peer pressure is not always a bad thing. Peers having good values can exert pressure on each other to do what is right.

b) Team Work :
“Workdone by several associates with each doing a part but all subordinating personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole” is known as Team work.

Benefits:
i) Problem Solving :
Several heads are better than one. Each team member has a responsibility to contribute equally and offer their unique perspective on a problem arrive at the best possible solution. Team work can lead to better solutions decisions, products or services.

ii) Healthy competitions :
Healthy competition in groups can be used to motivate individuals and help the team excel.

iii) Developing relationship by working together :
This increases the level of bonding among members and avoids unnecessary conflicts.

iv) Each member has unique qualities to improve the quality of team work.

c) Interpersonal Relationships:

1. An Interpersonal relationship is a strong, deep association between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring.
2. Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social, cultural and other influences.
3. Developing interpersonal relationships is essential for success in life.
4. The development of interpersonal relations is the key in building what you want to achieve in life.
5. Interpersonal relationships involve more than just the verbal communication between people.
6. If you communicate effectively, people gravitate toward you naturally and interact with you. They appreciate your ability to make a person feel comfortable.
7. Social networking represents a deep-seated need for inter-personal relationships with other people.

d) Life Skills:

1. The term “life skills” refers to the skills usually associated with managing and leading a better quality of life.
2. They help us to accomplish our abilities and realize our full potential.
3. Life skills are defined by UNICEF as psychological abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life.
4. Life skills are behaviours used approximately and responsibly for the management of personal affairs. They are a set of human skills acquired via teaching or direct experience that are used to handle problems and questions commonly encountered in daily human life.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 3rd Lesson Individual and Society Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 3rd Lesson Individual and Society

Question 1.
Write an essay on some of the good qualities that students should develop.
Answer:
Some good character students should develop are :
1) Honesty :
Honesty makes us to think about integrity, truthfulness, straight forwardness, further, it means being trust worth, loyal, fair, and sincere. Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious Cultures.

2) Truthfulness :
The word “SATYA” (truth) is derived from “SAT”, which means “being”. Wherever there is truth, there is also knowledge which is true. When there is no truth there can be no true knowledge. Wherever there is knowledge, there is always bliss. Without truth, it is impossible to observe any principles or rules of life. There should be truth in thought, truth in speech and truth in action.

3) Humanity :
Humanity grows by itself as on cultivates the spirit of Non-Violence, In humanity one has to forget the sense of “I” and become a mere zero, Humble people are modest and do not boast about their achievements.

4) Punctuality :
Punctuality is the characteristic of being able to complete a required task or fulfil an obligation before or at a previously designated time.

5) Responsibility :
A responsibility is a duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a task. Obligations may vary person to person.

6) Courtesy :
Courtesy comes from old French “Courteis” which means gentle or polite. In India nobility and royalty were expected to display courteous behaviour.

7) Kindness :
Kindness is a behaviour marked by a pleasant disposition and concern for others. Acts of kindness benefit both the receiver and the gives. Kindness can be defined as being helpful towards some one is need, not in return for any thing.

8) Courage :
Courage is the quality of mind that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, pain etc., without fear. It is the ability and Willingness to confront feel. This is one of the good qualities that students must develop.

9) Forgiveness :
Forgiveness is the international and voluntary process by which a victim undergoes a change in feelings and attitude regarding an offence. Forgiveness is considered as one of the six cardinal virtues in Hinduism. In Hinduism, not only should one forgive others, but one must also seek forgiveness if one has wronged some one else.

10) Consideration :
Being considerate is having regard for the needs of feelings of others. It is characterized by careful thought, showing kindly awareness or regard for another’s feelings and circumstances.

These are some of the good qualities that student should develop.

Question 2.
Write an essay about any three social evils that are prevalent today.
Answer:
The three social evils that are prevalent today in the society are
1) Dowry system 2) Gender Discrimation 3) Caste system.

1) Dowry system:

1. Dowry refers to the practice of giving money and gifts by the bride’s father to the groom’s family at the time of marriage.
2. Actually the dowry system is social evil. It is prevalent in all parts of India.
3. In India, the customs of dowry has not only continued, but flourished over the years. It has become an integral part of the marriage institution.
4. Today it is common for the boy’s parents to openly demand not only money but also other fancy items like car, TV etc.
5. Brides bringing less dowry are ill-treated and even harassed, and thus forcing them to commit sucide.
6. Social reformers like Mahatma Gandhi and Swamy Dayanand tried their best to create a social consciousness against the practice. The Government of India is 1961 had passed Dowry Prohibition Act.
7. Social awareness should be developed among the people to broom this evil completely from the society.
8. Girls today educated and noway inferior to the Boys.
9. They should develop-self confidence and have the courage to refuse the proposed dowry.
10. Boys should not yield to parental pressure. They should take a principled stand and insist on simple marriage.
11. The removal of Dowry system should be at the top on the agenda of social reform both incities and in villages.
12. Voluntary organisation should also come forward and help in driving out this customerised evil from the society.

2) Gender Discrimination:

1. The concept of gender equality has come into focus in the modern times.
2. Article 1 of the International Human Rights Declaration states that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”. The Indian Constitution too envisages the ideals of equality, liberty and Justice for all irrespective of gender.
3. Even in this day and age the several families who rejoice over the birth of a son and mourn the birth of a daughter.
4. Because of these ingrained beliefs, they are options for sex- determination tests and if they find that the foetus is a female; they opt for abortion.
5. This has resulted in the drastic fall of male and female ratio. In 2011 it is 1000:940. And in Haryana it is 1000:879; where as in Kerala females are more than the males in number.
6. Boys and girls should be treated equally from birth. Girls should not be considered a burden. Given equal opportunities, girls are out shining boys in severed fields, often it is they and not the son who look after the parents in their old age.

