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Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 15th Lesson Conservation of Biodiversity Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 15th Lesson Conservation of Biodiversity

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the measures to be taken to conserve Biodiversity.
Answer:
We read in the earlier chapters about how various human activities are damaging biodiversity. If we do not act immediately to protect biodiversity, life will cease on earth. Conservation of Biodiversity comprises the measures man should take to protect biodiversity and prevent damage to its components. The objective of such conservation is to protect species, their habitats and their ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. The conservation of ecosystems saves large numbers of species which might otherwise, be endangered and also preserves the support systems that maintain life.

Global, national and local efforts are needed to achieve conservation of biodiversity. Conservation can be of two types a) in-situ conservation b) ex-situ conservation.

I. In Situ Conservation :
‘In-situ’ is a Latin phrase which means’ in the original palce or arrangement’. The conservation of species in their natural habitat or natural ecosystem is known as in situ conservation. In this process, the natural surroundings or ecosystems are protected and maintained so that all the constituent species (known or unknown) are conserved and benefited. The factors which are detrimental to the existence of species concerned are eliminated by suitable mechanisms.

There are different types of protected areas and sites of conservation in India, based on the level of protection provided and the amount of human intervention allowed.

Modes of In situ Conservation :
Types :

1. National Parks
2. Wild Life Sanctuaries
3. Conservation and Community Reserves
4. Marine Protected Areas Sanctuary
5. Biodiversity Heritage Sites
6. Biosphere Reserves
7. Sacred grooves
8. Ramsar sites.

1) National Parks :
A National park is a protected area aimed at betterment of wild life. There are 103 National parks in India 5 are situated in Telangana. Important national parks in Telangana-(l) Kasu Brahnandareddy National Park (HYD), (2)MahaveerVanasthali (Deer) (HYD), (3) Murgavani National Park (HYD).

2) Wild Life Sanctuaries :
Several forests have been declared as reserve forests and protected. Several lakes where birds migrate have been recognised as birds, sanctuaries. In these areas, natural habitat of birds has been preserved. Poaching of Birds hunting their eggs are prohibited. In India there are 543 wild life sanctuaries. Out of this, 9 are situated in Telangana.

1. Nagarjuna Sagar – Srisailam Sanctuary.
2. Etuari Nagaram Sancturary – near Warangal.
3. Kinnerasani Sanctuary – near Khammam.

3) Conservation and Community Reserves :
Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks, wild life sanctuaries, protected and reserved forests in India.

Important Community Reserves in India :
Thungabhadra otter Reserves – Karnataka, Jower Tunnel – Jammu and Kashmir.

4) Marine protected areas :
Marine Protected Area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than in the surrounding waters- similar to parks we have on land. These places are given special protection for natural or historic marine resources. There are 25 in peninsular India and 106 in the islands of India.

Some marine protected areas in India are :

• Coringa Sanctuary near Kakinada, A.P
• Krishna Sanctuary, near Machilipatnam, A.P

5) Biodiversity Heritage Sites : These are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems – terrestrial, fresh water or marine, having rich biodiversity and comprising any one or more of the components such as

• Species richness.
• High endemism.
• Rare, endemic (which exist only in one particular region) and threatened species.
• Keystone species (they play a crucial and unique role in the ecosystem).
• Species of evolutionary significance.
• Wild ancestors of domestic /cultivated species or land races or their varieties.
• Areas of fossil beds having cultural, ethical or aesthetic values. These are important for the maintenance of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of human association with them.

Examples :
Ameenpur lake on the outskirts of Hyderabad. Ameenpur Lake becomes the first Biodiversity Heritage site in the country. Fish and birds return : On the western fringes of Hyderabad is a sprawling and ancient man-made lake.

The lake brims with life :
bar-headed geese, flamingos, pelicans, cormorants, ruddy shelducks, and grey herons, checkered keelback snake and fish. It was because of the biodiversity tag that the government was granted Rs. 3.72 crore to improve the weir, open up inlets and clean up the lake, which has resulted in cleanup and the resultant increase in biodiversity.

6. Biosphere Reserves :
Biosphere reserves or natural reserves are multipurpose protected areas with boundaries circumscribed by legislation. The main aim of a biosphere reserve is to preserve genetic diversity in representative ecosystems by protecting wild animals, traditional life style of inhabitants and domesticated plant/animal genetic resources. These reserves are larger areas of natural habitat than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary, and often include one or more National Parks. Some important biosphere reserves are :

• Simlipal (Orissa)
• Sunderbans (West Bengal)
• Nilgiris (Tamilnadu)
• Kaziranga (Assam)
• Gulf of Mannar (Tamilnadu).

7. Sacred Grooves :
A Sacred Grooves or sacred woods are any groove of trees that are of special religious importance to a particular culture.

Example :

• Pavitraskhetralu (dense, well managed plantations on outskirts of village) in Andhra Pradesh.
• Kovilkadu sacred grove of Tamilnadu.

8. Ramsar Sites :
These are wetlands considered to be of international importance. The international convention which forms the basis for their identification is commonly referred to as the “Ramsar Convention” after the city in Iran where the convention was signed in 1971.

Example :
• Kolleru and Pulikat lakes in Andhra Pradesh.

Haritha Haaram :
Haritha Haaram is a large-scale treeplanting program implemented by the Government of Telangana to increase the amount of tree cover in the state from 24% to 33%. This flagship programme of government of Telangana is aimed at rejuvenating degraded forests, protecting these forests from threats such as smuggling encroachment, fire and grazing. It adopted intensive soil and moisture conservation measures based on a wateished approach in the areas outside the existing forest, massive planting activities were to be taken up in areas such as, roadside avenues, river and canal banks, barren hills, tank bunds and fore shore areas institutional premises, religious places housing colonies, community lands, municipalities and industrial parks.

Vanajeevi (Forester) Ramaiah’ ‘Chettu (Tree) Ramaiah* is a 70 year old man in Reddipalle village, Khammam district, who was awarded Padmasree in 2017. Thanks to the active support of his wife Janamma Mr. Ramaiah spearheaded a tree plantation drive for the past several decades across the district with a thrust on shady trees, fruit bearing and bio-diesel plants with assured environmental and economic benefits to society.

II. Ex-Situ Conservation :
Ex-situ conservation involves maintenance and breeding of endangered plants and animals under partially or wholly controlled conditions in specific areas like zoos, gardens, nurseries etc. It is the conservation of selected plants and animals in selected areas outside their natural habitat.

The stresses on living organisms due to competition for food, water and space can be avoided by ex-situ conservation, thereby providing conditions necessary for secure life and breeding.

Modes of Ex Situ Conservation :

1. Gene Banks
2. Seed Banks
3. Botanical Gardens and Zoos
4. Field Gene Banks
5. Microbial Cultural Collection Centres.

1. Gene Banks :
Gene banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material. For plants, this could be by freezing cuttings from the plant, or stocking the seeds (e.g. in a seedbank). For animals, this is the freezing of sperm and eggs and also embryos in zoological freezers until further need.

