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Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 10th Lesson Smart Governance Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 10th Lesson Smart Governance

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is E-Governance? Explain its merits.
Answer:
E-Governance means Electronic Governance. It can be also called as Paperless Governance. Under this, the government functions on the basis of utilization of Information Technology. This will enhance efficiency and effectiveness of services. Internet and other web-based telecommunication technologies are used. Speed & accuracy are the other additional features. Groups, institutions & citizens enjoy quality and continuous services.

E-Governance secures, Transparency, Efficiency, and Accountability. It is practiced in the state of Chhattisgarh. By 2017 it will move towards a Paperless administration.

Definition :
According to the former President of India. Late Dr. A.RJ. Abdul Kalam. E-Gover-nance in the Indian context means.

A transparent Smart E-Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the inter-departmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen.

Further, the UNESCO started, that “E-Governance is the public sector’s use of information and communication technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more accountable, transparent and effecitve”.

The above definitions & interpretations enlighten us about the elimination of the age old paperwork. Technology will connect and act as an interface between Citizen and Government. Hence, transparency can be seen. Presently, in India, National E-Governance Plan has been implemented (NEGP).

Merits of E-Governance :

1. Informing & consulting the citizen
2. Reforming the process of Governance
3. Access to Information
4. To improve quality services for citizens
5. Simple rule
6. Efficiency
7. Accountability
8. Transparency
9. Quality service for more citizens

Question 2.
Discuss the merits and demerits of E-Governance.
Answer:
E-Governance means Electronic Governance. It can also be called as Paperless Governance. Under this, the government functions on the basis of utilization of Information Technology.

Definition :
According to the former President of India, Late Dr. A.RJ. Abdul Kalam, E-Gover-nance in the Indian context means, “A transparent Smart E-Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the inter-departmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen”.

Merits of E-Governance :

1. Informing consulting the citizen.
2. Reforming the process of Governance.
3. Access to information.
4. To improve quality services for citizens.
5. Simple rules.
6. Efficiency.
7. Accountability.
8. Transparency.
9. Quality service for more citizens.

Demerits of E-Governance :

1. High cost of implementation and maintenance.
2. Lack of integrated services.
3. Poor infrastructure.
4. A weak legal framework and poor laws.
5. Need to reform legal, administrative, Police and Judiciary.
6. Difficulty in understanding the citizen’s needs and linguistic barriers.
7. Poor Public Financial Management System.
8. Denial of role and participation by the civil society in public decision making.

Question 3.
What is Right to Information Act?
Answer:
The study of Right to Information Act is basic to relate the Citizen’ role in the modern administration.

1. Can the citizens take part in Governance?
2. How can the citizens gather information on public schemes?
3. Is the government acting in a fair manner?
4. Should the information be made open to the public?

The above raised issues need to be answered.

The Right to Information Act-2005 received the Presidential assent on 15^th June 2005 and became fully operational by October 2005. The Act applies to all States and Union Territories except the State of Jammu & Kashmir which is dealt separately. Every citizen has a Right to Access Information. Since all information held by government ultimately belongs to the public, this Act recognizes the sharing of information by government with citizens as healthy and beneficial to the functioning of democracy. Lastly information leads to new awareness and empowerment.

Provisions :
The Right to Information is a fundamental human right. It includes rights as well as responsibilities.

They are explained below :

1. Every person’s right to request information from the government and even the private bodies.
2. The duty of the government is to provide the requested information unless exempted for special reasons.
3. To disclose the information pro-actively by the government.
4. Information belongs to the people and not the public body that holds it
5. Within a period of 30 days the government should respond to the query.
6. Computerization & Digitalization of Records for the dissemination of information.
7. Information in the form of printouts, floppies, videocassettes or any other electronic form. Under the Act 2(f) all the above can be treated as information.

Appointment of PIO’s :
This Act recommends for the appointment of Public Information Officer for all the bodie/authorities/governmental departments etc. The PIO is responsible for providing information to all the citizens as requested. The RTI recommends for the appointment of Assistant Public Infirmation Officers (APIO’s) to receive RTI appeals. The request can be made through an online application form.

Merits of RTI:

1. Citizens empowerment through Right to Information.
2. To curtail corruption, inefficiency and misuse of power.
3. The right to know about government & governance.
4. The concerned officer can be punished or penalized if the information is not provided.
5. It leads to transparency and improvement of services.
6. Role of civil society groups in bringing the issues to the core.
7. A report or complaint or demand of status of the details of the time delays by the public.
8. It helps in the evaluation of the impact of public polices through Social Audit.
9. Right to Information Act as an enforceable Act.

Question 4.
Explain the provisions of the Right to Information Act.
Answer:
The Right to Information Act came into operation from 12^th October, 2005.

Provisions :
The Right to Information is a fundamental human right. It includes rights as well as responsibilities.

They are explained below :

1. Every Person’s Right to request information from the government and even the private bodies.
2. The duty of the government is to provide the requested information unless exempted for special reasons.
3. The disclose the information proactively by the government.
4. Information belongs to the people and not the public body that holds it.
5. Within a period of 30 days the government should respond to the query.
6. Computerization and Digitalization of Records for the dissemination of information.
7. Information in the form of printout, floppies, video cassettes or any other electronic form. Under the Act 2(f) all the above can be treated as Information.

Question 5.
What is SMART Governance?
Answer:
SMART stands for Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent Components of Smart Governance :

1. To improve the performance of the administration.
2. Enhance accountability and transparency.
3. To do away with petty politics.
4. Successful implementation (Administration) of the public policy.
5. Greater efficiency.
6. Role of the Community Leadership.
7. Future role and Innovation in Public Services.
8. Focus on planning and decision making.
9. Use of a wide range of services like internet, Mobile and other Web-based services.
10. E-Governance.

The following institutions throw some light on the Governance process in India. To suggest ways and means for the enhancement of SMART Governance, the below institutions of excellence were created.

• The National Institute for Smart Government (NISG), Hyderabad, India.
• The Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad, India.
• The Centre for Law and Governance, New Delhi.
• The Centre for Public Policy and Governance, New Delhi.

Question 6.
Explain the powers and functions of Lokpal.
Answer:
Powers and function of Lokpal :
The lokpal has the power to enquire into any matter connected with allegations of corruption against (a) Prime Minister (b) Minister of the Union (c) any Member of either House of Parliament (d) and Group A’, Group ‘B’ officers (e) Any group ‘C or group ‘D’ official of the Union (f) Any chair person or member of any corporation (g) Any society or trust or body that receives foreign contribution above 10 lakhs.

Present Lokpal :
The President of Indian appointed Justice Pinaki Chandra Bhose as the first Lokpal chairperson and Eight other members on 19^th March 2019.

Based on the report made by the search committee under leadership of Justice Ranjana Desai, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other committee members unanimously recommended names of the Chair Person and other members of the Lokpal system in India. Lokpal as a peoples friend is an anticorruption authority of body of Cmbudsman who represents the public interest in India. Minimum age of Lokpal (Chairperson or member). Should not be less than 45 years.

Lokayukta :
Based on the recommendations of the 1^st Administrative Reforms Commission, many State Governments enacted legislations to constitute the Lokayukta to investigate allegations or grievances arising out of the conduct of public servants in utilising their power and administrative duties. These servants included political executives, legislators, officers of the State Government, local bodies and public enterprises.

Any citizen can file specific allegations with Lokayukta against any public servant for enquiry. It is also open to Lokayukta to initiate self enquiry into the conduct of the public servants. The institution of Lokayukta was established first in Maharashtra in 1971. After the formation Telangana State in 2014, the first Lokayukta of Telangana was formed on 20 December 2019. Telangana has became 27^th state information of Lokayukta and upa-Lokayukta Act. Governor Tamilasai Soundarajan appointed Justice C.V Ramulu as Lokayukta and Niranjan Rao as upa-Lokayukta, Governor was advised by the Committee headed by C.M. K Chandra Sekhar Rao.

Every person appointed to be the Lokayukta or upa-Lokayukta shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he or she enters upon his/her office. The Lokayukta or upa lokayukta may be removed from their by the Governor on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity and on no other grounds.

Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by state ministers, secretaries, a member of either House of the Legislature, Mayor of the Municipal Corporation, Vice Cancellor or Registrar of a University or any public servants. Following the investigation the Lokayukta communicates the report to the competent authority, without any further delay.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Accountability?
Answer:
Accountability means the officials (public servants or civil servants) are accountability for their decision and actions to the public. Henceforth, they are subjected to public security. In a wider sense it includes the bodies/civil society organization/stakeholders/organisations as well. Rule of law and transparency can ensure accountability.

Question 2.
Write any two merits of E-Governance.
Answer:
Merits of E-Governance:

1. Informing & consulting the citizen
2. Reforming the process of Governance
3. Access to Information
4. To improve quality services for citizens
5. Simple rules
6. Efficiency
7. Accountability
8. Transparency.

Question 3.
List out the Stake holders In Governance.
Answer:
The following are the Stakeholders (participants or users) in Governance.

• Ececutive
• Legislature
• Judiciary
• Media
• Private Sector
• Social Organizations
• Civil Society
• Political Parties

Question 4.
What is Government to Citizens (G to C) Model?
Answer:
Government to Citizen (G to C):
Through this model an interface between Government and Citizen is created to provide a wide range of services. This will benefit the general public.

Question 5.
Explain Transparency in few words.
Answer:
Transparency refers to a free’ or ‘unfettered’ (unrestrained) access by the public to timely and reliable information on decisions and performance of the government in various sectors. It includes timely accessible and accurate information. The information given is easy to assimilate even by a Good Governance practices. Social Audit ensures transparency in the process of administration and decision making. Transparency improves efficiency in administration by the following methods :

• The streamlining of service delivery system.
• Recommended social audit to reduce corruption, deviation and malpractices.

Question 6.
In which year the RTI was enacted and enforced?
Answer:
The Right to Information Act was enacted and came into force in the year of 2005.

Question 7.
Lokayukta.
Answer:
Any citizen can file specific allegations with Lokayukta against any public servant for enquiry. It is also open to Lokayukta to initiate self enquiry into the conduct of the public servants. The institution of Lokayukta was established first in Maharashtra in 1971. After the formation Telangana State in 2014, the first Lokayukta of Telangana was formed on 20 December 2019. Telangana has became 27^th state in formation of Lokayukta and upa-Lokayukta Act. Governor Tamilasai Soundarajan appointed Justice C.V. Ramulu as Lokayukta and Niranjan Rao as upa-Lokayukta. Governor was advised by the Committee headed by C.M. K. Chandra Sekhar Rao.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 9th Lesson Emergence of Telangana State Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 9th Lesson Emergence of Telangana State

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the various factors which led to the agitation for a separate Telangana State.
Answer:
Separate Telangana Agitation (1969):
The agitation for a separate Telangana State was started at the end of 1958 and continued in 1969. It was first started by the students and .employees as a protest against the injustice done to the Telangana area. Later, various political parties took advantage of the situation and led the agitation.

Causes :

1. Non-implementation of rights and safeguards given to the Telangana region at the time of formation of Andhra Pradesh.
2. Since the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 no Telangana person was elected as the Chief Minister of the State.
3. As stated in the Gentlemen’s Agreement the Deputy Chief Minister post was not given to the Telangana persons by the Andhra Chief Ministers with the exception of p.Sanjeevaiah.
4. Dissatifaction among some Telangana leaders who had not position.
5. A rumour was spread that the Abkari surplus funds of Telangana region were spend in Andhra area. In those days, there was prohibition in Andhra area and no prohibition in Telangana area.
6. Telangana People were in the idea that many Andhra were in jobs in Telangana with false Mulki Certificates.
7. Telangana people were also in the opinion that the Andhra were dominating in all the administrative departments.
8. Unrest among students.
9. Support give by the people of other states who settled in Hyderabad and the other Telangana towns for their selfish ends.

The separate Telangana agitation was prolonged in the year 1970 also. In December, 1970 Mrs.Gandhi recommended for the Lok Sabha and for a mid-term pole to the Lok Sabha. The Telangana Praja Samithi contested all the 14 seats from the Telangana region and secured 10 Lok Sabha seats. In September,1971 there were discussions between the Prime Minister Mrs.Gandhi and T.RS leaders. As a result T.RS. was emerged in the Rulling congress. The discussions also led to the proclamation of six point formula. It includes,

1. Contunuation of Mulki Rules.
2. Separate accounts and budget for Telangana.
3. A Separate Congress Committee for Telangana.
4. Resignation of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy in favour of a Chief Minister from Telangana region.
5. To review the situation after 10 years.
6. To provide legal status to the Telangana Regional Committee.

The Separate Telangana agitation failed to achieves it essential goal of separate Telangana State. But it secured assuraces and protections for the Telangana for the first time, a Chief Minister was chose from the Telangana region was the Education Minister RV.Narasimha Rao.

Question 2.
Discuss the Formation of Telangana as the New State in the Indian Union.
Answer:
The emergence of Telangana state in 2014 is the result of long drown struggle. It has a history of sixty years of struggle and movements marked by agitations, negotiations, formation and merger of parties, agreement and violation of agreement.

Constitutional Process -A.P. Re organisation Act, 2014 :
The Parliament is empowered to create a new state by following a certain procedure prescribed under Article 3 of the Indain constitution. The Union Government followed the required steps prescribed by Article 3 of the constitution. The President of India referred the A.R reorganisation Bill, 2014 to the state legislature for its consideration. The A.R state legislature rejected the Bill. However, the Parliament had the power either to accept (or) reject the opinion of the state legislature, finally, the Bill was referred to parliament by President.

Both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha passed the Bill and President Pranad Mukerjee had signed the A.R Reorganisation Bill 2014 which become an Act on 1^st March 2014. The Government of India declared that on 2^nd June, 2014 the Act would come into force. By this, the Telangana state was formed on 2^nd June, 2014 as the 29^th State in the Union of India.

Emergence and formation of Telangana State :
The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has the following sailent features.

A State of telangana:
A new Telangana state with 10 districts has emerged as the 29^th State of the Indian Union.

A State of Andhra Pradesh :
The State of Andhra Pradesh has 13 districts after the division of the state.

Hyderabad as a common capital:
Hyderabad remains as the common capital for the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.

Common Governor:
There shall be a common Governor for both the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Governor is vested with same special duties.

Members of Rajya Sabha :
According to the Act there are 17 members from the state of Telangana in Lok Sabha while the state of Andhra Pradesh will have 25 members.

Legislative Assembly :
The following is the composition of members in the State Legislative Assembly.
a) Telangana -119
b) Andhra Pradesh -175

Legislative Council :
According to the Act the Telangana State shall have 40 members and Andhra Pradesh shall have 50 members respectively.

Other provisions :
The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has provided various other provisions like Separate High Courts, provisions for SC’s and ST’s, distribution of revenues etc.

The long cherished demand for a separate statehood for Telangana was achieved after a long.

Struggle 2^nd June 2014 is a memorable day for the people of Telangana who always maintain self-respect and cultural identity. Several leaders in the post struggled for more than six decades and contributed significantly to the cause. The dynamic role of K. Chandra Sekhar Rao in the Telangana Movement and emergence of Telangana State altered the course of Telanganites. The relentless efforts of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and the support given by BJP and other Political parties cannot be ignored in this regard.

Let us hope that the newly created Telangana State would become a model state in Indian Federation. May the dream of Telangana people to realise ‘Bangaru Telangana1 become a reality. For this, the people of Telangana have to travel many miles to translate their aim into a reality.

Question 3.
Describe the role of JAC’s in Telangana Movement.
Answe:
There are hundreds of political formation in the form of Joint Action Committees (JACs) that have exhibited the aspirations and spirit of the people of Telangana. These JACs have the potential to nurture various ways to articulate the demand for the formation of Telangana State. Both the formation and operation of these JACs is unprecedented in the history of Indian Politics in general and Telangana in particular.

These are various factors that contribute for the formation of hundreds of Joint Action Committees (JACs). The injustice meted out to Telangana in matters of river waters, employment and education, discrimination with regard to revenue sharing, land grabbing and encroachment in large scale, monopoly over the industrial sector, cultural invasion, disrespecting and belittling the Telangana dialect and so on compounded into major social economic and political problems in the Telangana region. This has motivated the people to undertake collective action with a determined goal of achieving Telangana State and formed as Joint Action Committees.

These JACs have formed as common platform for fighting the common cause, though the basis of their formation differ with caste, religion, profession etc. These Joint Action Committees (JACs) have manifested their collective interest with common desire and aspiration of Telangana with common modes of articulation. Mention may be made about some of JACs who have played a prominent role in sreading the Telangana Movement. These include, the political JAC, studnets JAC, advocates JAC, Kula Sangala JAC, Employees JAC and so on. While some of the JACs have independently taken up the cause and spread the movement, others undertook activities as per the directions of political JAC

Political Joint Action Committee :
The political Joint Action Committee was formed on 24th December 2009. Major political parties such as Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Bharatiya janata party (BJP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Congress party, Telugu Desam Party, CPI (ML), New Democracy, Employees associations and others associated with political JAC. The political JAC formed as the UPA Government had shown signs of deviation from the December 9, 2009 declaration of initiating the process of Telangana formation.