3) Caste System:

1. Man in the social being and over the ages developed various methods of social organisations. Thus in Europe the class, system evolved whole in India we have the caste system.
2. The Sanskrit equivalent for caste is Jati. Which refers to blood or birth of a person. It has grown into a socio-religious system and determines relations between Hindus.
3. There are about 3,000 castes and – sub castes in India. In the ancient past, there were only four main varnas – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vyshyas and Sudras. In ancient times caste merely denoted the profession that one was born into.
4. Over and above the four castes, Hinduism soon had another caste called the Panchama or fifth caste. Members of this caste are also known as Antyaja or excluded ones.
5. Though untouchability and discrimination based on caste are prohibited by law in modem India, they are still in practise particularly, in villages.
6. A concerted attempt is being made to bring the so called untouchable into the mainstream by providing special economic and educational concessional facilities.

Question 3.
Write an essay on the principles and activities of the NCC and NSS.
Answer:
NCC:

1. The National Cadet Corps came into existence on 16th July 1948 under an act of parliament.
2. Its motto ‘Unity and Discipline’, has guided the NCC to mould young volunteers into disciplined and responsible citizens of India.
3. The NCC is a responsive, learning and continuously evolving organization. Its activity is guided by certain core values that we endeavour to instill among all ranks of the NCC. These include the following.
   a) A sense of patriotic commitment to encourage cadets to contribute to national development.
   b) Respect for diversities in religion, language, culture, ethnicity, life style and habitat and to instill a sense of national unity and social cohesion.
   c) Abiding commitment to learn and adhere to the norms and values enshrined in Indian Constitution.
   d) Understanding the value of a just and impartial exercise of authority.
   e) Ability to participate in community development and other social programmes.
   f) A healthy life style free of substance abuse and other unhealthy practices.
   g) Sensitivity to the needs of poor and socially disadvantaged fellow citizens.
   h) Inculcating habits of restraint and selfawareness.
   i) Understanding the values of honesty truthfulness, self-sacrifice, preseverance and hard work.
   j) Respect for knowledge, wisdom and the power of ideas.

NSS:

1. In India, the idea of involving students in the task of national service dates back to the times of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation.
2. Advising students to form a living contact with the community in whose midst their institution is located, he suggested that instead of undertaking academic research about economic and social disability, they should do “something positive so that the life of the villages might be raised to a higher material and normal level”.
3. On September 24, 1969 then the Union Education Minister Dr.V.K.R.V. Rao launched the NSS programme in 37 universities covering all states. It was appropriate that the programme was started during the Gandhi Centenary year as it was Gandhiji who inspired the Indian Youth to participate, in the movement for Indian Independence and for the Social uplift of the down trodden masses of our nation.

The main objectives on National Service Scheme are that the students should.
a) Understand the community in which they work.
b) Understand themselves in relation to their community.
c) Identify the needs and problems of the community and involve them in problem – solving.
d) Develop among themselves a sense of social and civic responsibility.
e) Utilise this knowledge in finding practical solutions to individual and community problems.
f) Develop competence required for group-living and sharing of responsibilities.
g) Gain skills in mobilising community participation. –
h) Acquire leadership qualities and democratic attitudes,
i) Develop capacity to meet emergencies and natural disasters.
j) Practise national integration and social harmony.

Question 4.
Write an essay on the principles and activities of Bharat Scouts and Guides and the National Green Corps.
Answer:
Scouting and Guiding:

1. The Boy Scouts Movement had a simple start in the year 1907 when a retired Army General. Lord Baden pOwell conducted an experimental camp in Brown Sea Island in England with 20 boys.
2. The successful conduct of the camp and publication of the Book “Scouting for Boys” in a fortnightly marked the start of the Boy Scouts Movement. Lord Baden Powell decided to start a movement for Girls with the help of his sister, Agnes Baden Powell.

Scouting in India :

1. Scouting started in India in the year 1909, when captain T.H. Baker established the first scout Troop in Bangalore and got it registered with Imperial Head quarters, London.
2. Subsequently, Scout Troops were formed in other places in India; These units were open to European and Anglo Indian Children only.

Scouting and Guiding in Independent India:

1. After Independence efforts were made for the unification of the Scout and Guide Associations functioning in India by national leaders like Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and others.
2. The final merger took place in 1950 and the unified organi¬zation came into existence under the name “The Bharat Scouts and Guides”. The Girl Guides Association formally Joined the Bharat Scouts and Guides a little later.

Constitution and Head quarters:

1. The Bharat Scouts and Guides is a Registered Society. It is totally voluntary, non-political and secular organisation.
2. The National Head quarters building in New Delhi was inagurated in the year 1963 by then Vice President of India, Dr. Zakir Hussain.

The Fundamentals :
The Scout/Guide movement is based on the following principles.
i) Duty to God :
Adherence to spiritual principles loyalty, to the religion that expresses the acceptance of the duties resulting there from.

ii) Duty to Others :
Loyalty to one’s country in harmony of local and international peace understanding, co-operation participation in the development of society with recognition and respect for dignity of one’s fellow men and for integrity of natural world.

iii) Duty to Self :
Responsibility for the development of one’s self.