2. Seed Banks :
A seed bank preserves dried seeds by storing them at a very low temperature. It the most cost-effective method of providing plant genetic resources for long-term exsitu conservation. The main advantage of seed banking is that it allows large populations to be preserved and genetic erosion to be minimised by providing optimum conditions and reducing the need for regeneration.
Examples :
Navdariya Conservation Farm Uttarakhand, Seed bank at ICRISAT Hyderabad.

3. Botanical Gardens and Zoos :
Botanical gardens and zoos are the most conventional methods of ex-situ conservation, all of which house protected specimens for breeding and reintroduction into the wild when necessary and possible. These facilities provide not only housing and care for specimens of endangered species, but also have an educational value. They inform the public of the threatened status of endangered species and of those factors which cause the threat, with the hope of creating public interest in stopping and reversing thsoe factors which jeopardize a species’ survival in the first place. They are the most publicly visited ex-situ conservation sites.
Example :

• Nehru Zoological Park, Hyderabad
• Hyderabad Botanical Garden.

4. Field Gene Banks :
This is a method of planting plants for the conservation of genes. For this purpose, an ecosystem is created artifically. Through this method one can compare the differences among plants of different species and study them in detail. It needs large tracts of land, adequate soil, conductive weather, etc. Germ plasmas of important crops are conserved through this method. 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central Rice Research Institute in Orissa.

5. Microbial Cultural Collection Centres :
These are organizations which collect, store and distribute standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research and development. Culture collections are valuable resources for the sustainable use of microbial diversity and its conservation.
Examples :

• Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank (MTCC) – Chandigarh, India.
• National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCM) – Pune, India.

Question 6.
Write the acts of Biodiversity.
Answer:
Convention on Biological Diversity :
The Convention on Biodiversity was held at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a comprehensive strategy for “sustainable development”. It establishes three main goals:

1. the conservation of biological diversity.
2. the sustainable use of its components.
3. the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources.

Under the Convention, governments are required to develop. national biodiversity strategies and action plans, and to integrate these into broader national plans for environment and development. This is particularly important for such sectors as forestry, agriculture, fisheries, energy, transportation and urban planning.

The Biological Diversity Act 2002 of India :
The Act covers conservation, use of biological resources and associated knowledge occurring in India for commercial or research purposes or for the purposes of bio – survey and bio-utilisation. It provides a frame work for access to biological resources and sharing the benefits arising out of such access and use.

State biodiversity Boards are statutory and autonomous bodies constituted by the Government. Their main function is to

Advise the State Government subject to any guidelines issued by the Central Government on matters relating to conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of biological resources.

Biodiversity Management Committee :
Every local body shall constitute a Biodiversity Management Committee within its area, which is the best example of taking the practice of science right down to the grass-roots. The roles of BMCs are

• Promoting conservation of biological diversity.
• Sustainable use and documentation of biological diversity.
• Preservation of habitats.
• Conservation of Landraces (domesticated, locally adapted traditional varieties of a species of animal or plant), folk varieties and cultivars (Plant varieties produced in cultivation by selective breeding), domesticated stocks & breeds of animals and microorganisms.
• Chronicling of knowledge relating to biodiversity.
• Facilitating preparation of people’s biodiversity registers (PBRs)

People’s Biodiversity Register :
It is a document that contains comprehensive information on locally available Bioresources, their medicinal or any other use, or any other traditional knowledge associated with them. This is an innovative decentralized approach to knowing, us,ing and safeguarding our biodiversity and traditional knowledge. This helps in the conservation of biodiversity. It also supports claims of local ownership of biodiversity and traditional knowledge. The PBR process creates a mass awareness and knowledge flow, which is important for biodiversity conservation.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 14th Lesson Significance of Biodiversity Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 14th Lesson Significance of Biodiversity

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay on benefits or significance of Biodiversity.
Answer:
Biodiversity provides the fundamental building blocks for the many goods and services man derives from the environment. These include things that are essential to health, like clean air, fresh water, and food products. Our clothes, medicines, fuels and homes are dependent on the resources of the biosphere. When ecosystems are intact, biological processes are preserved. These processes include the nutrient and water cycles, photosynthesis and the food chain, all of which are necessary for the sustenance of life. The more the microbe, plant, insect and animal species there are in an area, the greater the biodiversity and the healthier the ecosystem. Conversely, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the loss of biodiversity would result in the loss of all forms of life.

Given below are some of the ways in which man benefits from biodiversity :

Benefits of Biodiversity :
i. Consumptive Use Value :
This refers to the value that can be assigned to natural products that are directly used for food, fodder, timber, fuel woods etc. They are consumed in small amounts to meet daily needs. Many people around the world still depend on wild species to fulfill their needs such as food, shelter and clothing. Forest products, vegetables and fruits are consumed by many tribes.

ii. Productive Use Value :
This refers to the value that can be assigned to commercially harvested and marketed ‘produce’ of plants and animals. Almost all the present agricultural crops have originated from wild varieties. Wild species of plants are used to develop new, better yielding varieties of plants which are cultivated on a commercial scale. Large scale cultivation and marketing of rice, wheat, maize, vegetables and fruits are examples of the productive use value of biodiversity.

Animal foods like milk, meat and eggs are consumed by people throughout the world. Other animal products, such as tusks of elephants, are used for decorative purposes, while wool from sheep and silk from silkworms are used to clothe the body.

iii. Economic Value :
Plants and animals are useful, not only as food, but in several other ways too. Many industries such as the paper industry, textile industry, leather industry and pearl industry are dependent on the commercial values of plants, trees, animals and marine life. Fuel sources like coal, oil and natural gas have their origin due to biodiversity. Many important chemicals and dyes are extracted from various plants and animals.

Many medicines, such as quinine, opium, codeine and cortisone are derived from plants and animal by – products. Some are recreational drugs like marijuana. It is quite likely that several new medicines will be derived from plants and animals in the future too.

iv. Educational and Scientific Value :
Our understanding of life is greatly enhanced by the study of living organisms, their interactions with each other and the environment. We have gained much insight about various human systems and their functioning by studying other organisms, both in their natural habitat as well as in controlled conditions in the laboratory. Fruit flies, worms, frogs, dogs and monkeys are routinely used in biological experiments. Guinea pigs have been largely replaced by mice in laboratories but they are still used to study diseases like diabetes, T.B and scurvy, v.

v. Aesthetic and recreational value :
The majesty of the mountains, the refreshing fragrance of flowers, the softness of moss, and the melodious songs of birds are some of the things in nature which soothe the senses and uplift the spirit. Human beings derive great joy from various forms of biodiversity. Botanical and zoological gardens are means of biodiversity conservation and are of aesthetic value.