The political JAC is led by a political science professor from Osmania University m. Kodandarama Reddy popularly known as Kodandaram. The extensively undertook various protest programmes for fighting the cause of Telangana. These programmes include, the Non-cooperation. Million March, maanava haaram, Sakala Janula Samme. Sagara Haram, Jail Bharo, Rail Roko, Vanta Varpu etc.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the provisions of Gentlemen’s Agreement.
Answer:
In order to clear the doubts among the people of Telangana that the visalandhra may obstruct their interests, the Gentlemen’s Agreement took place on 20^th February, 1956 at Delhi basing on the recommendations of Fazal Ali Commission. It was attended by Sri Bezawada Gopala Reddy the then chief minister of Andhra State, and his Colleagues Sarvasi Neelam, Sanjeeva Reddy, Goiithu lanchana, Alui Satyanarayan Raju from Andhra Region.

Sri Burgula Ramkrishna Rao the then chief minister of Hyderabad state and his colleagues savaging K.V.Ranga Reddy, Mari Channa Reddy, J.V. Narsinga Rao from Telangana Region. They had signed on the Agreement which contains the following aspects.

1. The administrative expenditure of the state shall be contributed in proportion of both Andhra and Telangana should be confined for its development up to five years and it may be extended for another five years at the request of Telangana legislators.
2. The educational opportunities which are in Telangana shall be provided for them only more development is.to be extended. Technical education and seats in Universities shall be allocated up 1/3 for Telangana students.
3. The Vacancies arise in Future shall be allocated to both regions in proportion to their population.
4. 12 Years of Residency is must for Andhra people to get job in Telangana.
5. Regional Development council shall be constituted for over all development of Telangana.
6. In Council of ministers there shall be 60% from Andhra and 40% from Telangana respectively there must be one muslim from Telangana part.
7. If the Chief Minister is belongs to Andhra region, the deputy chief minister must be from Telangana region and vise-versa. At least 2 poof folios must be given to Telangana out of Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning, Development, Commerce and Industry.

Question 2.
Write a note on Telangana Agitation in 1969.
Answer:
Consequent to the violation of Gentlemen’s Agreement by the successive Governments in Andhra Pradesh, particularly the violation of Mulki Rules, cumulatively resulted in the emergence of eruption of separate Telangana agitation in 1969. It was reported that as many as 25,000 Government jobs were occupied by migrant Andhra’s in Telangana a region. Added to it large number of students and employees felt betrayed in view of violation of Mulki Rules. It is against this background that 1969 agitation for separation of Telangana from Andhra received impetus. Originally, the 1969 agitation was started in Khammam District by a student of Ostnania University who undertook fast unto death for the formation of Telangana. Subsequently, it spread all over the region.

The Government employees and opposition members of the State Legislative Assembly came out and threatened “Direct Action” in support of the students. Subsequently, their were protests all over the region, people from all walks of life including employees, teachers, students, intellectuals, women, and general public joined the movement. Even the political leaders like Konda Laxman Bapuji, the then minister, resigned and joined the movement. Prominent student leaders like Madan Mohan, Mallikarjun, V.B.Raju and Puli Veeranna etc., joined the agitation.

The students questioned the violation of Telangana safeguards and demanded the genuine implementation of these safeguards which were guaranteed by the Gentlemen’s Agreement. It was also recorded that as many as 370 students lost lives in police firing during the nine months agitation. As many as 70)000 people were arrested including 7,000 women. The Government led by Kasu Brahmananda Reddy adopted repressive policies through the deployment of police and military.

Question 3.
Explain the provisions of A.P. Reorganisation Act, 2014.
Answer:
The parliament is empowered to create a New State by following a certain procedure prescribed “under Article 3 of the Indian Constitution. The Union Government followed the required steps prescribed by Article 3 of the constitution. The President of India referred the AP.

Recongnisation Bill, 2014 to the state legislature for its consideration. The A.R State Legislature rejected the Bill.

However, the parliament had the power either to accept or reject the opinion of the State Legislature. Finally, the Bill was referred to parliament by th president.

Both, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha passed the Bill and president Pranab Mukherjee had signed the A.R Reorganisation Bill, 2014 which became an Act on 1^st March, 2014. The Government of India declared that on 2^nd June, 2014 the Act Would come into force. By this the Telangana State was formed on 2^nd June, 2014 as the 29^th State in the Union of India.

Question 4.
Write a note on the Significance of June 2, 2014.
Answer:
2^nd June, 2014 is a memorable day for the people of Telangana who always maintain self-respect and cultural identity. Several leaders in the past struggled for more than six decades and contributed significantly to the cause.

The dynamic role of K. Chandra Sekhar Rao in the Telangana movement and emergence of Telangana state altered the course of Telanganities. The relentless efforts of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and the support given by BJP and other political parties cannot be ignored in this regard.

Let us hope that the newly created Telangana State would become a model state in Indian Federation. May the dream of Telangana people to realise ‘Bangaru Telangana’ become a reality. For this, the people of Telangana have to travel many miles to translate their aim into a reality.

Question 5.
Write about Telangana Regional Co-ordination Committees (TRCC).
Answer:
Establishment of Telangana Regional Co-ordination Committee was a commitment made in the Gentlemen’s Agreement between the leaders of Andhra and Telangana. The advice rendered by the Regional Committee was to be accepted by the government and state legislature.

The Telangana Regional Co-ordination Committee was given power to deal :
a) Development and economic planning within the frame work of the general development, plans formulated by the state legislature.
b) Local self-government, that is to say, the constitutional powers of municipal co-operations, improvement trusts, districts boards, and district authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration.
c) Public health and sanitation, local hospitals, and dispensaries.
d) Primary and secondary education.
e) Regulation of admission to the educational institutions in the Telangana region.
f) Prohibition.
g) Sale of agricultural lands.
h) Cottage and small scale industries and agriculture, co-operative societies, markets and fairs Unless revised by agreement.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Hyderabad State.
Answer:
The erstwhile princely State of Hyderabad was integrated into Indian Union in 1948 as a result of police action. In the ensuring election to the State Assembly, the congress party swept the polls and formed the Government with Burgula Ramakrishna Rao as the Chief Minister. The State of Hyderabad remained as trilingual state with Telugu speaking people forming the major demographic community along with Kannada and Maratha-speaking regions. The State of Hyderabad was an autonomous state with surplus revenues and efficient administration.

Question 2.
Mulki Rules,
Answer:
i) The person who gets an employment in the Telangana, He must be a Resident of Telangana for not less than 15 Years.

ii) 80% of Jobs should be allocated for Telangana people in Telangana Region and remaining 20% jobs shall be allocated for Andhra Region people.

Question 3.
Visalandra.
Answer:
After formation of separate Andhra State, a demand was articulated by the political elite in Andhra region that why not merge the Telugu Speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad State with Telugus of Andhra State. In otherwords, the idea of “Visalandra” was advanced and popularised. The national congress leadership also hinted at the idea to the Telangana congressmen. Added to it the CPI had actively compaigned for one state for all Telugu speaking people. This compaigned of C.RI. spread in both regions (i.e), Andhra and Telangana. The popular slogan of C.RI.during this period was “visalandralo Praja Rajyam”. It means the need for formation of popular democratic government in an enlarged visalandra.

Question 4.
Telangana Agitation, 1969.
Answer:
Consequent to the violation of Gentlemen’s agreement by the successive government’s in Andhra Pradesh, particularly the violation of Mulki rules, cummulatively resulted in the emergence or eruption of separate Telangana agitation in 1969. It was reported that as many as 2500 Government jobs were occupied by migrant Andhra’s in Telangana a region. Added to it large number of students and employees felt betrayed in view of violation of Mulki rules. It is against this background that 1969 agitation for separation of Telangana from Andhra received impetus. Originally the 1969 agitation was started in Khammam district by the student of Osmania University who undertook fast into death for the formation of Telangana. Subsequently, it spread all over the region.

Question 5.
Srikrishna Committee report, 2010.
Answer:
The Srikrishna Committee which was appointed by the Government of India on 3^rd February, 2010 has submitted its report on 16^th December 2010. It had given six solutions to the problem.

1. It gave preference to the State United with different Constitutional and Statutory measures for socio-economic development and political empowerment of Telangana Region through the creation of Telangana Regional Council.
2. Maintaining the status quo.
3. Separating the state of Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana regions while Hyderabad to be converted into a Union – Territory.
4. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into two States. One of Rayal Telangana and Second – Coastal Andhra Pradesh.
5. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana with enlarged Hyderabad Metropolis as a separate Union Territory; and
6. Bifurcation of the State into Telangana and Seemandhra as per the existing boundaries with Hyderabad as the capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have a New Capital.

Question 6.
Violation of safeguards on Telangana.
Answer:

1. By amending the domicile rule, the residential qualification for public employment and education was reduced from 15 years to 4 years. With the result it is presumed that more . than 50 thousand Andhras are holding jobs meant for Telangana and this trend curbs the employment and educational opportunities of Telangana people.
2. People below the poverty line are 40.78 percent in Telangana compared to a much less percentage in Andhra according to 1987-88 estimates of A.R State government (Mahabubnagar district account for high percentage of below poverty line families in the state.) But the contribution of Telangana region to the state’s revenues is always more than 40 percent
3. After the Andhra Agitation of 1972, Mulki rules and Telangana Regional Committee were abolished thereby denying institutional mechanisms to check the injustices and backwardness and protect region’s interests.
4. The educational facilities are poor for Telangana people. Telangana region continues to be the lowest in literacy rates at 37 percent. Very few professional colleges in Engineering, Medical streams were established. The number of Universities stand at a very low figure in Telangana region.
5. The plans and designs of two major river valley projects on Krishna namely Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam, are catering to the needs of Andhra but not to the Telangana area. In fact, the Nalgonda district of Telangana which has sacrificed much of its areas for Nagarjuna Sagar was denied its rightful share.

Question 7.
Hyderabad as common capital.
Answer:
According to the A.R Reorganization Ac, 2014, Hyderabad remains as the common capital for the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.

Question 8.
Sakala Janula Samme.
Answer:
The Sakala Janula Samme (All people’s strike) is a great highlight in Telangana Agitation. This movement led to the strike of all sections of people supporting “Telangana Statehood”. The government employees stayed out from the work. Lawyers boycotted the courts and many other government employees like members of the teaching community, electricity board etc., participated. This movement led to “Rail Roko and Road Blockade”.

Question 9.
Million March.
Answer:
The Million March Movement was organised by Telangana Joint Action Committee led by Prof. Kodanda Ram in Hyderabad on 10th March, 2011 demanding Separate State of Telangana.

Question 10.
Political JAC.
Answer:
Political Joint Action Committee :
The Political Joint Action Committee was formed on 24 December 2009. Major political parties such as Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Communist party of India (CPI), Congress Party, Telugu Desam Party, CPI (ML) New Democracy, Employees associations and others associated with political JAC. The political JAC formed as the UPA Government had shown signs of deviation from the December 9, 2009 declaration of initiating the process of Telangana formation.

The political JAC is led by a political science professor from Osmania University M. Kondandarama Reddy popularly known as Kondandaram. He, extensively undertook various protest programmes for fighting the cause of Telangana. These programmes include, the Non-cooperation, Million March, Maanava Haaram, Sakala Janula Samme, Sagara Haram, Jail Bharo, Rail Roko, Vanta Varpu etc.

Question 11.
Students JAC.
Answer:
Telangana Movement was started and intensified with the active participation of students of different colleges and universities. Students belonging to different organisations with multiple ideological doctrines have come together to form the student joint Action Committees. Prominent among them were the Osmania University Students JAC (OUJAC) and Kakatiya University Students JAC (KUJAC).

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 8th Lesson Contemporary Issues in Indian Politics Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 8th Lesson Contemporary Issues in Indian Politics

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Corruption and describe its form.
Answer:
Corruption in India is a manor issue that is constantly debated in public forms and media as it adversely effects the moral foundations administration and economy. India has the dubious distinction of unearthiny. So many corruption scandals such as 2G Spectrum Scam, Common Wealth Games Scam, Adarsh Housing Society Scam and Coal Mining Scam from 2010 onwards. Many ministers of both Union and State have been facing charges of corruption.

Form of Corruption :
The World Bank defines corruption as using “Public office for private profit”. There are different forms of corruption which include bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favortism, nepotism, undue influence etc. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 declares the act of bribery, misappropriation, obtaining pecuniary advantages, abasing official position, possessing assets disproportionate to known sources of income etc. are corruption practices and punishable under law. The most recent phenomenon in the forms of corruption in India is “quid pro quo corruption”.

This means political leaders and high ranking officials take decisions in favour of corporate houses and high profile business people who in turn make inflated investments into the industrial units, business undertakings and NGOs owned and managed by the family members of concerned leaders and officials. In other words, it is an exchange of benefits by both the leaders-officials combine and corporate. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is investigating many cases of quid pro quo corruption scandals.

Corruption has become a major threat to Indian value system. It is spreading like a disease and makes mockery of administration, development, and democracy. Corruption is anti development and anti poor, in which politicians, bureaucrats, businessmen. Non-Government Organizations and criminals are the key players involved in these practices. Corruption arises due to scarcity of goods and services, delay tactics in administration (red tapisim), and lack of transparency in the system. Corruption leads to loss of trust on the system and rise of extremism and militancy in the society. Corruption leads to loss of trust on the system and rise of extremism and militancy in the society.

Question 2.
Narrate the meaning, features, and various phases of coalition politics.
Answer:
Coalition politics in a system in which political parties join hands with each other to capture the power or put up a combined opposition to democratize the political procure. Generally, the political parties make arrangements with Common Minimum Programme (CMP) to carryout an agreed agendaas part of coalition politics.

Phases of Coalition politics :
The roots of Coalition Politics in India can be traced from the late 1960’s. Started in 1967 with signs of decline of one party, i.e., the decline of Congress Party dominance, this pattern assumed its complete vigor in the later decades. The history of the evolution of Coalition Politics can be understood under different phases of their functioning. The First Phase of Coalition Politics (between 1967-1971) marked the emergence of regional parties in various States to challenge the dominance of the congress party. The Bhartiya Jan Sangh, Lok Dal, Socialist party, Samyuktha Vidhayak Dal, and so on emerged in some Nort Indian States and made coalitions during this phase.

During the Second Phase of coalition politics (between 1977-1980). Left Front Government were formed in Kerala’, Tripura and West Bengal with various parties based on Leftist ideology. Some consider the Janata experiment at centre is also part of coalition politics.

During the Third Phase of coalition politics (between 1989 – 1991) the coalition Governments were formed at National level and at many States. However, these coalitions experienced a new pattern of relationship among the coalition partners. Some of the political parties extended ‘outside support by not joining in the government and actively involving in coalition politics.

The Fourth Phase of Coalition Politics (between 1996 – 1999) mark instabiligy, political manoeuverability and frequent fall of Governments. During this phase, political parties frequently distanced from coalitions and this resulted in fall of Central Governments and many State Governments.

The Fifth Phase of coalition Governments (between 2004 – 2020) are formed on rational basis under Common Minimum Programme (CMP) among the coalition partners. Both the NDA coalition and UPA coalitions have evolved an agreeable agenda known as ‘Common Minimum Programme’ (CMP).

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the reasons for the emergance of coalition politics in India.
Answer:
Coalition Politics means a system where, political parties join together with an aim to secure the power of government or put up a combined opposition to democratize the political process. Generally, the political parties make arrangements with a Common Minimum Programme (CMP) to carryout an agreed agenda.

Reasons for Coalition Politics :
There are many factors that contribute for the formation of Coalition Governments. The decline of Congress from the position of acquiring majority to managing electoral victories only in certain pockets led to the rise of other parties. Further, the emergence of Regional Political Parties to challenge the Congress in various States and attempts to forget alliance with regional parties by other national parties led to coalition politics.

The reasons for coalition politics may be summed up as following :

1. The decline of one party dominance.
2. The emergence of regional political parties to satisfy the regional aspirations of the people.
3. Spread of social and political movements as a result of assertion of rights by various groups.
4. Political compulsions to form a national level and state level alternative to congress.
5. Cleavages in national parties due to ideological differences.

Phases of Coalition Politics :
Coalition Politics in India can be traced from the late 1960’s through various phases. Started in 1967 with signs of decline of one party, Congress party dominance, this pattern assumed its complete vigor in the later decades. The history of the evolution of Coalition Politics can be understood under different phases of their functioning. The First Phase of Coalition Politics between 1967-1971 marked the emergence of regional parties in various States to challenge the dominance of the Congress Party. The Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Lok Dal, Socialist Party, Samyuktha Vidhayak Dal are emerged in some North Indian States and made coalitions.

During the Second Phase of coalition politics between 1977-1980 Left Front Governments were formed in Kerala, Tripura and West Bengal with various parties based on Leftist ideology. Some consider the Janata experiment at centre is also part of coalition politics.

The Third Phase of coalition politics was between 1989 -1991 at the level of National Government and at various State Governments. However, these coalitions experienced a new pattern of relationship among the coalition partners. Some of the political parties extended ‘outside support’, by not joining in the government and actively involving in coalition politics.