The Method :
The Scout/Guide method is a system of progressive self-education through
a) A promise and law.
b) Learning by doing.

c) Membership of small groups under adult leadership involving progressive discovery and acceptance of responsibility and training towards Self-Government directed towards the development of character and the acquisition of competence, self-reliance, dependability and capacity to co-operate and to lead.

d) Progressive and stimulating programmes of various activities based on the interest of the participants including games, useful skills and services to the community taking place largely in an outdoor setting in contact with nature.

National Green Corps (NGC) :

1. NGC was initiated in 2001 and achieved significant success through Eco clubs established in schools.
2. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has initially aimed at 50,000 Eco clubs in the nationwide programme.
3. The phenomenal response the NGC has received has made the network cross more than 1,00,000 Eco clubs across the country in 10 years.
4. The unique partnership between the Ministry and the States Government agencies along with the dedicated NGOs working in the field of Environmental Education has contributed to the success of the programme.
5. It is a well established and recognised fact that children can be catalysts in promoting a mass movement about various environmental issues.
6. As they are futur citizens, inculcation of environment friendly attitudes and behavioural patterns amongst them can make a significant difference to the long term efforts for protection of environment.

The broad objectivies of the Ministry:

1. Conservation and Survey of flora, fauna, forests, and wildlife.
2. Prevention and control of pollution
3. Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas.
4. Protection of the environment.
5. Ensuring the welfare of animals.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 2nd Lesson The Constitutional Values of India Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 2nd Lesson The Constitutional Values of India

Question 1.
What is Constitution? Describe some of the values embedded in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Definition of Constitution: Constitution is a country document, which contains fundamental principles with the help of which country is governed.

In constitution powers and duties of government and rights and duties of citizens are placed.

Indian Constitution :
The constitution of India is the world’s lengthiest written constitutions. It has 395 articles and 8 shedules. The Constituent Assembly of India was formed in 1946. The leaders of Indian National Movement were members of constituent Assembly. The task of Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1946; and came in to force on 26th January 1950. So we celebrate it as a Republic day.

Values Embedded in the Indian Constitution:
The Constituent Assembly laid down some important point which are ideals in the Indian Constitution.

These ideals aim to promote Justice, liberty, equality and praternity among all Indians in the following aspects.

Justice :
Political Justice, economic Justice and Social Justice is guaranteed to all citizens of India.

Liberty :
Liberty of though, expression, beleif, faith and worship is guaranteed to all citizens.

Equality :
All Indians are assured of equality of states and opportunity.

Fraternity :
The Indian constitution enstrines the notion of ‘fraternity’ i.e., a feeling of brotherhood amongst all Indians. It strives to establish dignity of individual along with the unit and integrity of the nation.

The Indian constitution was drafted keeping in view that India has different languages, religious and cultures. It was recognized that unity in diversity is essential for peace and harmony.

Question 2.
Write an essay about Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens.
Answer:
Fundamental rights of citizens are basic human freedoms which all Indian citizens have the right to enjoy. So that they can lead the life happily.

The fundamental rights are as follows.
1) Right to Equality 2) Right to Freedom. 3) Right against Exploi¬tation. 4) Right to Freedom of Religion 5) Cultural and Educational right 6) Right to Constitutional Remedies 6) Right to compulsory Primary Education for all children.

1) Right to Equality:

1. This right provides equal opportunity in matters of public employment, untouchability is prohibited through this right.
2. Right to equality abolishes titles except military and academic distinctions like Bharata Ratna, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Sri, Param Veer Chakra and Ashok Chakra.
3. These titles are presented by the President of India but they cannot be prefixed or suffixed to the names of the recepients as a matter of course.
4. Right to equality prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth with certain exceptions regarding women and children.

2) Right to Freedom: Right to freedom refers to

1. Freedom of speech and expression with certain restrictions, freedom of press.
2. Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms.
3. Freedom to form associations or unions.
4. Freedom to move throughout the terriotory of India freely.
5. Freedom to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

3) Right against Exploitation:

1. Without adequate payment no person shall be made to work.
2. But this is not applicable to beggary, bonded labours and other such practices.
3. This articles prohibits traffic in human beings for purposes of slavery and prostitution.
4. Right against exploitations also means that children below 14 years of age shall not do any Jobs like working in factories, or mines.

4) Right to Religion :

1. India is a land in which diverse religions are followed.
2. The Indian constitution gives all the freedom of conscience and practice and freedom to propagate religion.
3. No person can be compelled to pay any tax meant for promoting any particular religion.
4. No religions instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of state funds.

5) Cultural and Educational Rights :

1. The Indian constitution provides the minorities the right to preserve their culture, language and script by establishing and administering educational institutions.
2. As India has different languages and cultures cultural and educational rights are incorporated in the constitution to achieve unity in diversity.

6) Right to Constitutional remedies:

1. The right protects remains rights.
2. If any fundamental right is violated either by the state or by any person, one can move to High Court or Supreme Court and seek production.
3. Laws made by the Government can be declared unconsti-tutional and invalid if they violate fundamental rights.
4. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called this right the soul of the Indian Constitution.

7. Right to have compulsory Primary Education for all Children:

1. This Right was included in 2002 through an amendment.
2. Under this right children from 6 to 14 years of age should be provided free and complulsory Education by the government.
3. 25% allocation of seats is compulsory to the weaker sections even in private schools.

8. Fundamental duties: Unlike Fundamental rights fundamental duties are not enforceable by law. Citizens are required to observe the following.