Biodiversity is also a significant source of leisure activities. It is a focal point for tourism and all kinds of recreational’ activities. People enjoy going for a holiday to a sea resort or a mountain resort. They take delight in rock climbing, sea surfing, river rafting, jungle safaris and ocean cruises. Bird watching, having pets and keeping an aquarium are other expressions of the aesthetic value we derive from biodiversity.

vi. Ethical value :
Biodiversity must be seen in the light of ethical values. Since man is the most intelligent living organism, it should be his prime responsibility and moral obligation to protect other organisms. Biodiversity encourages man to adopt the attitude ‘Live and Let Live’ and to accept that every species of life,, whether useful or not to man, has the right to exist. Laws are being framed to protect man from destroying biodiversity. For instance there are No – Construction Zones, protected forest areas, and wild life sanctuaries.

vii. Inspiration for Scientific Inventions / Biomimicry :
Living organisms provide inspiration for engineers seeking better and more efficient products. This field, known as biomimicry, involves the design and production of materials and systems that are modelled on biological processes. For example, shark skin provided the model for hydrodynamic swimming suits. The glue used by sandcastle worms (Phra- gmatopomacalifornica) to cement together their sand particle shells was the inspiration for a glue that mends fractured bones in the aqueous internal environment of the body. Scientists are using the chemical nature of spider’s silk to design strong, lightweight fibre.

viii. Ecosystem Service Value :
Biodiversity is indispensable for the maintenance of ecological balance. Ecosystems in nature sustain soil fertility, cycle nutrients, prevent soil erosion, fix nitrogen and serve several such functions which are vital for the existence of life. Without the water cycle, for instance, there would be no rains and, consequently, no crops or drinking water. Life itself would come to an end. Any disturbance in the delicately fabricated ecological balance maintained by different organisms can lead to calamities like drought, floods and famine and may threaten the survival of life on the planet.

ix. Cultural and Spiritual Value :
Many cultural practices and ceremonies in India are associated with biodiversity. For example, the tulasi plant and banyan tree are venerated in India. Mango leaves are used for decoration on auspicious occasions, Mehandi is applied by ladies on their palms and hands during social ceremonies. Animals like the cow, snake, bull and owl hold a special place in Indian socio-cultural life, religion and mythology.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 13th Lesson Concept, Types and Threats to Biodiversity Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 13th Lesson Concept, Types and Threats to Biodiversity

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Define biodiversity and explain the levels or types of Biodiversity.
Answer:
The term biodiversity was introduced by Walter Rosen in 1986. Biodiversity is the shortened form of two words “biological” and ” diversity.” It refers to all the variety of life that can be found on Earth (plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms) as well as to the communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.

An ecosystem includes all the living things (plants, animals and other organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments, such as weather, Sun and soil. It is, thus, the interaction of living and non-living things in a particular environment. A biome is a specific geographic area notable for the large community of plants and animals that live there. For example, tropical rainforests, deserts and grasslands.

Biodiversity is not merely the sum of all ecosystems, species and genetic material. Rather, it represents the variability within and among them. It can be distinguished from the expression “biological resources”, which refer to the tangible components of ecosystems. Biological resources are real entities (a particular species of bird, a wheat variety growing in a field, oak wood, etc.) while biological diversity is an attribute of life (the variety of bird species, the genetic variability of wheat around the world, forest types, etc.)

It has been estimated that more than 50 million species of plants, animals and micro – organisms exist in the world. Out of these, about 1.4 million species have been identified so far.
Each species is adapted to live in a specific environment, whether it is the mountain peaks or the depths of the seas, the polar ice caps or the tropical rain forests and deserts. All this diversity of life is confined to a one kilometre thick layer of lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere which forms the biosphere.

Biodiversity Concepts
All life forms that make up biodiversity, including humans, are ultimately connected to all other life forms, and to their physical environment.

• No one living element of any ecosystem can survive independent of the others.
• Connections among living and non-living elements keep the environment functioning and healthy.
• Because biodiversity represents the inter-connectedness of all things, the effects of some causes can be surprising.
• Human impact on the environment, therefore, difectly or indirectly affects the function of other living things, and, by extension, ourselves.

Types of biodiversity :
Biodiversity includes four main types : They are :

1. Species Diversity
2. Genetic Diversity
3. Ecosystem or Community Diversity
4. Functional Diversity.

LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
Species Diversity :
Refers to the number of different species of plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms that are represented in a given community. For example palm trees, elephants or bacteria. The number of species that live in a particular location is called species richness. Abundance is defined as the number of individuals of each species.

Genetic Diversity :
Refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. The more genetic diversity a population has, the more likelihood the population will be able to adapt and survive. For example, poodles, german shepherds and golden retrievers are all dogs, but they all look different as they have different genes.

Ecosystem or Community Diversity :
Refers to a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Each ecosystem corresponds to a series of complex relationships between biotic (living) components such as plants and animals, and abiotic (non-living) components which include sunlight, air, water, minerals and nutrients such as air, water, and mineral soil. Examples : tropical or temperate forests, hot and cold deserts, wetlands, rivers, mountains, coral reefs, etc.

Functional Diversity :
Refers to the way species behave, obtain, food and use the natural resources of an ecosystem. In general a species rich ecosystem is presumed to have high functional divesity, because there are many species with many different behaviours. Functional diversity can be useful to ecologists trying to conserve an ecosystem or restore it when it is damaged, because knowing the behaviours and roles of species can point to gaps in a food cycle or ecological niches that ‘ack species.

Question 2.
Explain Bio-geo-graphical classification of India.
Answer:
India is a mega biodiverse country. In Greek language Mega means ‘Large’. In 1998, India has been recognised as one of the Mega bio – diversity country out of 17 countries in the world. India has been divided into 10 Bio – geographical realms and 26 Bio provinces. India is a land of forests, grasslands,, oceans, wet lands, coastal regions, marine eco system etc.

India is a land of 167 plant species of millets, fruits, vegetables, pulses etc. There are nearly about or more than 100 domestic species, 5, 000 flowering plants, 62% of amphibians. Totally there are 46,000 flora and 81,000 fauna species.

Question 3.
Describe the threats of Biodiversity.
Answer:
Consequences of loss of Biodiversity :
Biodiversity is under serious threat. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimates that 22% of known mammals, 32% of amphibians, 14% of birds, and 32% of gymnosperms (plants that do not bear flowers or fruit, e.g. : ferns and moss) are threatened with extinction. Species that were abundant within the last 200 years have gone extinct. For example, passenger pigeons, which numbered more than three billion in the mid 1800s are now extinct. Animals like the polar bear, leopard, tiger, orangutan, otter and pangolin are shrinking in numbers.

Species extinction and loss of biodiversity can be as devastating for the earth as climate change and water pollution. Each species, no matter how small, may have an important role to play in the ecosystem. If there is a drastic increase or decrease in the population of a particular species, it can cause an imbalance in the ecosystem and have unforeseen, cascading effects that cannot be reversed. For instance, the loss of elephants in an area can cause the population of deer to multiply. As the number of deer increases, the available vegetation there decreases. Grass eating animals are affected adversely and may die. The cycle does not stop there. Carnivorous animals which feed on herbivores are, in turn, deprived of prey. Another example is the decline of the honey bee population which is adversely affecting the production of several crops, as pollination fails to take place in the absence of bees.

Causes of loss of Biodiversity / Threats to Biodiversity :
The primary cause of loss of biodiversity is habitat alteration caused by human activities which directly or indirectly affect the ecosystems. These dangers to biodiversity include: population growth and resource consumption, climate change and global warming, habitat conversion and urbanization, invasive alien species, over exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation.