The Fourth Phase of Coalition Politics between 1996-1999 mark instability, political manoeuverability and frequent fall of Governments. During this phase, political parties frequently distanced from coalitions and this resulted in fall of Central Governments and many State Governments.

The Fifth Phase of coalition Governments between 2004-2014 are formed on rational basis under Common Minimum Programme among the coalition partners. Both the NDA coalition and UPA coalitions have evolved an agenda known as ‘Common Minimum Programme’.

Question 2.
Elucidate various types of Terrorism in Indian Context.
Answer:
Terrorism is the systematic use of force or threat of use of force (Violence) to achieving political religious or ideological goals. Terrorism posed the greatest danger and threat to many countries in the world and created law and order problem. The temples, mosques, churches, markets, railway stations, multi storied buildings and other places where people densely move, are the targets of terrorism.

Types of Terrorisms :
The Second Administrative Reforms Commission in India, in its report in 2008 classified Terrorism into 5 types based on different goals and objectives of Terrorist groups. They are i) Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism ii) Religious Terrorism iii) Ideology oriented Terrorism iv) Statesponsored Terrorism v) Narco Terrorism. On the basis of the methods used by terrorists the other type also emerged such as (a)Environmental Terrorism (bio Terrorism) b) Cyber Terrorism c) Suicide Terrorism and so on.

i) Ethno – Nationalist Terrorism :
Terrorist groups resort to violence demanding secession
from Indian union or the creation of a new state in the Indian Federation. Demands for Khalistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Greater Nagaland are some of the examples. The insurgent tribal groups in North East India also indulge in this sort of terror.

ii) Religious Terrorism :
This terrorism is perpetuated in the name of religious fundamentalism. The terrorist attacks in Mumbai on 26 November 2008 and other attacks in different parts of the country by ISI of Pakistan are acts of Religious Terrorism. This is popularly known as Jehadi Terrorism.

iii) Ideology oriented Terrorism (Left wing extremism):
This form of Terrorism is also known as Left wing extremism which condemns the economically exploitative and socially suppressive nature of the society. It aims at revolutionary change through violence and terror. The ideology of Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, Lenin and others are considered as the basis for this type of extremism.

iv) State sponsored Terrorism (Cross border Terrorism):
This type of Terrorism is a type of ‘ warfare by proxy emanating from neighbouring countries. The terrorist groups are allowed to make frontal attach on nations across the border to create insecurity in neighbouring countries. India has been facing this problem from Pakistan since independence. Terrorist groups in India are supported by Pakisthan ISI and other agencies.

v) Narco Terrorism and Sandalwood Terrorism :
This form of Terrorism focuses on indulging in prohibited trade of narcotics and sandalwood. The attempts to make illegal traffic zones in North, West India and Jammu & Kashmir and ensuring Terrorism by illegal traders on officials is an example. Similarly, the sandalwood smugglers in reserve forest areas of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka resort to Terrorism against forest officials and police.

Based on means employed by terrorists, terrorism can be further classified as :

a) Environmental Terrorism (Bio-terrorism):
Environmental terrorism is a premeditated damage caused to the nature and natural resources. Using weapons of mass destruction, chemical weapons and biological weapons to create insecurity and massacre in the society. Sometimes, the deliberate use of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) to kill people, animals and plants and destroy natural resources is called bioterrorism. There are instances of Terrorists using these techniques unsuccessfully.

b) Cyber Terrorism :
The criminal activities perpetuated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities resulting in violence, destruction and disruption of services to create fear and confusion among people. Spreading misinformation and lies, harassing women, posting sensitive comments on individuals and incidents with Facebook, Twitter e-mail and so on (social media) come under their purview.

c) Suicide Terrorism :
Terrorist groups resort to this type of Terrorism by employing suicide bombers to create large scale massacre in the society. The first suicide attack by the Fedayeen was on July 13, 1991 on Border Security Post. The attacks on Jammu and Kashmir Assembly complex in October 2001, Indian Parliament in Dec 2001 and storming of Akshardham Temple in Gujarat in 2002 are some of the examples. In fact, the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi along with 18 others was assassinated in May 1991 by a suicide bomber employed by LTTE.

Though, the aims and objectives, means and methods differ, all the Terrorist groups have a unanimous intention of creating fear, violence, insecurity and confusion among Indians.

d) Terrorism and Insurgency :
There is a very little thin layer of difference between Terrorism and Insurgency. While Insurgency is confined within the National boundary and directed against one’s own Government, Terrorism can transcend the National boundary and may be directed against one’s own country as well as other countries.

Question 3.
What are the antiterrorism Acts initiated in India?
Answer:
The Government is enacting stringent laws to counter the trends of Terrorism. These include preventive Detention Act, Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), Conservation of Foreign Exchange and prevention of SmugglyActivites Act (COFEPOSA). National Security Act (NSA). Precention of Black marketing and maintenance of Essential Commodities Act (PBMSECA). Terrorist and Disruptive Activites (Prevention ) Act (TADA). Promotion of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and psychotropic Substances Act (PITNDPSA), Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), Essential services Maintenance Act (ESMA) and Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and so on.

Some of these Acts are repealed and others are still in force. These Acts provide strong legal frame work to punish the terrorists. Besides these Acts, the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and Defence of Indian rules (DIR) also suggest severe punishments to various acts of Terrosism. Some of the laws authorise the excutive to detain the persons involved in Terrorist activities without trial for several months. In all such cases, the executive can extend the period of detention of terrorists based on the suggestions made by Advisory Boards. Depending on the nature of the activity of Terrorism, the punishments vary from months long rigorous impoisonnnent to capital punishment (Death penalty).

Infact, the Indian constitution, unlike many other constitutions of the world, made provision ofr preventive detention as integral part in Article 22 of the constitution. Many civil rights groups in India criticise the provisions of Anti Terrorism Acts and term Tthem as draconian, as these Acts render excessive powers to the executive.

Question 4.
Describe various Anticorruption laws in India.
Answer:
Indian Government has taken several measures to check corruption at different levels. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 is enacted to curb corruption in public life in India. The main thrust of this Act is to prohibit public servants from accepting or soliciting illegal Ratifications in the discharge of their official functions. In addition, bribe givers and intermediaries may also be held liable under this Act. However, filing cases of corruption against certain authorities requires prior approval of constitutional functionaries (Governor at state level and President of India at National level)

Various sections of Indian Penal Code (IPC) provide criminal punishment for public servants who indulge in corrupt practices. The prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002 and the Right to Information Act 2005 help in filing cases of corruption. The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was set up in 1964 to the public servants. The citizens guide is prepared by the Central Vigilance Commission on do’s and don’ts in matters of corruption.

Protection for Whistleblowers :
Whistleblowers who exposed corruption need protection against corrupt officials and leaders. The murder of Sri Satyendra Dubey who exposed corruption in the National Highway Authority Scam and the murder of RTI Activist Sheila Masood forced the union government to introduce “Public Interest Disclosure Resolution (PIDR)” to undertake measures to protect the lives of whistleblowers.

The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act – 2013 :
The demand for an independent body to look into the cases of corruption against bureaucrats, ministers, Governors and Prime Minister of India came in Anna Hazare Movement. This movement was undertaken against the backdrop of many corruption scandals in India. The UPA Government in 2011 brought out the Lokpal Bill to constitute an independent Lokpal to investigate the charges of corruption against officials and politicians including Parliament Members and Ministers. Anna Hazare suggested Jan Lokpal Bill to constitute an independent body like the Election Commission which would have the power to prosecute and investigate corrupt politicians and bureaucrats without government permission.

The Act provides for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lakayukta for States. These institutions will inquire into the allegations of corruption against certain Public functionaries. The establishment of these institutions is in consonance with
(a) The Constitution of India, which established our State as a Democratic Republic and ensured justice to all the citizens,
(b) Since India ratified the UN convention against corruption
(c) That the Govt of India is determined on its commitment to clean and responsive Governance, and provide effective bodies to contain and punish acts of corruption.

Composition : The Lokpal consists of:
(a) A Chairperson, who is or has been a Chief Justice of India, or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court.
(b) Other members not exceeding eight, out of whom 50 present shall be Judicial members. It is also provided that 50 percent of the members shall be from SC, ST, OBC, minorities and women.

The Chairperson and members are appointed by the president on the recommendations of selection committee consisting of

1. Prime Minister – Chairperson
2. Speaker of Loksabha-Member
3. Leader of Opposition in Loksabha – Member
4. The Chief Justice of India, or a Judge of Supreme Court nominated by him – Member
5. One eminent jurist as recommended by the Chairperson and member – to be nominated by the President – Member

Powers and functions of Lokpai:
The Lokpal has the power to inquire into any matter connected with allegations of corruption against (a) Prime Minister (b) A minister of the Union (c) Any member of either house of Parliament, (d) Any group ‘A1 or group *B* Officer of the Union Government (e) Any Group ‘c’ or Group ‘D’ official of the Union (f) Any person, who is or has been a Chairperson or member, or officer or employee of any corporation, company or any other institution of the Central Government.

The Central Government constitutes special Courts on the recommendation of Lokpal, to hear and decide the cases arisingout of this Act.These special Courts shall complete the trial within a period of one year from the date of filing the case. The special Courts may make assessment of loss done to the public exchequer and make arrangements for recovery of such loss from the convicted public servant or from any other beneficiary.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Coalition politics at National Level.
Answer:
Many coalition governments were formed at the national level. The first coalition Government was formed at the Centre in 1977 with certain major political parties such as Bharatiya Lok Dal, Congress (O), Jan Sangh, Socialist Party and other smaller parties decided to form Janata Party. It is popularly known as Janata experiment. This Government was led by Morarji Desai. This is the first non Congress Government at the Centre. However, some critics did not consider this as coalition government as all parties merged into one Janata Party.

During its rule from 1977-79, government at the national level. Between 1996-98, two United Front Governments assumed office as coalition governments. Again coalition government with 13 political parties led by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) assumed office as National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government between October 1999 and May 2004. Again in May 2004 and May 2009 the United Progressive Alliance led by the Indian National Congress (INC) assumed office. Again in 2014 General election, the BJP led National Democratic Alliance assumed office at the national level.

Question 2.
Merits and De-merits of coalition politics.
Answer:
Merits and Demerits of coalition politics: Coalition politics in India led to politics of accommodation and adjustments. Consequently, the nature of Indian federation is transformed to a cooperative federation with minimum instances of dispute between the Central Government and State Governments. Further, coalition politics in India have successfully brought an alternative to congress party at all levels. As the regional necessities and aspirations are well articulated and grievances are ventilated, Indian political system enhanced its capabilities to meet public demands.

There are also certain’demerits with the emergence of Coalition politics. Many a time, the Governments engaged the coalition partners in politics of bargain. At times, this has also resulted in manipulative politics and instability. Many of the parties have hidden agenda filled with vested interests and resulted in blackmail and mareover. Inspite of many limitations coalition politics have come to stay in India as no party enjoys the nationwide mandate for electoral victories. Due to the limitations and weakness, coalition poljtjcs are also evolving certain workable arrangement for stability. Devising the Common Minimum Programme (CMP), establishing art advisory body or co-ordination committee with all coalition partners and holding periodical consultations on important decisions and policy formulations are some of the initiatives for successful continuance of coalition politics.

Question 3.
Characteristics of Terrorism.
Answer:
Many studies on Terrorism pointed out certain similarities or patterns in the acts of terrorism.
They are:

1. Terrorism is an organised, planned and deliberate act of violence carried out by a handful of people.
2. Terrorism is directed against innocent civilians or a particular community, police officials, armed personnel or government employees of state or central.
3. Terrorism is a motivated violence to challenge the social and political order of the society.
4. Terrorism engages itself in an unofficial war with the Government and political system.
5. Terrorism is a weapon of blackmail and coercion. It aims to highlight its demands with violence. •
6. Terrorism is always unlawful, in human and anti-democratic.

Question 4.
Forms of corruption.
Answer:
The World Bank defines corruption as using “Public office for private profit”. There are different forms of corruption which include bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favouritism, nepotism, communalizer, undue influence etc. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 declares the act of bribery, misappropriation, obtaining pecuniary advantages, abasing official position, possessing assets, disproportionate to known sources of income etc., are corruption practices and punishable under law.

The most recent phenomenon in the form of corruption in India is “quid pro quo corruption”. This means political leaders and high-ranking officials take decisions in favour of corporate houses and high-profile business people who in turn make inflated investments into the industrial units, business undertaking and NGO’s owned and managed by the family members of concerned leaders and officials. In other words, it is an exchange of benefits by both the leaders officials combine and corporate. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is investigating many cases of quid pro quo corruption scandals.

Question 5.
Whistle-Blowers.
Answer:
The activists who expose or disclose corruption in Public Offices and alert people against corruption.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 7th Lesson Election System in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 7th Lesson Election System in India

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the composition, powers and Functions of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Article 324(1) of the constitution provides the Election Commission to supervise and conduct the elections to parliament, state legislatures, the offices of the President and the Vice President of India.

Composition :
The Election Commission of India consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two other commissioners. .
Appointment :
The Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners are Oppointed by the president of India.

Tenure :
The Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners hold office for a period of 6 years or until they attain the age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

Removal :
The Chief Election Commissioner and other commissioners can be removed by the president on the basis of a resolution passed to that effect by both the House of Parliament with special majority either on the ground of proved misbehavior or in capacity.

Salary and Allowances :
The Chief Election Commissioner and two other commissioners shall receive salary and Allowances which are similar to that of a judge of the supreme court.

Powers and Functions of Election Commission :
The constitution of India in its articles 324 – 328 enumerates the powers and functions of the Election Commission. These Can be mentioned here under.

1. It prepares all periodically revised electoral rolls .
2. It makes every effort to ensure that the voters list is free of errors like non-existence of names of registered voters or existence names of that non-eligible or non-existent
3. It notifies the dates and schedules of election and scrutinizes nomination papers.
4. During this entire process, the election Commission has the power to take decisions to ensure a free and fair poll.
5. It Gan postpone or cancel the election in the entire country or a specific state or constituency on the grounds that the atmosphere is vitiated and therefore, a free and fair election may not be possible.
6. The Commission also implements a model code of contact for parties and candidates. It can order a re-poll in a specific constituency.
7. It can also order a recount of notes when it feels that the counting process has not been fully
   fair and just.
8. The Election Commission accords recognition to political parties and allots symbols to each of them.
9. It advises the President whether elections can be held in a state under president’s rule in order to extend the period of emergency after one year.
10. It advises the Governor on matters relating to the disqualifications of the members of state legislature.

Question 2.
Explain the features of Indian Political Party System.
Answer:
Political parties in India can be broadly classified into national political parties and regional political parties. The Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist) also known as CPM and National Congress Party are recognized National Parties in India. Likewise, India also has regional political parties like DMK and AIADMK, Akali Dal, National Conference, Telugu Desam Party, YSRCR TRS and money others.

There are no permanent cadre for many of these parties. However, there are certain political parties like CPI, CPM, BJP TDP and others who have a strong cadre base and constantly engage their workers in normal times also.

1. Multiparty System :
For many decades after independence, India became a one party dominant system with Indian National Congress dominating the political system both at the union level and states. However, the political dynamics from 1990s onwards resulted in the emergence of a multiparty system with over 6 strong national political parties and 53 regional political parties.

2. Ideological spectrum :
Indian political parties can be classified into rightist, leftist and centrist based on their ideological position. The Bharatiya Janata party, Shiva Sena and others claim themselves as rightist as these parties bestow importance to culture, traditional symbols, glorified past, Hindustan etc., in their ideology. The communist parties, Forward Bloc and others consider themselves as proper with socialist orientation and hence are known as left parties. All other parties are a combination of all ideologies and are known as centrist parties.

3. Non cadre based and cadre based parties :
Many political parties in India recruit their political workers and other functionaries only during the times of Elections.

4. No internal democracy :
Indian political parties mostly lack internal democracy in their respective political organizations. Barring a few, all the functionaries from the level of grassroots to national level are nominated by the high command.

5. Constant splits and Factionalism:
Indian political parties constantly suffer from splits among leaders. These conflicts and differences of opinion among the leaders also result in the formation of others political parties. Major parties suffer from factionalism and groupism both at national and regional level.

6. Political coalitions :
Many political parties in India prefer to form coalitions with other parties. These coalition energe as pre poll allinaces and post poll alliances.

7. Charismatic leadership :
Many political parties in India depend on the personality factor of their leaders. This is called charismatic leadership. Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and others gave strong leadership to the congress Party. Likewise Atal Behari Vajpayee L.K. Advani, Narendra Modi and others provided vibrant leadership to BJR IN the same manner, Kanshiram (BSP), Mulayan Singh Yadav (SP) Lalu Prasad Yadav (RJD), NT Rama Rao (TDP) K. Chandrasekhar Rao (TRS) and others have millions of followers and led their parties to victories.

Question 3.
Examine the characteristics of Anti defection law.
Answer:
The 52^nd Amendment Act (1985) provides for disqualification of public representatives (members of Parliament and state Legislatures) on the grounds of defection from one political party to another. This amendment Act is referred to and popularly known as Anti Defection Law. The Act is further strengthened by 91^st Amendment Act of 2003. The constitution that explains the grounds and procedures for disqualification.