1. To abide by the constitution and respect, the National Flag, National Anthem.
2. To Cherish and follow the Noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and project the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending diverstities, to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To value and preserve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and abjure violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

Question 3.
Describe some of the Directive Principles of State Policy pertaining to the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Important Directive Principles of State Policy:

1. Equal pay for equal work for both men and women; maternity facilities and motherchild welfare association for pregnant women.
2. Protection children and youth from exploitation, arrange-ment of educational facilities for children below 6 years.
3. Distribution of ownership and control of the material resources of the community to serve the common good arrangement of adequate means of livelihood and promotion of people’s health.
4. Promotion of educational and economic interests of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, physically challenged people, old people and orphans.
5. Organizing village Panchayats and endowing them with power of self-government establishment of cottage industries in villages.
6. Uniform civil code for citizens i.e., Unequality of all kinds based on status, religion, opportunity, income and facility must be abolished.
7. Decentralization of national wealth to all people; abolition of social inequality and protection of weaker sections.
8. Protection and improvement of environment and safe guarding of forests and wild life, organization of agriculture and animal husbandry.
9. Promotion of International peace and security.
10. Promotion of literacy among people, irrespective of age.

Question 4.
Write short notes of about 50 words each of the following.
a) The Indian National Emblem.
b) The need for Fundamental Duties.
c) Fundamental Rights of Children according to the Indian Constitution.
d) Preamble to the Constitution of India.
Answer:
a) The Indian National Emblem:

1. The National Emblem of India has been taken from the Sarnath Lion Pillar erect by Emperor Ashoka.
2. The National Emblem of India was adopted by Government of India on 26th January 1950.
3. In the National Emblem only three lions are visible while the fourth one is hidden from view.
4. All the lions are mounted on an abacus.
5. At the centre of abacus there is a Chakra which symbolizes the Dharma Chakra.
6. There is a bull, a galloping horse, an elephant and a lion, separated by intervening wheels over a bell shaped lotus.
7. The word “SATYA MEVA JAYATE” have been inscribed in the Devanagari Script.
8. The National Emblem of India is the official seal of the President of India and Central and State Governments.
9. The National emblem is used only for official purposes and commands the highest respect and loyalty. It is also symbol of Independent, India’s identity and sovereignty.

b) The Need for Fundamental Duties:

1. Fundamental rights and duties are like the two sides of a coin. .
2. Without performing duties, no citizen can enjoy fundamental rights.
3. Conversely there can be no duties without rights.
4. Rights originated from the world of duties.
5. Fundamental duties were introduced in the constitution by the 42nd amendment act in 1976 to make citizens realize their responsibilities.
6. The delineation of Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law.
7. It is left to the good will of citizens to abide by the provision.

c) Fundamental Rights of Children according to the Indian Constitution:
I) Right against Exploitation:

1. Without adequate payment no person shall be made to work.
2. Under this provision beggary, bonded labour and other such practices are abolished.
3. This articles prohibits traffic in human beings for purposes of slavery and prostitution. However, the state can impose compulsory service without any discrimination for public purpose.
4. Right against exploitation also means that children below 14 years of age shall not be employed to work in factories or mines or in any other hazardous occupation. Infact, child labour in any form in prohibited.

2) Right to have compulsory Primary Education for all children.
i) This Right was included in 2002 through an amendment. Under this right, children from 6 to 14 years of age should be provided free and compulsory education by the government. 25% allocation of seats is compulsory to the weaker sections even in private schools.

d) Preamble to the Constitution of India:

1. The preamble states that India is sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. The words “Socialist” and “Secular” were added in 1976 by an amendment.
2. The word sovereign emphasizes that India has its own defined territory and is free of any foreign power. In a democratic republic the supreme power is vested in the citizens who vote for their representatives in fair and free elections.
3. The power is not vested in monarch head of state. In a socialist ‘ state all decisions are made according to the wishes of the
   majority and according to established laws. In a secular country the government does not interfere in matters pertaining to religion. People of all religions have the right to practise their faith.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 1st Lesson Ethics and Human Values Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 1st Lesson Ethics and Human Values

Question 1.
Give an account of nature, definition and scope of Ethics.
Answer:
I. Nature of Ethics:

1. This subject is meant for human beings.
2. Human beings are able to Judge between right things and wrong things good and behaviour.
3. Ethics is nothing but a science them an art.
4. The moral behaviour and conduct of human beings is given by Ethics. So, this is systematic knowledge.
5. Ethics creates particular rules of behaviour of Science.
6. Ethics tell us what to do and what not to do.
7. Ethics deals with general conditions involved in the rightness or goodness of conduct.

II. Definition:

1. It is the study of what is right or good in conduct. The term Ethics is derived from the greek source “etos”. “Etos” means character, custom or habit.
2. It is also the study of the habits and customs of men and the principles on which these habits and actions are based.
3. Ethics is a study of rightness or wrongness of these principles and the good or evil of those habits.
4. Ethics is general study of the ideal involved in human life.

Scopes of Ethics :

1. It basically tells what is right or wrong.
2. It is used to Judge whether a particular action is good or bad.
3. It helps us in construction of a healthy society.
4. It is the ethical spirit of individual is high, that pages the path for a happy life.
5. Ethic helps the individual to work hard and find happiness in the work they are during.

Question 2.
‘Ethics is a subject which provides guiding principles rather than rules’. Do you think that the study of Ethics can make one a better person? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Ethics is characterised as a practical science though it is a fact that it concerned with action.
2. But this may not be correct.
3. Medicine, engineering, architecture are practical scientific studies.
4. Where as Ethics is a theoritical study.
5. Ethics study resembles Logic and Aesthetics.
6. Logic deals with general conditions involved, in the discovery of truth.
7. Where as Aesthetics deals with general conditions involved in the production of Beauty.
8. Ethics deeds with general conditions involved in the rightness or goodness of conduct.
9. So one who studies Ethics ought to have decipline in all fields.
10. It is not true that the object of Aesthetics to qualify students to be artists or of Ethics to qualify them as saints.
11. The students of Ethics will learn more from the saint than the latter will learn from him.
12. So, it can be said that the object of those studies that are described as Normative is to supply a knowledge of guiding principles rather than to explain how they are to be applied.