The table below summarizes the main threats to biodiversity in India

Threats to Marine Water

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 12th Lesson Energy Conservation Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 12th Lesson Energy Conservation

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the need for Energy Conservation.
Answer:
The Need for Energy Conservation :
Carbon Footprint :
It is possible to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that individual or group activities produce. This measure is called the carbon footprint. For instance, approximately one kg of carbon is added to our personal carbon footprint when we drive a car for a distance of about 6km or when we operate a computer for 32 hours. The more the emission of carbon, the more the environment gets polluted. Today there is greater awareness about the need to reduce our carbon footprint and thereby protect the environment. Energy conservation is one of the methods to reduce damage to the environment.

Energy conservation refers to the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an energy service. Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use, which refers to using less energy for a constant service. For example, driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both energy reduction techniques. Energy conservation leads to enhanced environmental quality and greater personal savings. Energy Conservation is one of the most important steps towards building a sustainable energy system. If a country is self-sufficient in energy, it need not bow down to the pressure tactics of other countries to meet its energy needs.

While the government can formulate policies and frame laws which ensure energy conservation, there are many small steps that can be taken by individuals to conserve energy. Given below are energy conservation techniques that you can follow in your daily life to reduce your overall carbon footprint and save money in the long run. Long term solutions for energy conservation too are listed.

I. Energy conservation at the individual level :
1. Install CFL and LED lights :
Incandescent bulbs should be replaced with CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) or LED (light emitting diode) bulbs. CFL and LED bulbs cost more upfront but last 12 times longer than incandescent bulbs. CFL and LED bulbs save not only energy but also money over a period of time.

2. Optimise the Room Temperature :
Heaters, coolers and air conditioners are commonly used to regulate the temperature indoors. The more the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature, the more the energy consumed to maintain room temperature. The temperature indoors should be kept as close as possible to the outside temperature for energy conservation. Programmable thermostats can be used for this purpose.

3. Insulate your house :
Insulation gives cool air in summer and winter.

Energy-Saving Tips

1. Replace light bulbs with CFLs
2. Unplug electronics when not in use
3. Adjust your thermostat 5* higher
4. Load up dishwasher until full
5. Keep cool with ceiling fans
6. Power down your computer
7. Wash clothes in cold water

4. Maximize the use of natural light :
Switch Off lights during day time will reduce current bill.

5. Get an Energy Audit Done :
Take advice from expert energy saver to save current bill.

6. Use Energy Efficient Appliances :
Buy star products to save electricity bill.

Concept
The Green Building concept is gaining importance in various countries including India. These are building that ensure that were is minized that every stage including the construction and operation of the building resulting low costs, according to experts in the technology.

7. Drive Less, Walk More and Carpool :
Sharing Transport Vehicles will save energy.

8. Switch Off Appliances when Not in Use :
Save energy by switching off computer, Electric devices etc., when not in use.

9. Grow trees :
Plant more trees to provide cool air

II. Long term solutions for energy conservation :
1. Education :
Educate the people to create awareness on Energy Saving.

2. Availability of Eco friendly Alternatives :
Eco friendly alternatives should be available to reduce the carbon footprint. Energy saving bulbs like LED, CFL should be supplied as subsidized for consumers.

3. Zero Energy Balance Construction :
New methods are being used to construct buildings in such a way that there is minimum emission of green house gases.

4. Alternative Sources of Energy :
The use of alternative sources like solar energy and wind energy, is a key energy conservation technique.

5. Cap and Trade Agreements :
There are agreement between Government and Person concerned who establish industry. He will record minimum pollutant limits.

6. Reduced Demand :
With the emergence of specific economy and social conditions Vehicles and Hydride Cars, including in India – the demand has increased and reduce manifold.

7. Research & Development :
Continued funding of research should be done to solve the problem of Fuel.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 11th Lesson Conventional and non-Conventional Sources of Energy Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 11th Lesson Conventional and non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Explain the sources of energy.
Answer:
I. Conventional Sources of Energy :
(Non-Renewable) Conventional Energy refers to energy that is obtained from any source that has been in widespread use for a long time. Fossil fuels and traditional biomass are the most widely used conventional source of energy. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels. Kerosene and propane are derivatives of fossil fuels. Traditional biomass refers to wood and other organic matter.

Till the beginning of the nineteenth century nearly all the energy in the world was produced by the burning of wood. Less than 2% was derived from coal, produced and used mostly in the U.K. Oil consumption began in the 1870s. By the end of the nineteenth century, coal consumption increased greatly. It accounted for half the global energy.

Fossil fuels are formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earths crust over millions of years. When fossil fuels are burnt they produce a lot of energy. Although human beings used fossil fuels in ancient times, the large scale extraction of these fuels began only during the Industrial Revolution. Within a short period of two hundred years we have consumed so much fossil fuel that the available deposits have been practically exhausted.

It is estimated that we will run out of oil, gas and coal by the end of this century. New reserves of fossil fuels are difficult to find and are much smaller than the ones found in ihe past. For this reason fossil fuels are considered Non Renewable sources of energy. They are a finite resource and cannot be replenished as they take millions of years to be formed.

Advantages of Conventional Sources of Energy :

1. The technology to harness energy from fossil fuels is well developed.
2. Fossil fuels are cheap and reliable sources of energy.

Disadvantages of Conventional Sources of Energy :

1. Fossil fuels contain large amounts of carbon and contribute to global warming. They are not green sources of energy and so, pollute the environment.
2. Fossil fuels are nomrenewable sources of energy. The existing reserves will almost certainly be exhausted well before the turn of this century.

II. Non-Conventional Sources of energy (Renewable) :
As conventional sources of energy are exhaustible and also cause pollution, scientists have been trying to find alternative sources of energy which can be easily replenished and do not pollute the environment. Many non conventional sources of energy have been developed during the last few decades. Solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy and tidal energy are examples of non conventional energy. While it is true that some of these sources, such as wind energy and biomass energy, were harnessed even in ancient times, the large scale exploitation of these resources in a systematic manner started only towards the end of the nineteenth century.

Advantages of Non – Conventional Sources of Energy :
a) Renewable Resources :
The most promising aspect of non – conventional sources of energy is that they are inexhaustible. Solar energy and wind energy can be harnessed as long as the Sun exists. The vast oceans are a perennial source of wave and tide energy. Uranium, needed for nuclear energy, may be exhausted in 200 years but if extracted from sea water, will last for 60,000 years. Non conventional sources of energy are, therefore, called Renewable sources of energy as they are constantly being replenished and will never get depleted.

b) Non Polluting :
Another remarkable feature of non conventional sources of energy is that they are clean and do not pollute the environment. No waste is produced. Biomass energy releases carbon, no doubt, but the carbon is already present in the organic waste that is burnt to get energy.

c) Cost Effective :
Non-conventional sources of energy are becoming increasingly cost effective with each passing day. Rapid improvements in technology are enabling developing countries to leapfrog and remain on a par with developed countries.

Disadvantages of Non – Conventional Sources of Energy :
a) Safety issues :
Accidents in nuclear power plants can cause leakage of radioactive material. This can have disastrous consequences not only for the workers involved but for residents living several miles away from the plant. The effects of radioactivity on human beings can linger for decades, affecting future generations. The ecosystem too is destroyed.

b) Initial costs of installation of power plants may be high.