1. Disqualification of members belonging to political parties :
An elected member of any political party faces disqualification, if he joins in any other political party. Further, an elected member of parliament or state legislature belonging to any political party becomes disqualified.
a) If the member resigns from the political party; or
b) If the member either votes or abstains from voting on any matter in the house against the directions issued by political party through a whip.

2. Disqualification of Independent Members and Nominated members:
A member elected as independent to the House of Parliament or state Legislature becomes disqualified if he joins any political party after the election.

Likewise a nominated member to Parliament or State Legislature becomes disqualified if he joins any political party after six months of his nomination.

3. Anti defection Law – Exceptions :
If the members elected from a particular political party split from the party or prefer merger with other party, with 2/3 of the strength, provisions of anti defection law cannot be applied. Likewise, if any member is elected as presiding officer of the house (speaker or deputy speaker etc.) the member can voluntarily gives up the membership of the party to protect the dignity and impartiality of the office. In such cases, the law gives an exception to the member and it cannot be a ground for disqualification.

4. Anti defection Law-Not Applicable to Expulsions :
If any political party expels its elected member from the membership of the party, this Act does not disqualify the member for his term.

5. Anti defection law – Authorised Deciding Authority :
The presiding officer of the House (Speaker) becomes the deciding authority with regard to the matters of disqualification based on Anti defection law.

There are various advantages and short comings in Anti defection law. It was aimed to prevent political defections and corruption that lure the members with offices, material benefits and other considerations. It provides stability to the political system and prevents corrupt practices. This Act guards the policy against unprinciple and unethical political defections and strengthens the fabric of parliamentary democracy.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain about Central Election Commission.
Answer:
In India, all elections are conducted under the control and supervision of an Election Commission According to Article 324 of the constitution, The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election commissioner and such number of other Election commissioners, if any, as the president may from time to time fix and the appointment of Chief election commissioner and other Election commissioners shall, subject to the provisions, if arty, be made in that behalf by the President’.

Thus, the Election Commission of India is an independent body. The constitution vested the Election Commission the powers to supervise, control and direct all elections in India. Presently, the Central Election Commission consists of a chief Election commissioner and two other Election Commissioners. The chief Election commissioner is the chairman of the Election commission.

He is appointed by the president of India and emainin office during his pleasure. Normally, he is appointed for a period of 6 years. He can resign on his own or can be removed from his position on grounds of misbehaver or incapacity to discharge his constitutional obligations. However, the removal process involves passing of a resolution in each house of Parliament by an absolute majority of not less than two-third members present and voting.

Question 2.
Briefly write about Electoral Reforms in India.
Answer:
The Electoral Reforms will ensure the free and fair elections in the country. The successful functioning of Indian democracy depends on the electorial reforms.

Some Electoral Reform proposed :

1. The donation of companies to the political parties should be strtctiy banned.
2. The accounts of the political parties are to be audited by the Election Commission periodically.
3. The number of members of the Election Commission shall be raised.
4. The limit on election expenditure of the candidates must be proper, practical and realistic.
5. The announcement of new policies, projects and programmes by the party in power during elections should be banned.
6. The members of the election commission should be appointed by the president president on the advice of the prime minister, leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha and the chief justice of India.
7. The government should meet the election expenditure of the candidates.
8. The Election Commission should be authorised to invalidate the election of a candidate, if it was proved that he had used government machinery during elections.
9. Notification should be issued to the voters and electronic voting machines should be introduced after fool proof arrangements.
10. The candidate who secure 51 percent of the polled votes shall be declared as winner.

Question 3.
Narrate about Indian National Congress (INC).
Answer:
The INC was formed in the year 1885 and played a significant ro|e in Indian National Movement. Some historians have a equated the history of Indian National Movement with the history of Indian National Congress. In the post independence period, the congress party emerged as the single dominent party till 1980’s. It was in power at the center for over three decades and was led by charismatic leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Lai Bahadur Sastry and Indira Gandhi as Prime Ministers. The Congress party was also in power in most Indian states in India. During the general elections in 1977, the congress was defeated at the center.

But bounded back to power at the centre and in many of the states in 1980 elections. In the year 1984, the leader of Congress Party and the then Prime Minister SMT. Indira Gandhi was assassinated. In the general elections of 1984 the congress won with a huge majority and Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister. However, during the 1991 election campaign trial Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated. Later a coalition government under the leadership of RV. Narasimha Rao as the strength of the Congress slowly declined coalitions were formed with many parties under united progressive Alliance (UPA). The congress at the center in 2004 and 2009. Election symbol of the congress Party is the hand. The Indian National Congress allowed itself to the ideals of socialism democracy, secularism and unity and integrity of India.

Question 4.
Discuss about Bharatiya Janata party.
Answer:
BJP was formally launched in February 1980 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The election symbol of BJP is lotus. The party has strong links with the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS), a socio-cultural organisation that stands for Hindu Iva ideology. Since, the fomation of the BJFJ it has considerably increased its strength in Lok Sabha and captured power at the central level in 1998, 2014 and 2019 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Narendra Modi. It has been forming the Government with its coalition, arrangement known as National Democratic Alliance (NDA).

These include SUraksha (security), shchita (clean and transparency), Swadeshi (Encouragement to domestic goods) and Samraksha (welfarism). The BJP believes in cultural nationalism of India. Construction of Ram Temple at Ayodhya, barring of foreign born persons to assume high offices in India. Reservation of 1/3 seats to women in Parliament and many others are part of its manifesto.

Question 5.
What is Model Code of Conduct (MCC)?
Answer:
Model code of conduct: The Election Commission of India Formulated certain guidelines to be followed by political parties and candidates during the electoral process. These guidlines are known as model code of conduct (MCC). These include, restrictions on the Government laying new projects or welfare programmes, prevention on government bodies undertaking recruitment, resonable restrictions on election campaign, so as to ensure normal public life without any disturbance, refrain from distribution of liquor, prevention of ruling party form using its seat of power for the campaign purposes and so on.

On the polling day all the parties and candidates should co-operate with poll duty officials. Candidates should not display their election symbols near and around the poll booths on the polling day. For the purpose of strict implementation of the model code of conduct, the Election Commission appoints Observers to whom any complaints can be reported or submitted.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are Electronic Voting machines?
Answer:
An Electronic voting machine is a simple electronic device used to record votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system. The advantage of the EVM over the traditional ballot paper system are given below.
a) It eliminates the possibility of invalid and doubtful votes.
b) It makes the process of counting of votes much faster that the conventional system.
c) It reduces to a great extent the quantity of paper used, thus saving a large number of trees.
d) It reduces cost printing as only one sheet of ballot papers required for each polling station.

Question 2.
When is National voters Day observed?
Answer:
The Election Commission of India is established on January 25, 1950. To mark the commissions foundation day, every year January 25 is celebrated as National voters day. The Government decided to celebrate this day to encourage more young voters to enroll and take part in the political process.

Question 3.
Explain the Growing Money Power in Elections.
Answer:
It is found that money has an increasingly important role in elections. Unaccounted black money is used by some candidates leading to corrupt practices during elections. Large amounts of money spent on campaigning by some candidates deprive other genuine candidates from winning in elections. Infact money is used by some leaders to buy votes, present gifts such as cricket bits, bribe leaders of caste associations and other groups and donate for community assets in particular area.

The Election Commission of India has taken various steps to curl the menace fo money power in elections. It appoints Election Observers and expenditure observers to each parliamentary or assembly constituency to supervise and prevent these malpractices. It is mandatory for all candidates to declare their assets and liabilities before the filling of nomination papers.

Question 4.
Write about Electoral Photo Identity Card (EPIC).
Answer:
Electoral Photo Identity cards :
The Election Commission of India issues electoral photo identity cards to the voters. The voters must bring this card or any other proof of identity at the time of voting to cast the vote. This system was introduced as a reform measure to prevent bogus voting.

Question 5.
Explain about Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Answer:
Communist party of India-Marxist (CPM) :
The split in Communist Party of India in 1964 resulted in the formation of Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPM). Within few years of its emergence, the CPM became stronger and important than the CPI. As a predominant party, of the coalition, the CPM established left front governments in Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. The ideological stand of CPM include the establishment of people’s democracy in India, inclusion of Right to work in the Fundamental rights, Nationalisation of multinational companies protection of trade union rights, land reforms and so on.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on Shiva Sena.
Answer:
Shiva Sena :
This party was formed by Bal Thackeray in Maharashtra in 1964. Its aim was to preserve and promote Maratha pride. This party also adheres the Hindu Iva ideology and opposed to the appearement policy towards minorities. Presently the leader of shiva sena, Udhav Thackery is conducting the Government in Maharashtra a chief minister. It is also a coalition partner in NDA.

Question 7.
What is psephology?
Answer:
Different research organisations and Media units conduct opinion surveys during the election process to guage the attitudes of voters on contesting candidates. The study of voting behaviour of voters is called psephology. There are broadly three types of surveys to study the voting behavior of voters-(a) prepoll survey (b) Exit poll survey and (c) Post poll survey. The Election Commission prohibits the publication of results of exit polls till the date of counting of votes.

Question 8.
Write any two committees and commissions on Electoral reforms.
Answer:
The following important committees and commissions have made note worthy recommendations on electrol reforms in India in the post independence period.

1. Joint Parliamentary committee (1972).
2. Tarkemunde committee (1975).
3. Dinesh Goswarni committee )1990).
4. Vohra committee (1993).
5. Indrajit Gupta Committtee (1998).
6. Law comission Report (1999).
7. National commission to review the working of the constitution (2001).
8. Election Commission of India (2004).
9. Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008).
10. Association for Democracy report on reforms (2013).

Question 9.
What are poll surveys?
Answer:
Different Research Organisations and print and Electronic Media units conduct opinion surveys during the election process to assets the pulse of voters on contesting candidates especially on the performance of ruling and opposition parties. There are broadly three types of surveys to study the voting behaviour of voters.

1. Pre poll survey
2. Exit poll survey, and
3. Post poll survey

Question 10.
Write a note on Bahujan Samaj Party.
Answer:
Bahujan Samaj Party :
The Bahujan Samaj Party champions the cause of Backward classes. Scheduled castes, scheduled Tribes, and minorities. The party aims at uplifting the Dalits and downtrodden sections of society. The BSP was formed in 1985 by Kanshi Ram, later, the leadership changed into the hands of another leader Mayavati. The party has significant influence in states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Delhi. The BSP has also formed a government in Uttar Pradesh and was a coalition partner in the central government many times. The election symbol of BSP is an elephant.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 6th Lesson Local Government Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 6th Lesson Local Government

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about a brief historical background of local governments in India.
Answer:
Historical Background :
Local governments in India have a long historical background. The Rigveda the oldest of four Vedas, mentioned two institutions namenly. Sabha and Samithi which performed several administrative and political functions at community level. They were the effective administrative state structures at local levels in ancient period. They relate to village panchayats and caste panchayats. Which managed the administrative and judicial affairs of a village community. These institutions continued for several years even without the effective support of the ruling classes of the time. Many eminent writers like Megasthanes Kautilya and Fahieh have cited the existence of these bodies in their writings.

In medieval period, village panchayats flourished during the Chola Dynasty in South India. The Cholas were renowed for their patronage of the local bodies. However, the local governments of the present form is attributes to the efforts of some British Officers at higher levels. They developed these bodies to promote the colonial interests. Lord Mayo’s Resolution (1870) and Lord Rippon’s Resolution (1882) paved the way for the progress of these institutions in India; Earlier the East India Company established the Municipal Corporation of Madras in 1688 with the consent of Emperor George II. Some Mayor courts were setup in Madras in 1726 for collecting taxes and administering justice.

The Regulating Act of 1773 paved the way for the establishment of local governments, at Calcutta (Kolkota), Madras and Bombay (Mumbai). Lord Rippon, the Governor General of India moved the famous resolution for devolving financial and administrative powers to the local governments. His resolution is known as the Magna Carta of Local Governments in India. He was described as the father of local self-governments in India. Later on the successive British rulers in India have intiated many steps for providing more authority to the local bodies. Some of the notable legal enactments are Bengal Municipalities Act, 1884.

Bengal Local Governments Act 1885, Bengal village self-government Act, 1919 etc. The Royal Commission on Decentralizatin headed by Sir Charles Hobhouse up of village panchayats, constitution of district boards, entrusting primary obligations to municipalities etc. The Government of India Act 1919 introduced diarchy at state level. It gave impetus to the local governments. It empowered the Indian ministers to take decisions in regard to the maintenance of local bodies.

The Government of India Act 1935 assigned the provincial governments with the obligation of making the local bodies energetic and efficient. It placed the subject of Local Self Government under Entry 12 of the provincial governments. Consequently many provincial governments paused Acts delegating the local governments the powers of administration including criminal justice to the panchayats. Prominent leaders of national movements live Mahatma Gandhi suggested the cause of local governments. Gandhi supported the cause of local governemnts.

Question 2.
Describe the main provisions of the 73^rd Constitution Amendment Act, 1992.
Answer:
The Union Government headed by the Prime Minister RV. Narasimha Rao strongly felt the need for immediate grant of constitutional status to the Panchayat Raj Institutions. It introduced a Bill to that effect in the Parliament in September 1991. Later, the bill was referred to a joint select committee which studied the former and submitted its report in July 1992. The; bill was accepted by the Parliament and the same was referred to the state legislatures for their approval. As majority state legislative assemblies accepted the Bill, it became an Act in the name of the constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act, 1992. The Act came into force April 24, 1993.

The Act reinserted Part IX which was deleted by the constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 and added a new schedule, namely 11^th Schedule. The Act deals with Articles 243 to 243(0) of the Indian Constitution.

Main provision of the act :
1. Gram Sabha :
Article 243 (A) deals with the Gram Sabha. Every village has to have a Gram Sabha consisting of all registered voters of a village. It shall meet atleast twice a year.

2. Constitution of Panchayat :
The Act envisages a uniform three tier system of Panchayats at Rural level throughout the Country.
They are : Gram panchayat at village level 2) Mandal Parishad or Pahchayat Samithi at Mjandal level and 3) Zilla Parishad at District level.

3. Reservation of Seats :
The Act provides reservations in Panchayat Raj institutions for SCs, STs and BCs proportion to thjeir population. It also provides 1/3 of seats reserved for women.

4. Duration of Panchayat :
The Duration of Panchayat is five years at every level. Incase of dissolution, election should be conducted within six months.

5. Composition of Panchayat:
Every Gram Panchayat comprises four organs, namely,
i) Panchayat
ii) Sarpanch,
iii) Panchayat Secretary and
iv) Gram Sabha.

6. Qualifications and Disqualifications :
The Act specified qualifications and disqualifications of the candidate to contest the Panchayats. i) He should be of 21 years of age ii) He should be voter in that area iii) He shall not hold any office of profit, iv) He should pay an amount as deposit specified by the State Legislature.

7) Powers and Functions :
Article 243 (G) explains the powers and functions of the Panchayats. It has powers on 29 items listed in the XI^th schedule of the constitution. They are Agriculture,

Health and Sanitation, Drinking water, Fisheries, Social Foresty, Rural housing, Roads etc.

8) State Finance Commission :
Article 243(1) provides for the state finance commission. The governor of the state shall constitute a finance commission for every five years. It shall make the following recommendations to the Governor i) To review the financial position of the Panchayats ii) The distributioin of Funds between the state and Panchayats iii) The grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the consolidated fund of the state. It consists of a chairman and four other members.

9) State Election Commission :
Article 243(K) explains how the state Election Commission is to ensure free and fair elections to the Panchayats. The State Election Commissioner is appointed by the governor to perform the following functions.

1. To prepare and update the electoral rolls of the voters for Panchayat elections.
2. To conduct free and fair elections to the Panchayats
3. To allot symbols to the contesting candidate during the elections.

Question 3.
Mention the main provisions of the 74^th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992.
Answer:
The constitution seventy-fourth Amendment Act, 1992 was approved by the parliament in December, 1992. It was regarded as a progressive step in strengthening the urban local bodies in India. It provided a common frame work for the effective functioning of these bodies. The Act came into force on June 1, 1993.

Main Provisions :
The main provisions of the Act are as follows :
1) Constitution of Municipalities :
The Act provides three kinds of urban local governments in every state. They are : i) Nagar Panchayat ii) Municipality and iii) Municipal Corporation.

2) Composition of Municipalities :
All members of urban local bodies shall be elected directly or indirectly by the people respective areas. They are councillors to Nagar Panchayat and municipalities and corporators to municipal corporations. Chairpersons, Vice-chairpersons, and Mayors and Deputy mayors should be elected by the members of the urban local bodies. MLAs, MPs, and MLCs are also exofficio members of their respective urban local bodies.

3) Reservation of Seats :
The Act provides reservations in urban local bodies for SCs, STs and BCs in proportion to their population. It provides 1/3 of seats reserved for women.

4) Duration of Municipality :
The duration of urban local bodies is five years at every level. In case of dissolution, election should be conducted within six months.