Question 3.
Write short notes of about 50 words each of the following
a) Good behaviour
b) Character and conduct
c) Habit
d) Difference between good and bad.
Answer:
a) Good behaviour:

1. Good behaviour for any child should develop Inherently.
2. You should discourage the children by imposing rules and regulations.
3. They must learn how to behave in the society on their own.
4. For this parents should give Independence to the children and at the same time you should watch them and help them where even they need help.
5. It will be better that if the children takes his or her parents as role model it will give a good result.
6. In colleges and schools the Principals and Head masters should displace Golden rules and they must also display the punishments for their wrong behaviour.
7. In colleges and schools proper time must be allocated to discuss about conduct and behaviour.
8. It is necessary to provide good environment for learning.
9. Children should be taught to respect the elders. The teachers should tell the student how they used to respect their teachers and elders.

b) Character and Conduct:

1. Character of a person is the system constituted by acts of will of a particular kind.
2. In the point of view of Ethics character plays very important role.
3. Aristotle said that the character of a person builds from his good habits.
4. Good will is indeed, fhe expression of character, but it is the expression under the limitations of a particular time and space.
5. The term conduct is some times used in a lose sense to include all sorts of vital activities.
6. Meaningless acts are not be included in conduct.
7. It seens best to confine the term conduct to these acts that are not merely adjusted to ends.

Habits:

1. Habit has already been to some extent indicated in connection with character.
2. The main focus in moral life is the establishment of good habits.
3. This view was put forward by Aristotle in opposition to the socratic doctrine the virtue is a kind of knowledge.
4. Yet the two views are not so much opposed as might at first right appear.
5. Virtue is a kind of knowledge, as well as a kind of habit.

Good and Bad:

1. The difference between good and bad in natural that it does merit detailed explanation.
2. We should assume that all adults, at least, know how to distinguish between good and bad.
3. The difference between good and bad is the basic to all other discussions about the human value.
4. The theory is a false theory of it could not recognize the difference between good and bad.
5. Though it is all correct some minimum of general statements can be made about good and bad.

Question 4.
Write an essay about the need to respect elders in society.
Answer:

1. Every child should learn the basic lesson of respecting the elders.
2. If a child puts a questions to us why should they respect elders we simply say “I am elder to you so you should they respect elders we simply say “I am elder to you so you should listen to me”. But you must explain to the children in a different way by giving examples.
3. You can tell the child like this “Suppose you are travelling in a bus, by sitting comfortable in a seat, If any elder person is travelling in the same bus in standing position, you must sacrifise your seat to him.
4. Actually the child should understand that he is not sacrifising rather you are investing respect now to insure respect in the same fashion to you in later age. The elder persons should explain them in this method.
5. The children should understand the present stage of their life is already experienced by elders and they can take the guidance from them. As experts have a wealth of knowledge and experience we should learn from them and respect them.
6. Our elders love us, we are the children whom the elders have raised selflessly. It is only fair that they have a say in our life. The least we can do is respect them.
7. The sense of identity is given by our family tree. It tells us who we are, and how we became and what we are.
8. Elders are those ones who teach the youngsters. What ever we learn in from them is passed to the children.
9. Society is like a building. If the base is shaky the building will not survive.
10. Our elders are the pillars of society and we should be greatful to them. A man is judged by his characters and it is moulded by the elders. They show us love by acts of kindness and care.
11. Touching of feet of elders in India is not Just a rule, it is symbol of our love.
12. Teenage is a period of confusion and tension. Elders can empathise with the conflicts and dilemmas of youngsters as they too has passed through a similar phase and they are well equipped to offer sound advise.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 24th Lesson Management of Agriculture Produce Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 24th Lesson Management of Agriculture Produce

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the causes of Harvest Loss and its solutions.
Answer:
In the last few decades, most of the countries have focused on improving their agricultural production and land use to cope with increasing food demand.

Despite the remarkable progress made in increasing food production at the global level, about half of the population in the Third World does not have access to adequate food supplies. This is because a significant amount of agriculture produce, which is perishable by nature, is lost at various stages of the supply chain.

Causes of Harvest Loss :
Pre Harvest Loss :

• Weeds, Insects and pests.

Harvest Loss :

• Harvesting immature and over-mature crops.
• Inefficient harvesting and handling methods.
• Labour shortage during harvest season.

Post Harvest Loss (PHL) :
The losses can broadly be categorized as weight loss due to spoilage, quality loss, nutritional loss, seed viability loss, and commercial loss.This is due to :

• Limited drying facility.
• Rewetting due to continued or intermittent rains.
• Rough transportation / load / unload.
• Poor processing techniques.
• Lack of storage facilities. Improper milling and packaging. Absence or poor access to new technology.
• Absence of farmer friendly business model.

Potential solutions/management techniques for Pre, Harvest and Post Harvest Losses of agriculture produce.