Question 2.
Explain the types of Non – Conventional sources of energy.
Answer:
1. Solar Energy :
The Sun is a powerful source of energy. The energy provided by the Sun to the Earth in one hour can meet the energy needs of the entire globe for a year. At present we are able to harness only .0001 % of that energy. Rapid strides in technology are enabling us to transform solar power into thermal and electrical energy efficiently and at reduced costs. The International Energy Agency estimates that by 2050 the production of solar energy will account for nearly a quarter of the world’s total energy use.

Solar power harvests the energy of the Sun by using collector panels to create conditions that can then be turned into a kind of power. Large solar panel fields are often used to gather enough power to charge small substations. Many people use solar systems for heating their house in winter and cooling it in summer. Hot water too is easily obtained.

Advantages of Solar Energy :

1. Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
2. Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free of charge.
3. The Sun is practically an infinite source of energy as it will exist for another 5 billion years. In contrast, it is estimated that the world’s oil reserves will last only for another 30 to 40 years.
4. Solar energy causes no pollution. Solar cells do not produce emissions or noise.
5. Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy :

1. The initial cost of setting up solar panels is quite high.
2. Solar cells can generate electricity only during daylight hours.
3. Solar energy production is not feasible in geographical areas which receive less sunlight.
4. Pollution levels in the air can affect the efficiency of solar panels.
5. Solar panels are heavy, so roofs of houses where they are being installed must be strong.

India has set a target of achieving 100 GW of solar power by 2022. Four of the largest solar plants in the world are in India, including the second largest solar park in the world at Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. The world’s largest solar power plant, Bhadla Solar Park, is being constructed in Rajasthan.

2. Wind Energy :
Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind turbines, like windmills, are mounted on towers and convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator then converts the mechanical power into electricity. Wind energy harvesting has grown by 25% every year over the last two decades. By 2030 wind power is expected to supply nearly 20% of the world’s electricity.

Advantages of Wind Energy :

1. Wind is a clean, non polluting source of energy.
2. It is an inexhaustible source of energy as it originates in the Sun.
3. It is cheap. The cost of wind power is rapidly decreasing and has fallen by more than 50% over the last few years. In 2018 it fell to a record low of ₹ 2.43 per unit in India.
4. Wind turbines are space efficient. As they do not occupy much space, there is practically no disruption in the usage of the open land in which they are located.
5. Maintenance costs are low.

Disadvantages of Wind Energy :

1. Wind energy is a fluctuating or intermittent source of energy as wind conditions do not remain steady in a place. Wind energy needs to be stored for full utilization.
2. Initial building and installation costs of wind turbines are high.
3. Wind turbines generate noise though newer technology is making them much quieter. A wind turbine located 300 meters from a house generates just about the noise of an air conditioner.
4. It has been claimed that wind turbines are a threat to wild life, especially bats, but these claims are not substantiated.

Denmark is regarded as the birthplace of wind energy harvesting. The Gansu wind farm in China is the world’s largest wind farm, with a target of 20000 MW by 2020. Today wind energy is India’s biggest source of renewable electricity, accounting for nearly three times as much generating capacity as solar. The Muppandal wind farm in Tamilnadu is the largest wind farm in India.

3. Geothermal Energy :
Geothermal energy is the energy that is produced from beneath the Earth. It is clean, sustainable and environment friendly. High temperatures are produced continuously inside the Earth’s crust by the slow delay of radioactive particles. Hot rocks present below the Earth heat up the water that produces steam. The steam is then captured and is used to move turbines. The rotating turbines power the generators.

Geothermal energy can be used by a residential unit or on a large scale by an industrial application. It was used during ancient times for bathing and space heating. The biggest drawback in using geothermal energy is that it can be produced only at select sites throughout the world. The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California, United States. Indonesia, Iceland, and Philippines are countries which have very large geothermal plants. The first geothermal plant of India is located in Balrampur district in Chhattisgarh and will become operational shortly.

4. Hydrogen Energy :
Hydrogen is one of the most common elements available on Earth. It is an energy carrier, not an energy source. Hydrogen can store and deliver usable energy, but it does not typically exist by itself in nature and must be produced from compounds that contain it. Once hydrogen is separated from compounds such as water, it can be used as a fuel for generating electricity. Hydrogen is a tremendous source of energy and can be used as a source of fuel to power ships, vehicles, homes, industries, and rockets. It is completely renewable, can be produced on demand from organic waste or water and does not leave any toxic emissions in the atmosphere. However, the cost of producing hydrogen energy is very high. Japan, Germany, Iceland, and U.S.A are countries which are in the forefront in the field of hydrogen energy.

5. Tidal Energy :
Tidal energy uses the rise and fall of tides to convert kinetic energy of incoming and outgoing tides into electrical energy. It is dependent on the gravitational force of the Earth and the moon. Tides are produced when there is increased height of water levels in the ocean. The generation of energy through tidal power is mostly prevalent in coastal areas. Huge investment and limited availability of sites are the major drawbacks of tidal energy. Tidal energy is one of the renewable sources of energy. Large amounts of energy are produced even when tides move at a low speed. South Korea has the largest tidal power plant in the world. France, U.K. and Belgium are other countries which have such plants.

6. Wave Energy :
Wave energy is produced from the movement of waves that are produced in the oceans. Wave energy is renewable, environment friendly and causes no harm to the atmosphere. It can be harnessed along the coastal regions of many countries and can help a country to reduce its dependence on foreign countries for fuel. However, wave energy has its disadvantages. It can damage the marine ecosystem and can also be a source of disturbance to private and commercial vessels. It is highly dependent on wavelength and can also be a source of visual and noise pollution. Sweden, Portugal, Spain and U.K. are some countries which produce wave energy.

7. Hydroelectric Energy :
Hydroelectric energy is produced when the power of moving water is harnessed to produce electricity. The power of moving water has been harnessed for centuries. Initially it was used to run grain mills. Today hydroelectric power is the most widely used non conventional type of energy in the world. It represents about 17% of total electricity production. China is the largest producer of hydroelectricity, loilowed by Canada, Brazil and the united States.

Advantages of Hydroelectric Energy :

1. Hydroelectric energy is a clean fuel source as it is produced from water.
2. Hydropower plants do not pollute the air, unlike power plants that burn fossil fuel.
3. These plants are safe when compared to nuclear plants.
4. They are renewable sources of energy as electricity can be produced as long as water is available.

Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy :

1. Hydroelectric energy can be produced only in regions where there is ample water.
2. It is not possible to generate hydroelectricity in the event of drought.
3. The initial cost of building dams and hydroelectric power plants is high.
4. The construction of dams can have a negative impact on the ecology. Thousands of people are displaced and lose their livelihood. The breeding and migratory patterns of fish, like salmon, are affected. Sediments that would go down-stream and replenish the soil are held back by dams. Now-a-days, therefore, environmentalists put up stiff opposition when hydroelectric projects, such as the Narmada Valley Project, are constructed.