5) Qualifications and Disqualifications :
The Act specified qualifications and disqualifications of the candidate to contest in urban local bodies, i) He should have completed 21 years of age ii) He should be a voter in the area iii) He should not hold any office of profit iv) He should pay an amount as deposit specified by the state legislature.

6) Powers and Functions :
Article 243(W) explains the powers and functions of the urban local bodies. It has powers on 18 items listed in XII^th schedule of the constitution. They are urban planning, public health, sanitation, fire services, burial grounds, roads and bridges etc.

7) State Finance Commission :
State Finance Commission, which is constituted for the Panchayats under Article 243(l), shall also review the financial position of the urban local bodies and forward necessary recommendations to the governor.

8) State Election Commission :
State Election commission, which is constituted for the Panchayats under Article 243(K) is entitled to conduct elections to urban local bodies.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Telangana Panchayat Raj Act of 2018.
Answer:
On the basis of 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendment Acts, erst while Andhra Pradesh Government enacted the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act 1994 that came into existence on 30^th May 1994. After the formation of Telangana as a separate State on 2^nd June 2014 the old Act was continued in the State. Subsequently, the Telangana Government led by K. Chandra Shekar Rao, enacted a new law namely the Telangana Panchayat Raj Act 2018. This new Act was came into existence on 18th April 2018. The main objectives of the new Act are to strengthening the local governments in Telangana and fulfill the ambitions and aspirations of the new state. It consists of 297 sections, VIII schedules, and 9 parts.

Main Features of the Telangana Panchayat Raj Act :
1) Three-Tier System :
Provides for a three-tier Panchayat Raj system i.e., Grama Panchayat at village level. Mandal Praja Parishad at Mandal level and Zilla Praja Parishad at District level.

2) Qualifications and Disqualifications :
The Act specified grounds for qualifications and disqualifications of my candidate contesting for any Panchayat post
a) He/she should be completed the age of 21 years.
b) He/she shold be voter in the area.
c) He/she should not possess any profitable income post of the Government.
d) He/she should pay an amount as deposit specified by the state legislature.
e) He/she is not elibigle for having more than two children after 30 may, 1999.

Explanation :
A person having more than two children before 31st may, 1995 shall not be disqualified so long as the number of children does not increase.

3) Reservations :
This Act provides reservations in all tiers to SCs & STs on the basis of proportion their population 34% seats are reserved for BCs and 50% seats reserve for women. The reservations shall be rotated every two consecutive terms.

4) Duration of Panchayat :
The duration of Panchayat is five years at every level. Incase of dissolution, election should be conducted within six months. But, where the remaining of the period is less than six months for any vacancy, it shall not be necessary to hold any election fo rremaining period.

5) Powers and Functions :
This Act provides powers and functions of the Panchayats. It has power on 29 items listed in XIth schedule of the constitution. They are agriculture, health and sanitation, drinking water, social welfare etc.

6) State Election Commission :
The act provides for the constitution of the State Election Commission for preparation of eletoral rolls and conduct of elections to all Panchayat Raj Institutions. The Election Commission shall consist of a State Election Commissioner. The Governor on the recommendatin of the Government shall appoint the State Election Commissioner. The conditions of service and tenure of office of the State Election Commissioner shall be decided by the Governor V. Nagi Reddy is the present Telangana State Election Commissioner.

7) State Finance Commission :
A Finance Commission should be constituted once in every five years by the Governor on the recommendation of the Government. The Finance Commission shall consist of a chairman and four other members of whom one shall be the Member-Secretary. The Governor shall by order appoint on the recommendation of the government of the Chairman and other members of the commission. The Finance Commission shall review the financial position of the Gram Panhcayats, Mandal Praja Parishads and Zilla Praja Parishads and make recommendations to the Government. The State Finance Commission suggests ways to improve the Financial position of the local governments. G. Rajesham Goud is the present Chairperson of Telangana State Finance Commission.

8) Village Panchayat Tribunal :
Village Panchayat Tribunal should be established by the State Government. It consists of three members, that will enquire the appellate reagrding removal of Sarpanch and others matters.

Question 5.
Describe the composition and powers of Zilla Parishads in Telangana.
Answer:
The Zilla Praja Parishad is at the apex of the Panchayat Raj institution. It covers the entire rural area of the district and is the deliberative body. Each district shall have a Zilla Praja Parishad by its name. Except Hyderabad, each district have a Zilla Praja Parishad with the name of such district. Presently there are 32 Zilla Praja Parishads in Telangana.

Composition :
Zilla Praja Parishad comprises six organs, namely :

1. Zilla Parishad
2. Zilla Parishad Chairman
3. Zilla Mahasabha
4. Chief Executive Officer
5. Standing Committees and
6. District Collector.

1) Zilla Parishad :
It consists of three categories of members namely :
i) Elected members from Territorial constituencies in the district directly by the people.
ii) Ex-officio members :
Members of Rajya Sabha, members of Loksabha, members of State Legislative Council and numbers of State Legislative Assembly are the Ex-officio members of the Zilla Praja Parishad.

iii) Co-opt members :
Two persons belonging to Minority Communities to be co-opted in the prescribed manner by the members from among persons who are registered voters in the district.

2) Zilla Praja Parishad Chairperson :
Zilla Praja Parishad Chairperson is the political head and first person of the Zilla Praja Parishad. He is eiected by the elected members i.e., Z.RT.C. He presides over and conducts the meetings of the Zilla Praja Parishad. The progress of the rural areas of the district depends on the active initiative and role of te chairperson.

3) Chief Executive Officer(CEO) :
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the Chief Executive Authority of the Zilla Praja Parishad. He is appointed by the state government. He shall be responsible for implementing the resolutions of the Zilla Praja Parishad. All employees of Zilla Praja Parishad shall be under the responsibility, administrative and supervision of the CEO.

4) Zilla Maha Sabha :
There will be a Zilla Mahasabha in every Zilla Praja Parishad. It comprises a chairman and some other members of Zilla Praja Parishad. It serves as an advisory body to the Zilla Parishad.

5) Standing Committees :
There are seven standing committees in Zilla Praja Parishad. They render advice to the Zilla Praja Parishad on several matters like planning, finance, agriculture, rural development, women, social welfare, education, health etc.

6) District Collector :
The District Collector participates in Zilla Praja Parishad and standing committee meetings as a permanent invitee powers and functions of the Zilla Praja Parishad.

The main powers and functions of the Zilla Praja Parishad are to took after various uses of mandal parishads and act as the co-ordination agency at various programme of Mandal Praja Parishads. The Zilla Praja Parishad shall also have the power to,

• Examine and approve the budgets of Mandal Praja Parishads in the district.
• Distribute the funds allotted to the district by the Central or State Government among the Mandal Praja Parishads and Mandals in the district.
• Co-ordinate and consolidate the plans prepared with respect to the mandals in the district and prepare plans in for the entire district.
• Supervise the activities of the Mandal Praja Parishads and Gram Panchayats in the district.
• Exercise and perform such other powers and functions of the District Board including the powers to levy any tax or fees, as may be transferred to it under this Act.
• Perform the responsibilities, functions and exercise such other powers in relation to any development programmes as the Government may be notification confer on or entrust to it.
• Advise Government on all matters relating to development activities and service utilities in the district, whether undertaken by local authorities or Government.
• Publish statistics or other information relating to the activities of the local authorities.
• Establish, maintain’or expand secondary, vocational and industrial schools.
• Supervision of adult education activities.
• Supervision of self employment and livelihood schemes and bank linkages for self help groups.
• Establishments and maintenance of parks, playgrounds and stadiums.
  Every Zilla Praja Parishad comprises Zilla Parishad territorial constituency member (ZPTC) Zilla Parishad President (ZPP), Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee.
Answer:
The government of India had constituted Balwant Rai mehta Committee in 1957. The committee made several recommendations such s three tier structure of Panchayats and provision of adequate financial resources to rural local governments. The Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee were accepted by the government of India. Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh were the first states to implement the Panchayat Raj System.

Question 2.
Ashok Mehta Committee.
Answer:
The Janata Government led by Morarji Desai appointed 13 members committee under the chairperson of Ashok Mehta in 1977 to give suggestions for strengthening of the Panchayat Raj institutions in India. This committee submitted its report in 1978 with 132 suggestions some of them as follows.

1. The three-tier system of the Panchayat Raj should be replaced by the two-tier system, i.e., Zilla Parishad at District level and below it, the Mandal Parishad consisting of a group of villages.
2. The Zilla Parishad should be the executive body and be made responsible for planning at the district level.
3. Seats for SCs and STs should be reserved on the basis of this population.

Question 3.
L.M. Singhvi Committee.
Answer:
L.M. Singhvi Committee was constituted by the government of India in 1986. This committee recommended for the “Constitutional Recognition of Panchayats for strengthening their identify and integrity. It gave certain suggestions for the recognition of Local Self Governments. The Recommendations of L.M. Singhvi Committee were accepted by the government of India. It was during the Prime Ministership of RV. Narasimha Rao, the Constitutional Amendment Bills were passed by the Union Parliament and were ratified by the State legislatures. They received the assent of the President. Finally, the bills emerged as Amendment Act, 1992 and the constitution 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 and the constitution 74^th Amendment Act, 1993.

Question 4.
State Election Commission.
Answer:
Article 243(K) explains how the State Election Commission is to ensure free and fair elections to the Panchayats. It calls for the appointment of a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the State Governor. His conditions of service and tenure of office shall also be determined by the Governor. Powers and functions fo the Election Commission is as follows.

1. To prepare and update the electoral rolls of the voters to Panchayat elections.
2. To conduct free and fair elections to the Panchayats.
3. To allot symbols to the contesting candidates during the elections.

Question 5.
State Finance Commission.
Answer:
Article 243(l) provides for the State Finance Commission. The Governor of the state shall constitute a finance commission for every five years. It shall make the following recommendations to the Governors.

1. To review the financial position of the panchayats.
2. The distribution of funds between the state and Panchayats.
3. The Grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the consolidated fund of the state. It consists of a Chairperson and four other members.

Question 6.
District Planning Committee.
Answer:
According to article 243(ZD), every state shall constitute a District Planning Committee at district level to consolidate the plans prepared by Panchayats and urban local bodies in the district. The Chairman of the Zilla Parishad also acts as the Chairman and District Collector acts as the convenor of the District Planning Committee in the Telangana State.

Question 7.
Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
The base of the structure of the Panchayat Raj institutions is the Gram panchayat. It covers a village or a group of villages. Gram Panchayat is a legislative or deliberative body. Meetings of the Gram Panchayats shall be held atleast once in a month. Every meeting of a Gram Panchayat shall be presided by the Sarpanch & in his absence by the Upa-Sarpanch. All decisions and resolutions of the Gram panchayat shall be taken by majority of the members including Sarpanch. At present there are 12,751 Gram Panchayats in Telangana.

Question 8.
Gram Sabha.
Answer:
Every village shall have a Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha consists of all registered voters in the village, It shall meet atleast twice a year. Every meeting of the Gram Sabha shall be presided over by the Sarpanch. It discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare and development programmes.

Question 9.
Sarpanch.
Answer:
Sarpanch is the first person of the village and political head of the Gram Panchayat. He is directly elected by registered votes of the village. He should also preside over meetings of the Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha. He is held responsible for the implementation of the resolutions of Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha.

Question 10.
Panchayat Secretary.
Answer:
Panchayat Secretary is a government employee apppointed by the State Government. He is subordinate to the Sarpanch and assist; the Gram Panchayat in Administrative affairs. He shall attend the meetings of he Gram Sabha and Gratti Panchayat and shall be entitled to take part in the discussions but shall not be entitled to vote or moves any resolution.

Question 11.
Mandal Parishad Teritorial Constituency Member (MPTC).
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Tentorial Constituency Member (MPTC) members are directly elected by the voters, whereas the mandal president is elected by the MPTC members. The members are elected for a term of five years. The election to MPTGs is done on a party basis. The elections are conducted by the state election commission.

Question 12.
Mandal Praja Parishad President (MPP).
Answer:
Mandal Praja Parishad President acts as the political head of the mandal Parishad. He Presides over the meetings of the Mandal Parishad. hie determines the date and agenda of the said meeting in consultation with the Mandal Parishad Development Officer. He will have control over the Mandal Parishad Development Officer in the implementation of various resolutions of the Mandal Parishad. He takes suggestions from non-political/eminent/experienced persons for the effective functioning of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 13.
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDD).
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDD) is the administrative head of Mandal Parishad the plays a crucial role in the administrative affairs of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the agenda of the Parishad meetings and participates in the meeting and renders advice to the members on several matters of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the annual budget of the Mandal Parishad. He takes steps for the effective working of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 14.
Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituency Member (ZPTC).
Answer:
Each Zilla Praja Parishad area is divided into as many mandals. Every mandal in the district shall be a territorial constituency, represented by one member known as ZPTC. He shall be elected by the method of secret ballot, by persons who are registered voters in the Zilla Praja Parishad concerned.

Question 15.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
Answer:
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the Chief Executive Authority of the Ziila Praja Parishad and appointed by the State Government He shall be responsible for implementing the resolutions of the Ziila Praja Parishad and shall also perform such responsibilities and functions and exercise such powers as may be entrusted to him by the Government.

Question 16.
Mayor.
Answer:
The Mayor is the political head and first person of the Municipal Corporation. For every Municipal Corporation there shall be one ‘Mayor who shall be elected by and from among the elected councilors. The Mayor Presides over and convenues the meetings of the Municipal Corporation once in a month. He/she sets the agenda for the council meeting. He has fpil access to all records of the Municipal Corporation. He exercises administrative control over the Municipal Commissioner for the purposes of implementation of the resolution of the Municipal Corporation. The progress of the town of the Municipal Corporation area depends on the active initiative and role of die Mayor.

Question 17.
Name of the Municipal Corporation in Telangana.
Answer:
The Municipal Corporation is at the apex of the urban local self-government instituted for a large urban area. At present, there are 13 Municipal Corporations in Telangana. They are 1. Hyderabad, 2. Warangal, 3. Karimnagar, 4. Khammam, 5. Nizamabad, 6. Ramagundam, 7. Boduppal, 8. Bandlaguda, 9. Badangpet, 10. Jawahar Nagar, 11. Meerpet, 12. Nizbmpet, 13. Peer Zadiguda.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 5th Lesson Centre-State Relations Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 5th Lesson Centre-State Relations

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Legislative Relations between union and states.
Answer:
Our constitution prescribed the legislative and administrative relations between the union and die states in a clear cut manner in Part XI, Articles 245 to 255. Both the union and state Governments formulate jaws for die peace, pleasure and progress of Indian citizens. While the Union Parliament can make laws in matters inducted in the union and concurrent list the state Legislatures were empowered to pass legislation on matters in the state list and concurrent list.

The makers of our constitution classified legislative powers of the Union and die states under three lists.

Union List:
The untonCovemmenthas exclusive powers to make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the Union List Initially there were 97 subjects. At present there are 98 items in this list. Some of them are defence, citizenship, foreign affairs, railway, post and telegraphs telephones, currency coinage, banking, insurance, atomic energy and mineral, resources, income, tax, customs, taxes on stock exchange transactions etc.

State List:
There are 59 subjects in the state list of them, the more important are : police, local governments; public health, sanitation^ hospitals and dispensaries, land revenue, agriculture, state public services etc.

Concurrent List:
The union Parliament as well as the state legislatures have the power to make legislation dri the subjects listed in the concurrent list The main subjects Included in this list are criminal fdw, marriagaand divorce, transfer of property other than agriculture land, contracts, bankruptcy and insolvency, forests, education, iabouf welfare, trade union, stamp duties etc. Atpresentthereare

The peculiarity of this list is that both the union and the state legislatures can make legation OYef jtfe« items of this list- in an incident of conflict between the union parliament and state legislature on a par^arjim of this (ist, the jaw enacted by the Union Partiament prevails over that of the State legislature.

Residuary Items:
Accordingto 248 Article of Indian Constitution residuary powers are vested in Union Government. The Parliament has power to make legislation on residuary items. These Items are not mentioned in the above three lists.

Question 2.
Point out the administrative relations between Union and states.
Answer:
Articles 2S6 and 263 deal with the administrative relationship between the centre and the states. In normal conditions, the administrative authority of the states applies to all the subjects included in the state list. Under certain circumstances, the Central Government exercises control over the administrative affairs of the state. The following points show the administrative relations between the centre and the states.

1. The state Governments shall exercise their executive authority without impeding the Union Governments executive power.
2. The executive powers of every state should be exercised in such a way as to comply with the laws made by Parliament The Central Government is empowered to give such directions whenever necessary.
3. The Union Government may also give directions to the states for the maintenance and construction of means of communication declared to be of national or military importance.
4. The Union Government is empowered to give directions to the states regarding the steps to be taken for tire protection of railways in the state.
5. The Union Government is also empowered to construct and maintain means of communication and information required for Army, Navy and Air Force.
6. The Governors of the states are appointed and removed by the President on the advice of the union cabinet. They are supposed to act as the representatives of the Union Government in the exercise of their functions.
7. The Union Government has the duty to protect every state from external aggression and internal disturbances.
8. The Union Government by constituting an Inter-state Council can settle the disputes between the states etc.