Pre harvest management :

• Selection of Pest-and weather-resistant crops with higher nutritional quality.
• Selection of fruit and vegetable varieties with higher yield, better keeping quality, slower ripening and longer shelf-life.
• Crop rotation and mixed farming (Save and Grow farming).
• Seed treatment.
• Adopting standard cultural practices of sanitation- removal of decaying plant residues.
• Early and frequent field scouting for identification of diseases.
• Integrated pest management (IPM).
• Integrated soil nutrition management. Avoid nutrient stress by applying organic or inorganic fertilizer, but doing so at the appropriate time and in recommended quantities.
• Efficient water management that obtains ‘more crop per drop’.
• Use of wind breaks to reduce spread of field infection where wind is the carrier of pathogens.
• Training, agriculture extension and awareness campaigns.

Management practices during harvest :

• Monitor field closely for harvest readiness (moisture content, quality and maturity of the produce etc.).
• Appropriate harvesting time and methods to ensure good crop quality and market value, (harvest during the coolest part fo the day; early morning or late afternoon).
• Do not harvest the produce during or shortly after a rain to prevent moisture-related diseases.
• Selection of right size and type of harvesting tools/ machinery not only prevents injury to the produce but also speeds up the harvest process and reduces the labour cost.
• Usage of clean tools / machinery to limit contamination of harvested product.
• Harvesting of weed seed to control number of weeds in the next season’s crop.
• Harvested crop should not be left out in the field too long to avoid crop destruction by wind and storm.
• Contacts with buyers so that the crop can be sold at a good price when ready for harvest.

Post harvest management :
Every year, nearly one-third of the food produced (about 1.3 billion ton) globally, which is worth about US $ 1 trillion, is lost during post-harvest operations. This varies greatly among different crops, areas and economies.

Post harvest technology is inter- disciplinary “science and technique” applied to agri produce after harvest for its protection, conservation, processing, packaging, distribution, marketing and utilization to meet the food and nutritional requirements of the people in relation to their needs.

By adopting suitable agrimanagement techniques, with relatively modest investment, enormous post-harvest losses can be cut down and this can result in high returns. It is comparable to increasing the crop production.

Question 2.
Explain the steps involved in Pre-packing produce management.
Answer:
Pre-package Produce Management :
Selection, Sorting, Grading, Cleaning /Disinfection :

• The produce has to be sorted and graded based on its market quality and the market source.
• Cereal crops-Exposing the crop to high or low temperature and application of chemicals after harvest helps in managing/preventing pests and diseases.
• Rodents should be prevented from gaining access to grains on field by destroying their shelters, eliminating their food sources, keeping traps.
• Employing bird scarers.
• Field sanitation should be taken up.
• Proper cleaning of grains should be ensured.
• Post harvest diseases of fruits, vegetables and flowers that are caused by fungi and bacteria can be controlled by washing with water or sanitizer prepared using chlorine / sulfur dioxide or administering safer and less toxic chemicals grouped under the category of GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe).
• Various kinds of fruit rot can be controlled by spraying extracts of eucalyptus globula, orimum gratissimum, mustard, castor and paraffin oils etc.
• Fruit coating (edible waxing/oil emulsion) checks moisture loss due to respiration and transpiration. It also checks wilting and shrivelling during storage.

Packing :

• Selection of right packaging material that is environmentally friendly, reusable and recyclable for the particular crop product.
• The package must have sufficient mechanical strength to protect the contents during handling, transport, and stacking.
• If plastic bags are considered – good grade of plastic should be used which does not react with the packaging or change the chemical make-up of the product.
• Ensure there are no leakages to check produce loss.
• For fruits & vegetables – clean perforated plastic bags / ventilated plastic crates / wooden boxes / nets / pallet boxes.

Transport :
Improper transportation methods can result in 10 to 20% post harvest loss in fresh produce. Therefore, certain minimum requirements are necessary to maintain quality and reduce loss.

• Loading and unloading of produce must be done with care.
• The vehicle must not be overloaded and the load must be stable and well ventilated.
• The produce must be protected against sun, rain and dust during transportation, by covering it with a tarpaulin or enclosing it in a refrigerated truck.

Storage :
Appropriate storage management is very important to check infection, enhance the shelf life of the produce and thus facilitate offseason availability of the produce.

• Only good quality crops; clean, mature, free from disease and injury, are to be stored. .
• Fruits and vegetables are to be stored soon after the harvest, to enhance their storage life.
• The containers and the storage rooms should be clean to prevent contamination and spoilage of the produce.
• Make sure the rooms are well ventilated, free from water spillage and provide protection against rodents, birds and other pests.
• Frequent inspection of the store to remove any spoilage and leakage.
• Fumigation / Exposure to hot air / Hot water / Irradiation treatment to eliminate insects and pathogeninoculum.
• Practising good store hygiene.
• Cold storage-Proper usage of modern refrigerator techniques to control deterioration to maintain viability of the stored produce.

Given in the box below are some of the major initiatives taken by the government of India in the agricultural sector.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 23rd Lesson Sustainable Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 23rd Lesson Sustainable Agriculture

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay on sustainable agriculture.
Answer:
Many studies reveal that the global population is going to reach 9 billion by 2050. Meeting the food demands of this booming population requires 70% increase in food production. While modem industrial agriculture introduced by the Green revolution (i.e., conventional agriculture) is highly productive and has achieved a balance between population growth and food production, it has also brought in many detrimental and longterm problems that have degraded the natural environment.

The challenge now is to add the ecological dimension for improvement of crop productivity and to introduce agricultural practices that are economically viable and environment friendly. The rational solution given by economists, environmentalists and social scientists is Sustainable Agriculture that helps in making a shift from crop-centered Green revolution to frontier technologies – centered Evergreen revolution.

Sustainable Agriculture :
Sustainable Agriculture is the production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare. It entails the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It has been defined as “an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term”.

Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals Environmental health, Economic profitability and Social and Economic equity.

Principles of Sustainable Agriculture :

1. Building and maintaining healthy soil.
2. Management of water, energy and other resources.
3. Reducing pollution.
4. Promoting biodiversity.
5. Ensuring animal welfare.
6. Stabilizing the food supply.
7. Ensuring economic viability.
8. Management of post harvest produce.

Methods of Sustainable Agriculture :
Following are the methods by which the sustainable agriculture is carried out:

1. Crop Rotation :
Crop rotation is the method of farming where a series of different types of crops are grown on the same field systematically in sequenced seasons. This helps in breaking the reproduction cycles of pests. It also helps to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in the soil, thus reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. It also helps in maintaining biological diversity.

2. Organic Farming :
Organic farming is a mode of agriculture which involves cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in natural ways. It is an integrated farming system that strives for -environmental sustainability, improvement of soil fertility and biological diversity by avoiding chemical pesticides and fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.

Benefits of Organic Farming :
Organic farming techniques maintain soli health, prevent environment degradation and produce high quality crops. Pollution of ground water decreases. The food produced is tastier and healthier and does not contain residues of pesti ides. Milk is free of antibiotics and growth hormones. Farmers in organic farms work in a healthy environment.

Disadvantages of Organic Farming :
Organic food has some disadvantages. The yield productivity is low and the cost of crop production is high. Organic food is, therefore, about 40% more expensive than conventionally produced food. Organic farming requires more labour.

An assessment of organic farming relative to conventional farming illustrates that organic systems better balance the four areas of sustainability. Credit: Reganold and Wachter, WSU.

3. Permaculture :
Permaculture can be defined as the conscious design of agriculture systems which have the diversity, stability and resilience of natural ecosystems. The term is a contraction of the words ‘permanent’ ‘agriculture’ and ‘culture’. It is a holistic approach based on the belief that agriculture can be ‘permanent’ only if agricultural practices are in harmony with the ecosystem and work with nature rather than against it. Otherwise, it can never be sustainable.

Permaculture aims to empower people to meet their own needs, bring production of food closer to consumers and ensure that the waste is well used and re-used. Permaculture designs are interactive and work with natural forces like the Sun, water and wind to provide food, shelter, water etc., with minimum labour and without importing any resources or creating any waste. The system uses renewable resources and energy and ensures that nothing goes to waste.

For example, Harvested Rain water can be used in the kitchen. The grey water, which is relatively clean, is used for irrigation of plants, which in turn provides food and wood fuel. The plant and animal wastes are put back into the system as compost. Thus natural energies are optimally utilised.

This method helps in naturally building up nutrient rich and well-balanced soils.

4. Hydroponics and Aquaponics are innovative farming techniques of growing plants in a water based nutrient rich solution. This is the best method to grow crops in places where soil is limited. Plants which grow by this method use very less water compared to field grown ones. The waste water can be re-circuiated and reused.

5. Agroforestry involves the growth of trees, shrubs, and/or livestock amongst crops or grazing land on the same unit of land, either alternately or at the same time. Alley cropping, Strip cropping, Hillside systems, Parklands, Shade systems, Silvo- pasture, etc., are different agroforestry applications.

Properly designed and managed agroforestry practices can control runoff and soil erosion. Such practices maintain soil organic matter and biological activity. Soil quality improves. Agroforestry also enhances biodiversity. It establishes efficient carbon sequestration and counters the greenhouse effect.

6. Urban Farming or Urban Gardening is a method of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. It can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, bee keeping and horticulture. Due to space limitations, urban farming can be practised in backyards, raised beds, vacant plots, Green houses, on roof tops and in balconies.

Urban farming is rapidly picking up in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. In Hyderabad, the Telangana Horticulture department provides farming kits on subsidy to aspiring farmers. Urban agriculture enhances urban food security. It contributes to local economic development, poverty alleviation and social inclusion of the urban poor and women in particular.

7. Cover Crops are crops which are grown for the protection of the soil. Plants like sun hemp, horse bean, cow pea, cluster bean and green gram are grown in fields for enhancing the quality of the soil. They are also called Green Manure. They help to increase the nitrogen content of the soil and make the soil fertile. They prevent erosion, increase biodiversity, suppress weeds and improve the water holding capacity of the soil. They are sown just before the monsoons, cut down after 30 – 40 days and mixed into the soil after which the season’s main crop is sown. The biomass can also be used as fodder.

8. Reduced Tillage or Conservation Tillage :
Traditional plowing (tillage) can cause a lot of soil loss. Reduced till method involves inserting seeds directly into undisturbed soil. This reduces erosion and encourages even distribution of earthworms in the soil. As a result, there is better soil aeration and improved soil health. Besides, farmers save on labour, machinery use, fuel and time with reduced tilling.

9. Mulching is the process of covering the top soil with plant material such as leaves, grass, twigs, crop residues, straw etc.

Mulch cover improves infiltration of rain and irrigation water. It reduces surface runoff and prevents soil erosion, reduces evaporation and retains soil moisture, enhances activity of soil organims, increases soil organic matter and suppresses weed growth.

10. Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of damage caused by pests through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices and use of resistant varieties of seeds. Pest problems are suppressed by minimizing the conditions in which they live, physically removing them by using barriers or traps, encouraging the growth of natural predators of these pests, planting pest resistant varieties of crops and using Biorational (relatively safe for man and for the environment) chemicals.

This method potentially minimizes the usage of pesticides, which reduces environmental pollution and worker health problems and also promotes biodiversity. It also helps replenishing the land, air, water and soil for future use.