8. Biomass Energy :
Biomass energy is produced from organic material that comes from plants and animals. Biomass includes crops, plants, trees, yard clippings, wood chips and animal wastes. Wood accounts for 44% of biomass energy. Chlorophyll present in plants captures the Sun’s energy by converting carbondioxide from the air and water from the ground into carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. When the plants are burned, the water and carbondioxide are again released back into the atmosphere. Biomass energy is used for heating and cooking in homes and as fuel in industrial production.

Advantages of Biomass Energy :

1. Biomass energy is a renewable source of energy as biomass plants utilize leftover wood.
2. It is an alternative to fossil fuels.
3. It does not produce carbon. It merely releases the carbon that is already there in the plant or animal waste. In that respect it differs from fossil fuels which generate carbon when burnt.
4. Organic waste of plants and animals is readily available in abundance.
5. Instead of being thrown in landfills and polluting the environment, organic waste is utilized to get energy.
6. Different products can be created from different kinds of organic matter. Methane, biodiesel and other biofuels can be produced. Heat and electricity can be generated with the help of turbines.

Disadvantages of Biomass Energy :

1. Biomass energy is not a clean energy as pollution is created from the burning organic waste. The pollution may be as bad as that caused by the burning of coal.
2. In addition to plant and animal waste, healthy trees are often cut and used for the purpose of producing biomass energy. This can lead to deforestation, displacement of people and destruction of the habitat.
3. Biodiesel products like ethanol are inefficient fuels compared to gasoline. The long term use of ethanol may be harmful to combustion engines.
4. Biomass plants require a lot of space and add to urban congestion when located in cities.
5. The cost of setting up biomass plants is very high.

9. Nuclear Energy :
Nuclear energy is power released through specific nuclear reactions. This power is then converted to electrical power. There are about 30 countries which produce nuclear power. U.S.A produces more electricity through the use of nuclear power than any other nation. It is followed by France, Russia, South Korea, Germany and China. France derives more than 75% of its energy needs from nuclear power.

Advantages of Nuclear Energy :

1. Nuclear energy is cheap.
2. It is a source of clean energy as relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide are released during the nuclear reactions.
3. The technology is readily available.

Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy :

1. There are major concerns about safety. An accident in a nuclear plant can cause leakage of radioactive material which would have disastrous and long-lasting consequences on human beings as well as on the environment. The nuclear plant accident in Fukushima, Japan in 2011 is one such example.
2. Nuclear waste that is generated must be disposed of with extreme care.
3. Nuclear plants can become targets for terrorists.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 10th Lesson Demand for Energy and Energy Consumption Patterns Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material 10th Lesson Demand for Energy and Energy Consumption Patterns

Essay Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay on energy consumption.
Answer:
Energy is defined as power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines. The amount of energy consumed in a process or system, or by an organization or society is known as Energy Consumption. Energy consumption can be classified under four economic sectors: Residential, Commercial, Transportation and Industrial.

Energy Consumption Sectors :

1. Residential sector energy is the energy used for domestic purposes. Examples are the use of charcoal, wood, kerosene and LPG for cooking, use of electricity and batteries to run devices such as fans, lights, generators, T.Vs, refrigerators, coolers and computers.
2. Commercial sector energy is the energy used in businesses and organizations. It also includes energy used by municipalities for street lighting, disposal of garbage and supply of water.
3. Transportation sector energy consumption is the energy consumed, mostly as petrol and diesel, by various modes of transport which are used to carry passengers or move goods. Cars, buses, trucks, aeroplanes and ships are the most common modes of transport.
4. Industrial sector energy includes manufacturing, agriculture, construction, forestry and mining. Energy is used in industries for various purposes, such as to produce heat and steam in industrial processes, in brick kilns, to run machinery and for drilling. Every industry uses energy but the maxi-mum energy is consumed by the bulk chemicals industry, the refining industry and mining.

Global Energy Consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization at any given point of time. The consumption of energy worldwide has dramatically increased over the last few decades. Since 1800 it has increased by more than 25 times. It is closely associated with two factors :
a) Growth in Population :
As the population of the world increases, so do energy needs. Food production must keep pace with the burgeoning population. More houses, schools and hospitals need to be built. Adequate infrastructure like roads, sewerage and garbage disposal systems must be provided. Large amounts of energy are expended for all these activities.

b) Growth in Per Capita Income :
As standards of living improve, so does energy consumption. If a person’s income increases, he is likely to stop using public transport and will buy his own car. He may now live in a bigger house and buy several kinds of goods and gadgets to keep himself comfortable. His energy consumption, thus, increases.

Energy Scenario in the Future :
Based on current trends of energy consumption, scientists have made predictions about the likely scenario in the future. Some of the observations and predictions made by them are :

• Fast growth in developing economies will drive up global energy demand multifold.
• According to some estimates, the global energy mix basket will be much bigger by 2040 with oil, gas, coal and non-fossil fuels each contributing around a quarter.
• Renewable sources of energy are growing very fast, increasing five-fold and providing around 14% of primary energy.
• With ever-growing population, the demand for oil and natural gas is increasing. Efforts are being made worldwide to scale up the exploitation of the existing reserves.
• Oil and gas together account for over half of the world’s energy.
• Global coal consumption, however, is not increasing and it seems likely that Chinese coal consumption has plateaued.
• The number of electric cars will grow to around 15% of the total number of cars, but because of the much higher intensity with which they are used, they will account for 30% of passenger vehicle kilometers.
• Carbon emissions will continue to rise, signalling the need for a comprehensive set of actions to stem the damage to the environment.
• All of the growth in energy consumption is happening in the fastest emerging economies : China and India.
  • Renewable energy is the fastest-growing energy source, accounting for 40% of the increase in primary energy.
  Demand for oil and other liquid fuels will grow for some years but will gradually slow down and stabilize by the 2030s.
• The availability of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) will increase globally.

Energy Consumption in India :
Energy consumption is greatly increasing in developing countries like India which are experiencing good economic growth. India’s energy consumption is set to grow 4.2% a year by 2035, faster than that of all major economies in the world. India is Asia’s second biggest energy consumer since 2008. In 2015 it overtook Japan as the world’s third largest oil consuming country, after the U.S.A and China. India’s consumption growth of fossil fuels will be the highest by 2035 and it will overtake China as the largest growth market.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 1st Lesson Meaning, Nature and Scope of Political Science Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Study Material 1st Lesson Meaning, Nature and Scope of Political Science

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction :
Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Meaning :
The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions :
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows:
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Scope of Political Science :
The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the follow-ing ways :

i) Study of man in relation to the Society, State and Government :
Political science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship among state, society and government with individual. Aristotle stated that Man is a social and political animal as well.

ii) Study of State :
Political science explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the state and its intimate relationship between the state and the citizens. It explains the various theories of the origin of the state and it also studies the nature, functions and various theo¬ries of the state.

iii) Study of the Government :
Scope of political science includes the study of government. Political science explains the relationship between state and government. The state realises it’s aims and objectives through the government. Government formulates various policies, programs and their implementation for well being of the people. Political science also studies various forms and structures of the government and their merits and demerits.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions :
There are several associations and institutions which influence the life of the individual. Political science studies various associations, institutions and their relationship with the state. Political science explains structure, nature and functions of the various associations and institutions. It also studies voluntary organisations and their role in the political processes.