Question 3.
Mention the Financial relations between Union and States.
Answer:
Our constitution has clearly provided for the ways to impose, collect and distribute tax proceeds between Union and the states in order to avoid disputes between them in financial matters. These matters are indicated in Articles from 264 to 30oA of part XII of our constitution.

1. Taxes and Duties levied by the centre :
Certain revenue items are exclusively assigned to the Central Government These indude customs and export duties. Income tax, excise duty on tobacco, jute etc., corporate tax, taxes on the capital value of the assets, estate duty with respect to property other than agricultural land, railways, post and telegraphs, telephone, wireless sets, foreign exchange, coinage etc.

2. Taxes and Duties levied and used by the states :
Certain items of revenue fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the states. There are land revenue, stamp duty except on documents included in the Union list, succession duty, estate duty, income tax on agricultural land, taxes on transport vehicles; taxes on advertisement; taxes on consumption of electricity etc.

3. Taxes levied by the union but collected and appropriated by the states :
Revenue from certain items is levied by the union, but collected and appropriated by the states. These include stamp duties, excise duty on medicinal and toilet materials; opium, stamp duties on bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lending, transfer of shares etc.

4. Taxes levied and collected by the union but assigned to the states :
These includes taxes on railway freight and fares; terminal taxes on goods or passengers carried by rail, sea or air; estate duty with respect to prosperity other than agricultural land.

5. Taxes levied and collected by the union and distributed among the union and the states. These are certain items o which taxes are levied and collected by the union. But they are given to the states. Such items.are tax on income other than agriculture, medicinal, and toilet preparations and soon.

6. Union Grants in-aid to the states :
The constitution makes special provisions for giving grants-in-aid to sphemes for prompting the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Backward classes. The states of Assam, Bihar, Odissa and West Bengal receive grants in aid in lieve of export duty on jute and jute products.

7. Union’s power to borrow and raise loans :
The Union Government can borrow money on the security of the consolidated fund of India. States can borrow finances within the territory of India on the security of their consolidated funds.

During the proclamation of financial emergency the president can suspend the provisions relating to the division of revenue between the union and states and grants-in-aid to the states.

Question 4.
Examine the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
The Union Government set up a high level commission headed by Justice Ranjit Singh Sarkaria on June 9, 1983. The Sarkaria Commission was asked to examine and review the working of the existing arrangements between the union and the states with regard to powers, functions, and responsibility in all spheres and recommend necessary changes.

The commission prepared a report and submitted it to the union Government on October 27, 1987. The union Government, initiated measures on 179 recommendations out of 247 recommendations of the commission.’

Recommendations :
Some of the main recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission are explained as below’.
1. Strong Centre :
The commission favoured the retention of powers for a strong centre. It firmly rejected the1 demand for certaining the powers of the Centre in the larger interests of national unity and integrity.

2. Consultations :
The commission rejected the demand for the transfer of certain state subjects to the concurrent list. However, it has recommended that the union should invariable consult the states in all matters of enactments on concurrent list.

3. Co-operative Federalism:
The commission favoured greater co-operation between the centre and the states in the matter of formulation and implementation of plans.

4. Appointment of Governors :
The commission rejected the demand for the abolition of the office of the Governor. It opposed the idea of appointing active politicians as Governors. Instead, it suggested appointment of non-political, non-controversial and eminent persons as Governors, preferably from minority sections. Further, it suggested that the Governor on retirement should not be permitted to hold any office of profit.

5. Appointment of Chief Minister:
The commission suggested that the leader of the majority party in the state Legislative Assembly should be appointed as he Chief Minister. If no single party enjoys a clear-cut majority in the Assembly, the person who can Command majority in the Assembly should be appointed as chief minister by the governor.

6. Presidents Rule :
The Commission suggested that President’s Rule should be imposed on rare occasions only as a last resort.

7. Three-language formula :
The commission favoured the implementation of three-language formula throughout the country.

8. Allocation of Finances :
The commission did not agree with the demand for major changes in the scheme of distribution of financial resources as provided by the constitution. It agreed that more funds should be allotted to the state Governments.

9. Retention of All India Services :
The commission rejected the demand for disbanding All India Services on the ground that they would greatly undermine the unity and integrity of the country. On the contrary, it recommended a wide extension of these services.

10. Autonomy of Mass Media :
The Commission favoured relaxation of Union’s control over Radio & TV. It favoured greater decentralization of authority in routine matters. It suggested broadcast and telecast of national programs in regional languages for preserving India’s composite culture.

Question 5.
Explain the main Recommendations of M.M. Punchhi Commission.
Answer:
The Second Commission on Centre-State Relations under the chairmanship of Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi was set up by UPA Government in 2007. The Commission submitted its report to the Government of India on 31^st March 2010. The commission opined that “co-operative Federalism and integrity as well as for social and economic development” in future. The main recommendations of the commission are as follows.

1. Appointment of Governors :
While appointing the Governors, the Central Government should adopt strict guidelines as recommended in the Sarkaria Commission report. He should be an eminent person and also from outside of the state. He should not be an active politician. Governor should be given a fixed tenure of five years.

2. President’s Rule:
It sought to protect the interests of the states by trying to curb their misuse of provisions relating to presidents rule by the center. It recommended that the centre localize the emergency provisions under article 356 to only the specific troubled areas.

3. Appointment of Chief Ministers :
The commission suggested that the leader of the majority party in the state Legislative Assembly be appointed as the Chief Minister. In the case of hung Assembly, it is necessary to lay down certain clear guidelines to be followed as constitutional conventions.

4. All India Services :
The commission recommended that proper integration of All India Services with in the three tiers of government in necessary as the officers of these services can play a lead role.

5. Fiscal Relations :
The commission emphasized the importance of strengthening the fiscal transfers through finance commission to the states and also higher transfers to backward states to enable them to improve their fiscal positions.

6. Cooperative Federalism :
The commission favoured greater co-operative between the centre and the states in the matter of development and welfare of the people. Greater co-ordination and co-operation needed for implementation of plans effectively.

7. Inter-State Council:
The commission suggested that suitable amendments were required to make inter-state council a credible and fair mechanism for effective management of inter-state and centre state relations.

8. Constitutional Governance :
The commission recommended consultation with states while legislating on matters in concurrent list on which the union and states both can legislate. It is pointed out the necessity of some broad agreement is reached between the union and states before introducing bills in Parliament on matters in the concurrent list.

9. Local self Governments and decentralized Governance :
To assess the progress and devolution of powers the commission suggested that another commission be constituted to report on the status of local Government and Devolution of powers.

10. Socio-Economic Development and Local Governance :
It suggested that Civil society involvement in public polity and administration is the best strategy for good Governance and that social audit of the major policy initiatives of government at periodic intervals be made mandatory.

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the two elements that determine the union-state legislative relations?
Answer:
The Legislative sphere between the union and the states are determined on the basis of two Jurisdictions.

1) Territorial Jurisdiction

2) Subject-wise Jurisdiction. As regards the territorial jurisdiction our constitution clearly specifies the geographical boundaries of Legislation between the union and state governments. It enables every state legislature to formulate laws applicable to the while area of state or part there of. As regards the subject-wise Jurisdiction, our constitution has retained the three fold distribution of legislative powers. The three Legislative lists enumerated in the constitution relate to

1. Union list
2. state list
3. The concurrent list.

Question 2.
How are the Legislative matters divided between the union and the states?
Answer:
The constitution of India provides three lists in order to distribute the Legislative powers between the centre and the states. The three lists are

1. union list
2. state list
3. concurrent list.

Question 3.
Write a note on the union list.
Answer:
The union list consists of 97 subjects. The union Parliament is empowered to make laws over the subjects included in the list. The subjects included in the list are of National Importance.
Example : Defence, Foreign Affairs, Railway, Banking, Currency and coinage, posts and telegraph, Insurance etc.

Question 4.
Write about the composition of Finance Commission.
Answer:
Articles 280 and 281 deal with the composition powers and functions of the Finance Commission for every 5 years. It consists of a chairman and four other members.’The chairman as well as the members are appointed by the president.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the SarkariaCommission.
Answer:
In view of the growing demand from the various States, for the review of the centre-state relations then the Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi appointed a commission on 24rh March 1983 under the chairmanship of Ranjit singh Sarkaria, a retired Judge of Supreme Court. The commission consisted of R.S. Sarkaria (chairman), B. Siva Raman and S. Sen as its members. Mr. Subrahmanyam was its secretary.

This commission submitted its final report to the Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi on 27th October, 1987.

Question 6.
NITI Aayog.
Answer:
The NITI Aayog (The National Institution of Transforming India Aayog) came into force on January 1, 2015. It has strengthened the centre. State relations by ensuring partnership of states in the vision of National Development priorities of fostering co-operative federalism, so that the state could become stronger and build a Nation.

The main objectives of NITI Aayog are :

1. Elimination of poverty
2. Redressal of inequality
3. Integrate villages, institutionally development process ; and
4. Safeguarding environmental and ecological areas.

The Prime Minister of India is the Chairperson of the NITI Aayog. It has a governing council comprising the Chief Minister of all the states and Lt. Governor of Union Territories. It has some Regional councils also.

With the establishment of the NITI Aayog the earlier Planning commission was abolished. It may be said that the NITI Aayog is the Institution which needs demands of the present globalization.

Question 7.
Concurrent List.
Answer:
This list contains 52 subject Both the Union Parliament and the state legislature can make laws on these subjects. However, incase of conflict between the laws of the central government and the state government the laws of the former will prevail. Criminal law and procedure, Civil law and procedure, preventive detention, ManrSage and Divorce, Population control, Forests etc., are included in the concurrent list.

Question 8.
Inter-state council.
Answer:
The commission suggested that suitable amendments were required to make the interstate council a credible and fair mechanism for the effective management of inter-state and center-state relations.

Question 9.
Residuary Powers.
Answer:
The powers which are not included in any of the above lists are called residuary powers. They are assigned to the union government.
Ex: The powers of the Parliament to impose taxes on the services sector of the Economy.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 11th Lesson The Woman on Platform No 8 Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 11th Lesson The Woman on Platform No 8

Paragraph Questions & Answers (Section A, Q.No.5, Marks: 4)
Answer the following Questions in about 100 words

Question 1.
Describe the character of Arun, the boarding school boy? (Revision Test – I)
Answer:
Ruskin Bond is a well-known contemporary Indian writer of British descent. He wrote many books inspirational children’s books and was honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Award for his literary work. The present short story represent from “The women on plat form No. 8” the main idea of is a story about love and affection that overcomes all sense of belonging barriers.

Arun was a boarding school student. He was returning to school. His parents thought he was old enough to travel alone. So he took a bus from his hometown to Ambala, arriving early in the evening. The train he needed to catch left at 12 a.m. He was waiting for the northbound train on platform 8 at Ambala station. It had been a long time for him. He walked up and down the platform, browsing the book stall and feeding street dogs biscuits. He stood there watching the trains come and go. Whenever a train arrived, the platform became a center for activity. and it would be quiet after the train had left. He sat down on his suitcase, tired of pacing around the platform, and stare at the railway tracks.

A soft voice asked from behind if he was alone. Arun saw a middle aged woman in white sari, with dark kind eyes leaning over him. There was some kind of dignity about her which made Arun stand up respectfully and answer. He told her that he was alone and that he was going to school. She asked him if his parents had not come to see him off. Arun said that he did not live there and he could travel alone. The lady agreed with him. Arun liked her for her simplicity, her deep soft voice and the serenity of her face.

రస్కిన్ బాండ్ బ్రిటిష్ సంతతికి చెందిన సుప్రసిద్ద సమకాలీన భారతీయ రచయిత. అతను అనేక స్పూర్తిదాయకమైన పిల్లల పుస్తకాలను వ్రాసాడు మరియు అతని సాహిత్య కృషికి సాహిత్య అకాడమీ అవార్డుతో సత్కరించబడ్డాడు. ప్రస్తుత చిన్న కథ “ది విమెన్ ఆన్ ప్లాట్ ఫారమ్ నం. 8″ నుండి ప్రాతినిధ్యం వహిస్తుంది” యొక్క ప్రధాన ఆలోచన ప్రేమ మరియు ఆప్యాయత గురించిన కథ, ఇది అన్ని అడ్డంకులను
అధిగమించింది.

అరుణ్ బోర్డింగ్ స్కూల్ విద్యార్థి. అతను పాఠశాలకు తిరిగి వస్తున్నాడు. అతనికి ఒంటరిగా ప్రయాణించే వయసు వచ్చిందని తల్లిదండ్రులు భావించారు. అందుకని తన స్వగ్రామం నుండి అంబాలాకు బస్సులో సాయంత్రం త్వరగా చేరుకున్నాడు. అతను పట్టుకోవాల్సిన రైలు 12 గంటలకు బయలుదేరింది, అతను అంబాలా స్టేషన్లోని ప్లాట్ఫారమ్ 8 మీద ఉత్తరం వైపు వెళ్లే రైలు కోసం వేచి ఉన్నాడు. అతనికి చాలా కాలం అయింది. అతను బుక్ స్టాల్ బ్రౌజ్ చేస్తూ, వీధి కుక్కలకు బిస్కెట్లు తినిపిస్తూ ప్లాట్ఫారమ్ పైకి క్రిందికి నడిచాడు. రైళ్లు వస్తూ పోతూ చూస్తూ నిలబడ్డాడు. రైలు వచ్చినప్పుడల్లా ప్లాట్ఫారమే కార్యకలాపాలకు కేంద్రంగా మారింది. మరియు రైలు బయలుదేరిన తర్వాత అది నిశ్శబ్దంగా ఉంటుంది. అతను తన సూ సూట్ కేస్ పై కూర్చున్నాడు, ప్లాట్ఫారమ్ చుట్టూ తిరుగుతూ అలసిపోయాడు మరియు రైల్వే ట్రాక్ లు చూస్తూ ఉన్నాడు.

ఒంటరిగా ఉన్నారా అని వెనుక నుండి మెత్తని స్వరం అడిగింది. తెల్లటి చీరలో, ముదురు దయగల కళ్లతో తనపైకి వంగి ఉన్న నడివయస్కురాలిని చూశాడు అరుణ్. ఆమెలో ఒకరకమైన పరువు ఉండడం వల్ల అరుణ్ని గౌరవంగా లేచి నిలబడి సమాధానమిచ్చాడు. తాను ఒంటరిగా ఉన్నానని, పాఠశాలకు వెళుతున్నానని చెప్పాడు. అతడిని చూసేందుకు తల్లిదండ్రులు రాలేదా అని అడిగాడు. తాను అక్కడ నివసించలేదని, ఒంటరిగా ప్రయాణించవచ్చని అరుణ్ చెప్పాడు. లేడీ అతనితో ఏకీభవించింది. అరుణ్ ఆమె సరళత, ఆమె లోతైన మృదువైన స్వరం మరియు ఆమె ముఖంలోని ప్రశాంతత కోసం ఆమెను ఇష్టపడ్డాడు.

Question 2.
What did satish’s mother advices him about strangers? How did arun and satish react to her advice?
Answer:
Ruskin Bond is a well-known English contemporary Indian writer. He wrote several inspirational children’s books and received the Sahitya Akademi Award for his literary work. The following short story is an excerpt from “The women on plat form No. 8″. The central idea of this short story is a story about love and affection that overcomes all barriers to belonging. When satish’s mother said-“And never talk to strangers” both Arun and Satish reacted with disagreement.

Arun looked at the stronger woman who was so kind to him and replied obstinately that he liked strangers, satish’s mother was shocked by his reply and she repeated her advice, Arun moved closer to the stranger woman. He developed a sense of resentment for satish’s mother on the other side, Satish grinned at Arun and was delighted in the clash between Arun and his mother.

రస్కిన్ బాండ్ బ్రిటిష్ సంతతికి చెందిన సుప్రసిద్ధ సమకాలీన భారతీయ రచయిత. అతను అనేక స్పూర్తిదాయకమైన పిల్లల పుస్తకాలను వ్రాసాడు మరియు అతని సాహిత్య కృషికి సాహిత్య అకాడమీ అవార్డుతో సత్కరించబడ్డాడు. ప్రస్తుత షార్ట్ స్టోరీ “ది విమెన్ ఆన్ ప్లాట్ ఫారమ్ నెం. 8” నుండి ప్రాతినిధ్యం వహిస్తుంది” ప్రస్తుత చిన్న కథ యొక్క ప్రధాన ఆలోచన ప్రేమ మరియు ఆప్యాయత గురించిన కథ, ఇది అన్ని అడ్డంకులను అధిగమించింది.