11. Growth of Heirloom and Older Varieties :
Heirloom and older varieties of food crops have the ability to adapt to changes in climate, diseases, and pest conditions in the environment. Growing them improves genetic variety and preserves the biodiversity of seeds.

12. Making Use of Renewable Energy Sources :
Usage of eco-friendly renewable energy resources like wind, solar, biomass etc., to run the pumps and other farming equipment helps to reduce pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. It also provides farmers with a long-term source of income.

13. Ensuring Animal Welfare :
Sustainable livestock husbandry practices like grazing in natural pastures provides improved quality living for animals. Besides the land also receives various nutrients through the excreta of these animals. Smart integration of livestock and crops can give profits to the farmers.

14. Ensuring Economic Viability :
Economic viability is ensured through the reduction of overall production cost as the farmers save money on fossil fuels, transport and labour costs, besides receiving fair wages for their quality produce. This greatly reduces their reliance on government subsidies and strengthens rural communities.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 22nd Lesson Conventional Practices of Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 22nd Lesson Conventional Practices of Agriculture

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay on conventional practices of agriculture.
Answer:
Agriculture, which has been the backbone of human existence, can be defined as the cultivation and exploitation of animals and plants for human use. It includes food, fiber, medicines, fuel etc., and preservation of erops.

Early hymariS’were nomadic and depended on hunting and gathering to supply their food. Cultivation of plants may have arisen accidentally but farming began when people intentionally saved and planted seeds of their favourite plants. Archaeological studies reveal that agriculture originated 10,000 years ago.

Modern farming or what is generally referred to as “The British Agricultural Revolution” began around the 18^th century. It brought a radical change in farming methods that resulted in massive increases in yields in a short span of time.

Agriculture played a vital role in the establishment of cities as well as development of trade relations between different regions and groups of people. Thus, it facilitated the advancement of human societies and cultures.

Conventional Practices and their Impact :
With the progress in agriculture, populations increased and human society started advancing. The last few centuries experienced rapid population growth that led to food insecurity across the globe besides economic instability. Climate change spurred science to step in and adopt new farming techniques to maximize the potential of plants to feed the ever increasing population, Conventional Farming and Green Revolution are the resulting initiatives. They produced an unprecedented growth in agriculture worlwide over the last century.

Conventional farming, also known as Industrial agriculture or Mainstream farming, refers to farming systems which include the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other continual inputs, heavy usage of farm machinery, selective breeding, genetically modified organisms, heavy irrigation, intensive tillage, or concentrated animal feeding operations and concentrated monoculture production. Thus it results in high inputs of capital, labour, heavy machinery and technology. The goal of conventional agriculture is to maximize the potential yield of crops.

Characteristics of Conventional Agriculture :

Conventional Fanning Methods :
I) Intensive Commercial Farming :
Intensive fanning is an agricultural system, which is carried on in densely populated areas and where land holdings are small. It aims to get maximum yield from the available land by using excessive amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on a tiny acreage. This principle is also applied to the raising of livestock with hundreds of animals, such as cows, pigs and chickens, being held indoors in what have become known as factory farms.

Products, such as eggs, meat, and other agricultural items that are easily available in markets today are produced through intensive farming methods. This is a system of agricultural which requires relatively large amounts of capital and labour. IntenaiveTarming is practised in countries like India, China and the UK.

II) Extensive commercial farming :
It is practised in moderately populated areas where the population pressure is less and farms are large, as in the USA, Canada and Australia. This farming method requires relatively small amounts of capital or labour investment and is mostly mechanized because of the high cost and low availability of labour. When compared to intensive farming, the per capita yield is less in extensive farming.

III) Plantation agriculture :
Plantation is an estate or a large piece of land. Plantation agriculture involves growing and processing of a single cash crop purely meant for sale in distant markets rather than local consumption. Examples of this type of farming are the tea plantations in Assam and West Bengal, the coffee plantations in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, rubber plantations in Kerala, grapevine plantation in Italy and France and olive plantations in Mediterranean countries.

IV) Co-operative fanning :
Co-operative farming is a relatively new farming method in India where pooling of land and farming resources such as fertilisers, pesticides, farming equipment such as tractors takes place. Profit on total produce is shared by the farmers in accordance with their land contribution and labour performed.

V) Shifting agriculture :
Shifting cultivation is a form of agriculture, used especially in tropical Asia in which an area of land is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years, then abandoned and allowed to revert to its natural fertility. Meanwhile the cultivator moves on to another area.

VI) Slash and bum agriculture :
In Slash-and-bum agriculture, or fire-fallow cultivation, areas of the forest are burned and cleared for planting. The resulting layer of ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich layer to help forillze crops.

VII) Poultry farming :
Poultry farmirig is the process of raising domesticated bills such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food.

VIII) Dairy farming :
Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for the long-term production of milk from cows or goats, or buffaloes or camels, which is processed for eventual sale of a dairy product.

IX) Sericulture or silk fanning :
Sericulture or silk farming is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk.

Benefits of Conventional Farming :
In the modern world, conventional farming is considered a necessity for the following reasons.

• Manifold increase in the yield.
• Easy to meet the nutritional demand of the growing population.
• Affordable sale price of products.
• Less chance of the crop being lost to environmental factors like drought, floods, plant diseases.
• Offers plenty of job opportunities.

Question 2.
Describe the impact of conventional agricultural practices.
Answer:
Though conventional farming has delivered tremendous gains in productivity and economy and contributes to global food security, it has brought its share of environmental, socioeconomic, health and other concerns too.