v) Study of Rights and Duties :
Scope of Political Science includes the study or rights and duties of citizens. In recent times, issues relating to civil rights, human rights and civil society got significance in the study of political science.

vi) Studies of National and International Issues :
The scope of Political science comprises the study of national and international affairs. The political science deals with the matters relating to nation state, territorial integrity and it’s sovereignty. It also studies inter-national aspects like armaments and disarmaments, balance of power, defence and security studies. It also covers international law, international organisations etc.,

vii) Study of Comparative Government and Polities :
The importance of the comparative study of government and politics has been increased in recent times. Political science covers the study of various world governments, their structures and functions. It studies the relationship among the different political systems in the world.

viii) Study of Modem Political Analysis :
The 20^th century political science is regarded as a study of sharing and shaping of power, and it’s execution in a day to day political process. Political science studies the modem concepts like, political socialisation, political participation, political development, political culture and political communication.

ix) Study of Public Policies :
Modem political scientist like David Easton, Gabriel A. Almond, Charles Merriam argued that ‘political science is a policy science’. They considered political science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of public policies. They also emphasised the study of political parties, pressure groups, mass media and organs of the governments and their influence in the formulation of the public policies. It also studies major polices like Agriculture policy, Industrial policy, Environmental policy, Reservation policy and Education policy etc.

Thus, the scope of political science has, in recent times, extended to the study of above concepts and theories and has become one of the most Relevant social sciences.

Question 2.
Write about the importance of Political Science.
Answer:
Introduction :
Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Meaning :
The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions :
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows :
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

The political science helps to bring out certain changes in the political system and also suggests solutions for the political problems. It also helps to promote good citizenship and formation of responsible government susceptible to public opinion.

1. Political Science explains concepts and theories :
Political Science studies the relations between the individual, society and state. It helps to protect the liberty and freedom of the individuals. Study of Political Science aids to know the political theories, concepts and ethical principles useful for the creation of a progressive society.

2. Political Science examines forms and organs of the government :
‘The study of Political Science enhances the knowledge of the systems of government. It details about monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, dictatorship and other forms of goverment. It speaks about the organs of the government like legislature, executive and judiciary, their functions and inter relations.

3. Political Science enlightens on rights and duties :
Fundamental rights are essential for the people to lead a good life in a political society. The observations made in Political Science help to enlighten the citizens about their respective rights and duties …… all their pros and cons to contribute for a good citizenship.

4. Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers :
The study of Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers and theories which had influenced the world in different times. There were many political theories, which became popular in different times. The philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire laid the foundations for French Revolution through their works. In the same way, the writings of Karl Marx led to a revolution in Russia and the ideas of Mao led to a revolutionary trend in China. Mahatma Gandhi provided constructive political leadership to Indian freedom struggle. The study of political science educates about political thinkers.

5. Political science deals with International Relations :
The significance of the Political Science gradually increased as many Sovereign independent countries joined the world political system. It speaks about the inevitable co-operation between different countries. The international relations as a network became very important due to the Industrial Revolution, and its effects. Modernisation, technological development and transport facilities led to formation of regional groups between neighboring countries resulting in growing importance of international relations. Study of Political Science enlightens about all these subjects in detail.

6. Political Science explains world organisations :
The United Nations Organisation has been putting continuous efforts to promote peace, co-operation and friendship among nations of the world. Its agencies are spread throughout the world undertaking various activities for the development of human kind. Political Science acquaints us with all these matters.

Question 3.
Discuss the relationship of Political Science with history and economics.
Answer:
Political Science has intimate relation with other social sciences like History and Economics. Such inter-relation between political science and History as well as relation between political science and Economics can be detailed as below.
a. Political Science – History
b. Political Science – Economics.

a. Political Science – History :
History describes the past. The development of man¬kind and society can be known through History. History being the .story of man, functions as a treasure house of human experiences. It is like a laboratory to all social sciences. The political, economic, social, cultural, religious and literary activity of man can be known only through History. It describes different associations of man from earliest times. History conveys information to the present society, the developments in the past in the areas like state, civilization, culture, religion and economic activity. History is a written record of different events, movements, their causes and inter-relations. History provides information to study the political activity in the past. The birth and development of political ideas and institutions is known through history.

“History without Political Science has no fruit.
Political Science without History has no root”

There has been continuous transformation and development of political institutions since the earliest period of History. The evolution of different political institutions through the ages is recorded in History. History is the foundation of Political Science. A comparative study of the previous political institutions and the contemporary political activity provides a scope to find ideal and stable political institutions in future. The knowledge of political activity is very much essential to understand the events like founding of the Indian National Congress, the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution and the theories like the two Nation Theory of the Muslim League and also to estimate their impact.

In the same way it is possible to study the concepts proposed by Plato, Aristotle and other Philosophers in the light of the knowledge of history of Ancient Europe. Different political thinkers like Machiavelli, Montesquieu and Lord Bryce developed their respective theories basing on the information found in history. As Robbon opined, it is essential for a student to know about the history of his own race to study the constitution and foreign policy of his race. The knowledge of Political Science is essential to history, in the same way as the knowledge of History to Political Science. History and Political Science can contribute for the development of any civilised society in the spirit of mutual co-operation.

b. Political Science – Economics :
Economics studies the aspects like wealth, production, distribution and exchange of goods. It studies about various methods to accumulate wealth. Economics is a sociological study of the aspects like wealth, production and distribution. All the social institutions and political theories place the human life on a right track. A clearly defined political system is very essential for a man to become a good and ideal citizen. Economics helps in different ways to study the human welfare.

Economics tries to co-ordinate file methods of satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources. Lack of peace and dissatisfaction prevail in a society when the economic needs are not satisfied. The Primary needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and medical aid are to be satisfied. Otherwise life becomes sorrowfuL If the basic needs are not satisfied, the individual has to spend all his energy for that purpose only. A poverty sticken society gives scope for the prevalence of immorality and anti-social elements. An individual suffering from hunger, ignorance, ill health cannot be in a position to assess his political aims and responsibilities. He resorts to many crimes to satisfy his hunger. Such individual entertains a spirit to adopt illegal means for his progress. He cannot use his rights properly and discharge his duties. A citizen without basic needs cannot understand the value of right to vote. The communists feel that democracy cannot be successful without a socialist economy. Aristotle, warned that economic inequalities lead to social revolutions.

Even though Political Science and Economics are two different disciplines, their common aim is the welfare of people. The policies related to the production, consumption, proper use of exchange units, removing inflation, contributing for the accumulation of national wealth, promotion of industrial development are very much a part of the activities of a modem State. The impact of economic policies is very much considerable on all the above policies. It is quite possible to solve many economic problems through a political system only.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about the relationship of Political Science with sociology.
Answer:
The knowledge of Sociology is essential to a political scientist. It is essential to study the sociological roots to understand the nature of the State. The Greeks never conceived any difference between society and State. In the opinion of Greek philosophers, State is not only a political system but also a social system of commendable value. Social customs help to systematise social set up and social life. The political scientists give importance to the trends of socialisation to understand the behaviour of the citizen as an individual and part of a community.