“మరియు అపరిచితులతో ఎప్పుడూ మాట్లాడవద్దు” అని సతీష్ తల్లి చెప్పినప్పుడు, అరుణ్ మరియు సతీష్ ఇద్దరూ విభేదిస్తూ ప్రతిస్పందించారు. అరుణ్ తన పట్ల చాలా దయగా ఉన్న బలమైన స్త్రీని చూసి, అపరిచితులను ఇష్టపడతానని మొండిగా సమాధానం ఇచ్చాడు, సతీష్ తల్లి అతని సమాధానంతో ఆశ్చర్యపోయింది మరియు ఆమె తన సలహాను పునరావృతం చేసింది అరుణ్ అపరిచిత మహిళకు దగ్గరగా వెళ్ళాడు. ఎదురుగా ఉన్న సతీష్ తల్లిపై పగ పెంచుకున్నాడు. సతీష్ అరుణ్ వైపు నవ్వాడు మరియు అరుణ్ మరియు అతని తల్లి మధ్య గొడవలో ఆనందించాడు.

Question 3.
What made Arun call the strange women ‘mother at the end? (Revision Test – I)
Answer:
Ruskin Bond is a well-known contemporary English Indian writer. He wrote a number of inspirational children’s books and was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his literary work. The following is a short story from “The Women on Plat Form No. 8.” This short story’s core concept is about love and affection overcoming all obstacles to belonging.

Arun called the stranger woman ‘mother’ at the end, because she had treated him tenderly and offered him tea and sweets. She listened to him and showed trust in him. He liked her kindness and graceful behaviour. She introduced herself as his mother. She supported Arun against satish’s mother, Arun wanted to repay her kindness by acknowledging her as mother.

రస్కిన్ బాండ్ సుప్రసిద్ధ ఆంగ్ల సమకాలీన భారతీయ రచయిత. అతను అనేక స్ఫూర్తిదాయకమైన పిల్లల పుస్తకాలను వ్రాసాడు మరియు అతని సాహిత్య కృషికి సాహిత్య అకాడమీ అవార్డును అందుకున్నాడు. కింది చిన్న కథ “ది విమెన్ ఆన్ ప్లాట్ ఫారమ్ నెం. 8” నుండి సారాంశం. ఈ చిన్న కథ యొక్క ప్రధాన ఆలోచన ప్రేమ మరియు ఆప్యాయత గురించి, ఇది అన్ని అడ్డంకులను అధిగమించడం.

అపరిచిత మహిళను అరుణ్ చివర్లో ‘అమ్మా’ అని పిలిచాడు, ఎందుకంటే ఆమె అతనిని ఆప్యాయంగా చూసింది మరియు అతనికి టీ మరియు స్వీట్లు ఇచ్చింది. ఆమె అతని మాట విని అతనిపై నమ్మకాన్ని చూపింది. అతను ఆమె దయ మరియు మనోహరమైన ప్రవర్తనను ఇష్టపడ్డాడు. ఆమె తన తల్లి అని పరిచయం చేసుకుంది. సతీష్ తల్లికి వ్యతిరేకంగా ఆమె అరుణ్కు మద్దతు ఇచ్చింది, అరుణ్ ఆమెను తల్లిగా గుర్తించి ఆమె దయను తీర్చుకోవాలనుకున్నాడు.

Question 4.
Give any four reasons to explain why Arun developed instant liking for the strange women in a white sari on platform No.8
Answer:
Ruskin Bond is a well-known contemporary English Indian writer. He wrote a number of inspirational children’s books and was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his literary work. The following is a short story from “The Women on Plat Form No. 8.” This short story’s core concept is about love and affection tackling all obstacles to belonging.

Arun saw a middle aged woman in white sari, with dark kind eyes leaning over him. There was some kind of dignity about her which made Arun stand up respectfully and answer. Arun liked her for simplicity, her deep soft voice and the serenity of her face. The stranger found out his name and the train he was waiting for. She took him to the dining room and ordered jalebies, samosas and tea. She gave Satish a bag of fruits, a cricket bat and a box of chocolates. She asked Satish to share the food with Arun. Finally Arun addressed the stranger as his mother and bid goodbye to her.

రస్కిన్ బాండ్ సుప్రసిద్ద సమకాలీన ఆంగ్ల భారతీయ రచయిత. అతను అనేక స్ఫూర్తిదాయకమైన పిల్లల పుస్తకాలను వ్రాసాడు మరియు అతని సాహిత్య కృషికి సాహిత్య అకాడమీ అవార్డును పొందాడు. కిందిది “ది విమెన్ ఆన్ ప్లాట్ ఫారం నంబర్ 8″ నుండి ఒక చిన్న కథ. ఈ చిన్న కథ యొక్క ప్రధాన కాన్సెప్ట్ ప్రేమ మరియు ఆప్యాయతకు సంబంధించిన అన్ని అడ్డంకులను అధిగమించడం.

తెల్లటి చీరలో, ముదురు దయగల కళ్లతో తనపైకి వంగి ఉన్న నడివయస్కురాలిని చూశాడు అరుణ్. ఆమెలో ఒకరకమైన పరువు ఉండడం వల్ల అరుణ్ని గౌరవంగా లేచి నిలబడి సమాధానమిచ్చాడు. అరుణ్కి ఆమె సింప్లిసిటీ, ఆమె లోతైన మృదువైన స్వరం మరియు ఆమె ముఖంలోని ప్రశాంతత నచ్చింది. అపరిచితుడు అతని పేరు మరియు అతను వేచి ఉన్న రైలును కనుగొన్నాడు. డైనింగ్ రూమ్ కి తీసుకెళ్ళి జిలేబీలు, సమోసాలు, టీ ఆర్డర్ చేసింది. సతీష్ కి పండ్ల సంచి, క్రికెట్ బ్యాట్, చాక్లెట్ల పెట్టె ఇచ్చింది. అరుణ్ తో ఆహారం పంచుకోమని సతీష్ ని కోరింది. చివరగా అరుణ్ అపరిచితుడిని తన తల్లి అని సంబోధించి ఆమెకు వీడ్కోలు పలికాడు.

The Woman on Platform No 8 Summary in English

About Author

Ruskin Bond (born 19 May 1934) is an Anglo Indian author. His first novel, The Room on the Roof, was published in 1956, and it received the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 1957. Bond has authored more than 500 short stories, essays, and novels, including 64 books for children. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1992 for Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1999 and Padma Bhushan in 2014. He lives with his adopted family in Landour,
Mussoorie.

Few of his notable works in English:

The Room on the Roof, Vagrants in the Valley, Rusty Runs Away, A Flight of Pigeons The Sensualist, Once Upon A Monsoon Time, Delhi is Not Far, Ranji’s Wonderful Bat, Dust on the mountain, Getting Granny’s Glasses, Looking For the Rainbow: My years with Daddy, Landour Days – A writers Journal, Scenes from a Writer’s Life With Love From The Hills, Roads To Mussoorie

The story “The Woman on Platform” is written by Ruskin Bond. The story was about a twelve-year-old schoolboy named Arun. It was his time to return to his school, so he sat on platform no.8 at Ambala station. His train would most likely arrive at midnight. So he continued to walk up and down the platform, feeding street dogs broken biscuits and browsing the bookstall. He quickly lost interest in his surroundings. He was bored and lonely. Arun was startled to hear a soft voice from behind him.

It was a woman dressed in a white saree who appeared pale and had kind dark eyes. She didn’t wear any jewellery. After a brief introduction, she invited Arun to the station dining room for some snacks and drinks. Arun was too shy to accompany her. But the woman’s tenderness forced him to join her. The woman appeared to enjoy watching him eat. He opened up to her about his school, friends, likes, and dislikes while eating. The woman said very little and listened to him intimately. Satish, Arun’s school friend, and his mother appeared on the platform.

Satish’s mother identified the woman standing next to Arun as his mother. Before Arun could say anything, the woman introduced herself as his mother. Satish’s mother claims that there are a lot of suspicious people around. She advised people to be cautious of strangers. Satish’s mother gave Arun a stern look and told him to be cautious in the absence of his mother and to never talk to strangers. ‘I like strangers,’ Arun said at the time. Satish and Arun board the train after it arrives on the platform.

Satish’s mother and the woman were talking to the boys from the platform. Satish said, “Goodbye, mother,” as the train began to move. They exchanged waves. Before the train departed from the station, Arun addressed the woman as “mother.” He kept staring at the woman until she slipped away into the crowd.

The Woman on Platform No 8 Summary in Telugu

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

“ది వుమన్ ఆన్ ప్లాట్ఫారమ్” కథను రస్కిన్ బాండ్ రాశారు. ఈ కథ అరుణ్ అనే పన్నెండేళ్ల పాఠశాల విద్యార్థికి సంబంధించినది. అతను తన పాఠశాలకు తిరిగి రావడానికి ఇది సమయం, కాబట్టి అతను అంబాలా స్టేషన్లోని ప్లాట్ఫారమ్ నెం. 8 పై కూర్చున్నాడు. అతని రైలు అర్ధరాత్రి వచ్చే అవకాశం ఉంది. కాబట్టి అతను ప్లాట్ఫారమ్ పైకి క్రిందికి నడవడం కొనసాగించాడు, వీధి కుక్కలకు విరిగిన బిస్కెట్లు తినిపించాడు మరియు బుడ్స్టాల్ బ్రౌజ్ చేశాడు. అతను త్వరగా తన పరిసరాలపై ఆసక్తిని కోల్పోయాడు. అతను విసుగు మరియు ఒంటరిగా ఉన్నాడు. అరుణ్ వెనుక నుంచి మెత్తని స్వరం వినిపించి ఆశ్చర్యపోయాడు.

తెల్లటి చీర కట్టుకున్న ఒక స్త్రీ లేతగా కనిపించింది మరియు దయగల చీకటి కళ్ళు కలిగి ఉంది. ఆమె ఎలాంటి నగలు ధరించలేదు. కొద్దిసేపు పరిచయం తర్వాత, ఆమె అరుణ్ని కొన్ని స్నాక్స్ మరియు డ్రింక్స్ కోసం స్టేషన్ డైనింగ్ రూమ్కి ఆహ్వానించింది. అరుణ్ ఆమెకు తోడుగా వెళ్లడానికి చాలా సిగ్గుపడ్డాడు. కానీ స్త్రీ యొక్క సున్నితత్వం అతనిని ఆమెతో చేరడానికి బలవంతం చేసింది. అతను తినడం చూసి ఆ స్త్రీ ఆనందిస్తున్నట్లు కనిపించింది. అతను భోజనం చేస్తున్నప్పుడు తన పాఠశాల స్నేహితులు, ఇష్టాలు మరియు అయిష్టాల గురించి ఆమెతో విప్పాడు. ఆ స్త్రీ చాలా తక్కువ చెప్పింది మరియు అతనిని చాలా దగ్గరగా విన్నది. అరుణ్ స్కూల్ ఫ్రెండ్ సతీష్, అతని తల్లి ప్లాట్ ఫాం మీద కనిపించారు. అరుణ్ పక్కన నిల్చున్న మహిళను సతీష్ తల్లి తన తల్లిగా గుర్తించింది.

అరుణ్ ఏమీ అనకముందే ఆ మహిళ తనను తన తల్లిగా పరిచయం చేసుకుంది. చుట్టుపక్కల చాలా మంది అనుమానాస్పద వ్యక్తులు ఉన్నారని సతీష్ తల్లి పేర్కొంది. అపరిచిత వ్యక్తుల పట్ల అప్రమత్తంగా ఉండాలని ఆమె ప్రజలకు సూచించారు. సతీష్ తల్లి అరుణ్ ని తీక్షణంగా చూసి, తల్లి లేని సమయంలో జాగ్రత్తగా ఉండమని, అపరిచితులతో ఎప్పుడూ మాట్లాడకూడదని చెప్పింది. ‘నాకు అపరిచితులంటే ఇష్టం’ అని అరుణ్ అప్పట్లో చెప్పాడు. సతీష్ మరియు అరుణ్ ప్లాట్ఫారమ్ మీదకి వచ్చిన తర్వాత రైలు ఎక్కారు.

సతీష్ తల్లి మరియు మహిళ ప్లాట్ఫారమ్పై నుండి అబ్బాయిలతో మాట్లాడుతున్నారు. రైలు కదలడం మొదలుపెట్టగానే సతీష్ “బాగుందా అమ్మా” అన్నాడు. వారు తరంగాలను మార్చుకున్నారు. స్టేషన్ నుంచి రైలు బయలుదేరే ముందు అరుణ్ ఆ మహిళను ‘e ర్మా’ అని సంబోధించాడు. ఆమె జనంలో” జారిపోయే వరకు అతను ఆ స్త్రీని చూస్తూనే ఉన్నాడు.

The Woman on Platform No 8 Summary in Hindi

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

कहानी “द वूमन ऑन प्लेटफॉम नं. 8” रस्किन बॉन्ड से लिखी गई है । कहानी अरुण नामक लगभग 12 वर्ष के स्कूली बच्चे की थी । उसे वापस अपने स्कूल जाना था, इसलिए वह अम्बाला स्टेशन के प्लेटफॉम नं. 8 पर बैठ गया । उसकी ट्रेन संभवतः आधी रात को आएगी । इसलिए वह प्लेटफॉम पर ऊपर – नीचे लगाकर चलता रहा, गली के कुत्तों को टूटेबिस्किट खिलाता रहा और पुस्तक – विक्रय केंद्र में घूमता रहा । उसने जल्दी ही अपने परिवेश में दिलचस्पी खो दी । वह ऊब गया था और अकेला था ।

उसके बगल से नरम आवाज सुनकर चैंक गया । यह एक सफेद साड़ी पहने एक महिला थी, जो पीली दिखाई देती थी और दयालु, काली आँखोवाली थी और उसने कोई आभूषण नहीं पहना था । एक संक्षिप्त परिचय के बाद, उसने अरुण को कुछ नाश्ते और तेय के लिए स्टेशन के भोजन कक्ष में आमंत्रित किया । अरुण उसके साथ जाने में बहुत शर्माता था । लेकिन महिला की कोमलता ने उसे महिला से जुड़ने के लिए मजबूर कर दिया और उसे खाते हुए देखकर महिला आनंदित होती दिखाई दी ।

खाने के दौरान उसने महिला को अपने स्कूल, दोस्तों, पसंद और नापसंद के बारे में बताया । महिली ने बहुत थोड़ा ही कहा और उसकी बातें ध्यान से सुनीं । अरुणा के स्कूल के दोस्त सतीश और उसकी माँ प्लेटफॉम पर दिखाई देते हैं। सतीश की माँ ने अरुण के बगल में खड़ी महिला को उसकी माँ के रूप में पहचाना । अरुण के कुछ कह पाने के पहले, वह महिला ने आपना परिचय उसकी माँ के रूप में दिया। सतीश की माँ का दाव है कि आसपास बहुत सोरे संदिग्ध लोग हैं ।

उसने लोगों को अजनबियों से सावधान रहने की सलाह दी । सतीश की माँ ने अरुण को कड़ी सावधान रहने और कभी भी अजनबियों से बात न करने के लिए कहा। ट्रेन में चढ़ने पर अरुण कहा, ‘अलविदा माँ’, ट्रेन चलने लगी। ट्रेन के स्टेशन से श्वाना होने से पहले उन्होंने महिला को ‘माँ’ कहकर संबोधित किया । वह उस महिला को तबतक घूरता रहा जब तक वह भीड़ में से फिसल नहीं गई ।