Of late, political sociology developed as a special science. This very factor shows how much functional is the impact of social institutions on political life. Political parties, groups and public opinion are subjected to the influence of social factors. The political changes in a State cannot be understood without the knowledge of the social conditions and institutions. For instance, an indepth study of political activity in India needs a study of the social factors like caste, religion, area and language and also processes related to them.

As Political Science discusses the organised groups of people, Sociology studies both organised and unorganised groups. Political Science deals with all the political institutions in the past, present and future. Sociology discusses the rise and growth of all institutions in a society in the past and present.

Question 2.
Write about the relationship of Political Science with economics.
Answer:
Political Science – Economics :
Economics studies the aspects like wealth, production, distribution and exchange of goods. It studies about various methods to accumulate wealth. Economics is a sociological study of the aspects like wealth, production and distribution. All the social institutions and political theories place the human life on a right track. A clearly defined political system is very essential for a man to become a good and ideal citizen. Economics helps in different ways to study the human welfare.

Economics tries to co-ordinate the methods of satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources. Lack of peace and dissatisfaction prevail in a society when the economic needs are not satisfied. The Primary needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and medical aid are to be satisfied. Otherwise life becomes sorrowful. If the basic needs are not satisfied, the individual has to spend all his energy for that purpose only. A poverty sticken society gives scope for the prevalence of immorality and anti-social elements. An individual suffering from hunger, ignorance, ill-health cannot be in a position to assess his political aims and responsibilities.

He resorts to many crimes to satisfy his hunger. Such individual entertains a spirit to adopt illegal means for his progress. He cannot use his rights properly and discharge his duties. A citizen without basic needs cannot understand the value of right to vote. The communists feel that democracy cannot be successful without a socialist economy. Aristotle, warned that economic inequalities lead to social revolutions.

Even though Political Science and Economics are two different disciplines, their common aim is the welfare of people. The policies related to the production, consumption, proper use of exchange units, removing inflation, contributing for the accumulation of national wealth, promotion of industrial development are very much a part of the activities of a modem State. The impact of economic policies is very much considerable on all the above policies. It is quite possible to solve many economic problems through a political system only.

Question 3.
What is the nature of Political Science?
Answer:
The traditional writers considered the study of state and government as the proper sphere of political science. The state and government are both closely related. There can be no state without government. The sate and government, therefore, have been the central subjects of the study of political science.”

In the period after the Second World War, political scientists in the West developed new theories and concepts in the discipline of political science. American political scientist, Harold Lasswell, in the 1930 s, defined politics as the science of the study of power because the state is a structure of power and the business of the political scientists is to examine ‘Who gets Power, When and How” ?. Twenty years later during 1950 s, a school of thinking shifted the emphasis and redefined politics as a policy-making science. Modem writers have expanded the scope of political science. They describe political science ‘as the science of the study of power’, or a policy-making science; or a fundamental activity in every organized group of human life.

Broadly speaking, the study of Political Science developed in two strands: the normative and the empirical. In the normative studies of political science, the main focus is on norms, values and goals or ends of political life and activity. Most of the studies of the concepts such as liberty, equality, justice and empowerment and the study of ideologies are covered under normative studies. The empirical studies, both quantitative and qualitative, focus on facts and the actual processes or means that subscribe to the achievement of goals. The study of the functioning Of government and other institutions and the human interactions in different capacities come under empirical studies. These include, the studies on public policy, voting behaviour, political parties, pressure groups and social movements.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Evolution of Political Science.
Answer:
The beginning of a study of politics (or political thinking) is traced to the ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Among these, Aristotle- is regarded as the father of Political Science because of his objective and systematic (scientific) study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘politics’ a ‘Master Science’ as it covered almost all the activities of individuals in society that includes political and social institutions. In fact, politics was a comprehensive concept for the Greeks. However, the Greek concept of politics underwent changes over the centuries. In other words, the Greek concept of politics is no more valid today. The study of politics has acquired a wider meaning in the modem times.

As a matter of fact, with the evolution of the systems of production through different stages (e.g., hunters and food-gatherers, to agriculture and then to industry/factory) social and economic institutions become important, and so also political organizations evolved and progressed. This resulted in a distinction between three spheres of human activities, namely, ‘politics’, ‘social’ and ’economics’. Henceforth, Political Science came to be defined as ‘science of state and government. Thus, the detailed study of the evolution of the State, its functions and the government constituted the subject matter of the study of Political Science.

With the influence of the study of Behaviourism in natural Sciences, the behavioural Movement has been initiated in Social Sciences. After the Second world war, the behavioural movement which had emerged in 1920’s, became very popular movement in 1950’s. This movement was led by American Political Scientists like Charles Marrium, Gabriel Almond, David Easton etc. Behaviouralism emphasises on the study of political behaviour, perceptions of the individuals towards their own political system. Hence the study of political science confined itself to the study of political behaviour in an organised society. The study area of political science also extends to policy formulation, implementation and evaluation of the political systems. Hence, the political science is also called as policy science. The concept of policy science was propounded by J. Lasswell.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Political Science.
Answer:
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows.
1. J.W. GARNER :
“Political Science begins and ends with the State”.

2. R.G. GETTLE :
“Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.

3. ROBERT DAHL :
“Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Question 2.
Mention any four points of significance of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Political Science explains concepts and theories.
2. Political Science enlightens on Rights and Duties.
3. Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers.
4. Political Science deals with International Relations.

Question 3.
What is meant by sociology?
Answer:
Sociology is the root of all social sciences. Sociology studies the changes in different social institutions. It discusses the social, ethical, economic and cultural systems in a society. It also studies the human relations, social conditions, origin, growth and development of different systems, their respective forms, the rules, customs and traditions.

Question 4.
How Political Science is different from economics?
Answer:
Political Science differs from Economics in many respects which are as follows :

1. Political Science is normative whereas economics is descriptive
2. Political Science deals with values whereas Economics deals with prices.
3. Political Science is concerned with people whereas economics is concerned with things.
4. The scope of Political Science is much wider than that of Economics
5. Political Science tries to secure social welfare through administration whereas economics through better distribution of wealth.

Question 5.
Behaviouralism.
Answer:
It is a modem interdisciplinary approach in Political Science. It seeks to make political Science a real Science. It originated in 1925 but became popular in the USA after the second World War. David Easton, Robert Dahl, Gabriel Almond are important supporters of this approach. It studies political behaviour of people by using Scientific methods of data collection. It is a protest against the Traditional Approach.

Question 6.
Post – Behaviouralism.
Answer:
Post – Behaviouralism is a reaction to Behaviouralism. It brought a change of perspective in political science. Post behaviouralism considered ethics and values as equally important along with the facts and methods.

Question 7.
Master Science.
Answer:
Aristotle used the term ‘Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘Politics’ a “Master Science” as it covered almost all the activities of Individuals in Society that includes Political and Social Institutions.

Question 8.
Aristotle.
Answer:
The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science because of his objective and scientific study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called politics a Master Science. He was the disciple of Plato.