Meanings and Explanations

boarding school (n)/(బోర్డింగ్ స్కూల్) /’bɔ:dıŋ sku:l/ : a school where children live during the school, పాఠశాల సంవత్సరంలో పిల్లలు నివసించే పాఠశాల, वर्ष में बच्चे रहनेवाला एक स्कूल

burst (n)/(బ(ర్)స్ట్)/b3:st/ : ‘a short period of an intense activity – తీవ్రమైన చర్య యొక్క స్వల్ప కాలం, एक तीव्र गतिविधि की एक छोटी अवधि

trolleys (n-pl) /(ట్రాలీస్)/ ‘trɒl.i/ : carts – బండ్లు, गाड़ियाँ

vendors (n-pl) /(వెండార్స్) ven.dar/ : people who sell things So১ ड०ई ssspe चीजें बेचनेवाले, लोग

dignity (n) / (డిగ్ నిటీ) / ‘dɪg.nə.ti/ : calm, serious, and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you – ప్రజలు మిమ్మల్ని గౌరవించేలా చేసే ప్రశాంతమైన, తీవ్రమైన మరియు నియంత్రిత ప్రవర్తన शांत, गंभीर और नियंत्रित व्यवहार जो लोग तुम को सम्मान देते हैं

commanded (v-pt)/(కమెండెడ్) : kǝ’ma:nd : deserved and got – అర్హత మరియు వచ్చింది, योग्य और मिल गया

serenity (n) / (సరెనటి) / sə’ren.ə.ti : the quality of being peaceful and calm – శాంతియుతంగా మరియు ప్రశాంతంగా ఉండే గుణం शांति पूर्ण और शांति रहते योग्य

suspicion (n) / (సస్పిషన్) / səspɪʃ.ən : a feeling that somebody has done something wrong, illegal or dishonest, even though you have no proof, మీకు రుజువు లేనప్పటికీ, ఎవరైనా తప్పు, చట్టవిరుద్ధం లేదా నిజాయితీ లేని పని చేసినటు భావన, यह महसूस करना है कि कुछ गलत, अवैध दा बेईमान किया है, भले ही आपके पास कोई सबुतन हो

appetite (n)/(యాపిటైట్)/’æp.ə.taɪt : desire for food – (ఆహరం కోసం కోరిక), भोजन की इच्छा

gratefully (adv) / (గ్రెఇట్ ఫలి)/ greıt.fəl.i : thankfully – కృతజ్ఞతగా, कृतज्ञतापूर्वक : सधन्यवाद

imposing (adj) / ( ఇంప ఉంజింగ్) /im’pǝu.zin/ : making a strong impression; controlling – బలమైన ముద్ర వేయడం; నియంత్రించడం, एक मजबूत छाप बनाना, को नियंत्रित करने शर्मीला

embarrassed (adj) / (ఇంబ్యారస్ ట్)/im’bær.əst / : shy, uncomfortable or ashamed / పిరికి, అసౌకర్య లేదా సిగ్గు, असहज या लज्जित

sternly (adv)/(స్ట (ర్)న్ లి) / ‘stɜ:n. li : in a serious way – తీవ్రమైన మార్గంలో, गंभीर तरीके से

resentfully (adv) / (రిజెన్ ట్ ఫలి) / /rɪ’zent.fəl.i : in a way that shows that you feel bitter or angry, మీరు చేదుగా లేదా కోపంగా ఉన్నట్లు చూపించే విధంగా, एक तरह से जो दर्शाता है कि आप कड़वा महसूस करते हैं या नाराज

hustling (v-pr.p)/ (హస్ లింగ్)/’hʌs.əl/ : moving or causing to move energetically or busily, కదలడం లేదా శక్తివంతంగా లేదా బిజీగా కదలడం, हिलाया या ऊर्जावान रूप से आगे बढ़ाना या जल्दी से

hissing (హిస్సింగ్)/ hɪs : making a sound like a long ‘s’-, పొడవాటి ‘s’ లాగా శబ్దం చేయడం, एक बंबे ‘एस’ की तरह ध्वभि बनाना

jolted (జ ఉల్జిద్) / (sá0६)/ d3əʊlt : moved suddenly, abruptly – som, es som కదిలింది अचानक, अचानक चला गया

gazing at (phrase) / గెఇజింగ్ / geɪz æt : looking steadily at somebody or something – ఎవరైనా లేదా దేనినైనా స్థిరంగా చూడటం, किसी को या किसी चीज कोस्थिर रूप से देखना

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 10th Lesson Guilty Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 10th Lesson Guilty

Annotations (Section A, Q.No. 1, Marks: 4)
Annotate the following in about 100 words each.

a) May be the world needs good watchmen as much as it does engineers. (Revision Test – V)

We see these words in the one act play’Guilty. It was written by Horace J. Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud. This short and sweet play offers readers a pleasant reading experience. It conveys valuable messages. Conversations serve as good examples of everyday English. Jim is the central character in the play. He studied engineering but works as a night watchman. This fact shows the scenario of employment. It also appreciates Jim’s spirit. Mrs Moore says the given words to Ma Ryan, Jim’s mother. She focuses on the value of ‘dignity of labour’. She makes it clear that every job is important. One should respect one’s work. Watchmen are as important as engineers.

ఈ పదాలను ఏకపాత్రాభినయం నాటకం’ గిల్టీలో చూస్తాము. దీనిని హోరేస్ జె. గార్డినర్ మరియు బోన్నెవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్ రాశారు. ఈ చిన్న మరియు మధురమైన నాటకం పాఠకులకు ఆహ్లాదకరమైన పఠన అనుభవాన్ని అందిస్తుంది. విలువైన సందేశాలను అందజేస్తుంది. సంభాషణలు రోజువారీ ఆంగ్లానికి మంచి

ఉదాహరణలుగా ఉపయోగపడతాయి. నాటకంలో జిమ్ ప్రధాన పాత్ర. ఇంజనీరింగ్ చదివాడు కానీ నైట్ వాచ్ మెన్గా పనిచేస్తున్నాడు. ఈ వాస్తవం ఉపాధి దృష్టాంతాన్ని చూపుతుంది. ఇది జిమ్ స్ఫూర్తిని కూడా అభినందిస్తుంది. మిసెస్ మూర్ జిమ్ తల్లి మ ర్యానికి ఇచ్చిన మాటలను చెప్పింది. ఆమె ‘డిగ్నిటీ ఆఫ్ లేబర్’ విలువపై దృష్టి పెడుతుంది. ప్రతి పని ముఖ్యమేనని ఆమె స్పష్టం చేశారు. ఒకరి పనిని గౌరవించాలి. ఇంజనీర్లకు ఎంత ముఖ్యమో వాచ్మెన్ కూడా అంతే ముఖ్యం.

b) The view of this world which India has taken is summed up in one compound Sanskrit word, Sacchidananda.

He is a fine, good boy and a hard worker.
We see these words in the one-act play “Guilty”. It was written by Horace J. Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud. This shor and sweet play offers readers a pleasant reading experience It conveys valuable messages. Conversations serve as good examples of everyday English. Ma Ryan, Jim’s mother, says these words to Mrs Moore, their neighbour. She describes Jim’s nature. Ma Ryan sees the positive qualities in her son. He is a decent boy. He works hard. He readily accepts a night watchman’s post, though he is an engineering graduate. The play has plenty of proof to show Jim’s good nature. It is, then, no surprise that Ma Ryan praises Jim.

మనం ఈ పదాలను ఏకపాత్ర నాటకం ‘గిల్టీ’లో చూస్తాము. దీనిని హోరేస్ జె. గార్డినర్ మరియు బోన్నెవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్ రాశారు. ఈ షార్ అండ్ స్వీట్ ప్లే పాఠకులకు ఆహ్లాదకరమైన పఠన అనుభవాన్ని అందిస్తుంది, ఇది విలువైన సందేశాలను తెలియజేస్తుంది. సంభాషణలు రోజువారీ ఆంగ్లానికి మంచి ఉదాహరణలుగా ఉపయోగపడతాయి. మా ర్యాన్, జిమ్ తల్లి, వారి పొరుగున ఉన్న శ్రీమతి మూర్తి

ఈ. మాటలు చెప్పింది. ఆమె జిమ్ స్వభావాన్ని వివరిస్తుంది. మ ర్యాన్ త న కొడుకులోని పాజిటివ్ క్వాలిటీస్ చూస్తాడు. అతను ఒక మంచి అబ్బాయి. అతడు బాగా శ్రమిస్తాడు. అతను ఇంజనీరింగ్ గ్రాడ్యుయేట్ అయినప్పటికీ, అతను నైట్ వాచ్మెన్ పోస్టు వెంటనే అంగీకరిస్తాడు. జిమ్ యొక్క మంచి స్వభావాన్ని చూపించడానికి ఈ నాటకం చాలా రుజువులను కలిగి ఉంది. మర్యాన్ జిమ్ను మెచ్చుకోవడంలో ఆశ్చర్యం లేదు.

c) Ma, you’re talking like someone in a fog, without any sense.

We see these words in the one-act play’Guilty’. It was written by Horace J. Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud. This short and sweet play offers readers a pleasant reading experience. It conveys valuable messages. Conversations serve as good examples of everyday English. Jim says these words to his mother, when she asks him to quickly escape from there. Mother’s advice sounds senseless to the honest and innocent Jim. So, he asks her why she is talking in such a meaningless way. But she sees the ‘robbed’ ornament in Jim’s pocket. She sees a policeman. She puts two and two together and makes four.

ఈ పదాలను ఏకపాత్ర నాటకం ‘అపరాధం’లో చూస్తాం. దీనిని హోరేస్ జె. గార్డినర్ మరియు బోన్నెవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్ రాశారు. ఈ చిన్న మరియు మధురమైన నాటకం పాఠకులకు ఆహ్లాదకరమైన పఠన అనుభవాన్ని అందిస్తుంది. విలువైన సందేశాలను అందజేస్తుంది. సంభాషణలు రోజువారీ ఆంగ్లానికి మంచి ఉదాహరణలుగా ఉపయోగపడతాయి. అక్కడ నుండి త్వరగా తప్పించుకోమని జిమ్ తన తల్లిని అడిగినప్పుడు ఈ మాటలు చెప్పాడు. నిజాయితీ మరియు అమాయక జిమ్కు తల్లి సలహా అర్ధంలేనిదిగా అనిపిస్తుంది.

అలాంటప్పుడు ఎందుకు ఇలా అర్థంపర్థం లేకుండా మాట్లాడుతున్నావని అడిగాడు. కానీ ఆమె జిమ్ జేబులో ‘దోచుకున్న’ ఆభరణాన్ని చూస్తుంది. ఆమె ఒక పోలీసును చూస్తుంది. ఆమె రెండు మరియు రెండు కలిపి నాలుగు చేస్తుంది.

d) You have put what you think is two and two together and made four out of it, haven’t you? (Revision Test – V)

We see these words in the one-act play ‘Guilty’. It was written by Horace J. Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud. This short and sweet play offers readers a pleasant reading experience. It conveys valuable messages. Conversations serve as good examples of everyday English. The stranger (Van King) says these words to Ma Ryan. Ma Ryan believes that Jim has stolen’ the jewel. But it is not true. Ma Ryan suspects so from what she discovers. First she finds the ornament in Jim’s pocket. Then she ‘learns Jim has not been working in the Van King warehouse. Finally, she sees Jim trying to give the gold piece to a ‘stranger’ for money.

ఈ పదాలను ఏకపాత్ర నాటకం ‘అపరాధం’లో చూస్తాం. ఇది y హోరేస్ జె. గార్డినర్ మరియు బోన్నెవియర్ అర్నాడ్ రచించారు. ఈ చిన్న మరియు మధురమైన నాటకం పాఠకులకు ఆహ్లాదకరమైన పఠన అనుభవాన్ని అందిస్తుంది. నేను విలువైన సందేశాలను అందిస్తాను. సంభాషణలు రోజువారీ ఆంగ్లానికి మంచి ఉదాహరణలుగా ఉపయోగపడతాయి. అపరిచితుడు (వాన్ కింగ్) మ ర్యాన్ తో ఈ మాట లు చెప్పాడు. జిమ్ ఆ ఆభరణాన్ని దొంగిలించాడని మ ర్యాన్ నమ్ముతాడు. అయితే అది నిజం కాదు.

మ ర్యాన్ ఆమె కనుగొన్న దాని నుండి అలా అనుమానించాడు. మొదట ఆమె జిమ్ జేబులో ఆభరణాన్ని కనుగొంటుంది. అప్పుడు ఆమె ‘వాన్ కింగ్ గిడ్డంగిలో జిమ్ పని చేయడం లేదని తెలుసుకుంది. చివరగా, డబ్బు కోసం జిమ్ బంగారు ముక్కను ‘అపరిచితుడు’కి ఇవ్వడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తున్నట్లు ఆమె చూస్తుంది.

Paragraph Questions & Answers (Section A, Q.No.3, Marks: 4)
Answer the following Questions in about 100 words

a) Describe the importance of Mrs Moore in Guilty.
Answer:
Guilty, by Horace J Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud, is. interesting one act play. It conveys some significant message The play let exhibits all the properties of a good one-act play It has a few characters. It observes all the unities. Mrs Moon is Jim’s neighbor. She plays a prime part in the play. She presents the message the play wants to convey. She highlight the value of dignity of labour’. She wants ’employees’ to be loyal to their employers. She reports the robbery at the Van King warehouse. That report begins the development of the conflict. Thus Mrs Moore plays a very important role in the play ‘Guilty’

గిల్టీ, హోరేస్గార్డినర్ మరియు బోన్నెవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్ ద్వారా. ఆసక్తికరమైన వన్ యాక్ట్ ప్లే. ఇది కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన సందేశాన్ని అందజేస్తుంది, ప్లే లెట్ ఒక మంచి వన్-యాక్ట్ ప్లే యొక్క అన్ని లక్షణాలను ప్రదర్శిస్తుంది, ఇందులో కొన్ని పాత్రలు ఉన్నాయి. ఇది అన్ని ఐక్యతలను గమనిస్తుంది. శ్రీమతి మూన్ జిమ్ పొరుగువారు. ఆమె నాటకంలో ప్రధాన పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది. ఆమె నాటకం తెలియజేయాలనుకుంటున్న సందేశాన్ని అందిస్తుంది.

ఆమె శ్రమ యొక్క గౌరవం యొక్క విలువను హైలైట్ చేస్తుంది. ‘ఉద్యోగులు’ తమ యజమానులకు విధేయంగా ఉండాలని ఆమె కోరుకుంటుంది. ఆమె వాన్ కింగ్ గిడ్డంగిలో జరిగిన దోపిడీని నివేదిస్తుంది. ఆ నివేదిక సంఘర్షణ అభివృద్ధిని ప్రారంభిస్తుంది. ఆ విధంగా మిసెస్ మూర్ ‘గిల్టీ’ నాటకంలో చాలా ముఖ్యమైన పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది.

b) Ma Ryan puts what she thinks is two and two together and makes four out of it. Discuss the developments that lead (or, rather mislead) Ma Ryan into making this mistake.
Answer:
‘Guilty, by Horace J Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud, is an interesting one act play. It conveys some significant messages. The playlet exhibits all the properties of a good one-act play. It has a few characters. It observes all the unities. MaRyan learns’ from Mrs Moore about the robbery at the Van King! Ware house. She is ‘happy’ her Jim is not mixed up in it. Then she finds the stolen jewel in ‘Jim’s pocket. She’ doubts how it has come there. She rings up the warehouse. She ‘hears’ that none with the name of Jim works there. She ‘suspects’ something wrong. Finally she ‘sees’ Jim trying to ‘sell that ornament to a ‘stranger. She ‘confirms that Jim ‘stole the jewel.

‘గిల్టీ, హోరేస్ జె. గార్డినర్ మరియు బోనెవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్, ఒక ఆసక్తికరమైన నాటకం. ఇది కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన సందేశాలను తెలియజేస్తుంది. ప్లేలెట్ మంచి వన్-యాక్ట్ ప్లే యొక్క అన్ని లక్షణాలను ప్రదర్శిస్తుంది. ఇందులో కొన్ని పాత్రలు ఉన్నాయి. ఇది అన్ని ఐక్యతలను గమనిస్తుంది. వాన్ కింగ్ వద్ద జరిగిన దోపిడీ గురించి మిసెస్ మూర్ నుండి మర్యాన్ తెలుసుకుంటాడు! వేర్ హౌస్. ఆమె ‘సంతోషంగా’ ఉంది, ఆమె జిమ్ దానిలో కలవలేదు.

అప్పుడు ఆమె ‘జిమ్ జేబులో దొంగిలించబడిన ఆభరణాన్ని కనుగొంటుంది. అది అక్కడికి ఎలా వచ్చిందని ఆమెకు అనుమానం. ఆమె గిడ్డంగిని మోగించింది. జిమ్ పేరుతో ఎవరూ అక్కడ పనిచేయడం లేదని ఆమె ‘విన్నది’. ఆమె ఏదో తప్పు ‘అనుమానిస్తుంది’. చివరగా ఆమె జిమ్ ఆ ఆభరణాన్ని ఒక అపరిచితుడికి విక్రయించడానికి ప్రయత్నించడం చూస్తుంది. జిమ్ ఆభరణాన్ని దొంగిలించాడని ఆమె ధృవీకరించింది.

c) Sketch the character of Jim in the light of Ma Ryan’s comments like: It is the same! But how did it get into Jim’s pocket? (Revision Test – V)
Answer:
“Guilty’, by Horace J Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud, is an interesting one-act play. It conveys some significant messages. The playlet exhibits all the properties of a good one-act play. It has a few characters. It observes all the unities. Jim is the lead character in the play. He is an engineering graduate. Yet, he works as a night watchman. He is a fine, good boy and a hard worker. He is honest to the core. He is NOT the thief as his mother suspects. Jim, in fact, finds the jewel on the road. And he plans to give it back to the rightful owner, Van King. In the excitement, he fails to inform these facts to his mother. So, she makes such comments.

హోరేస్ జె. గార్డినర్ మరియు బోన్నెవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్ రచించిన “గిల్టీ’, ఒక ఆసక్తికరమైన ఏక-పాత్ర నాటకం. ఇది కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన సందేశాలను తెలియజేస్తుంది. ప్లేలెట్ మంచి ఏక-పాత్ర నాటకం యొక్క అన్ని లక్షణాలను ప్రదర్శిస్తుంది. ఇందులో కొన్ని పాత్రలు ఉన్నాయి. ఇది గమనిస్తుంది అన్ని ఐక్యతలు దొంగను అతని తల్లి అనుమానించినట్లు, వాస్తవానికి, జిమ్, నగలను రోడ్డుపై కనుగొంటాడు. మరియు అతను దానిని నిజమైన యజమాని అయిన వాన్ కింగ్కి తిరిగి ఇవ్వాలని ప్లాన్ చేస్తాడు. ఉత్సాహంలో, అతను ఈ వాస్తవాలను తన తల్లికి తెలియజేయడంలో విఫలమయ్యాడు. ఆమె అలాంటి వ్యాఖ్యలు చేస్తుంది.

d) “Ma, you are talking like someone in a fog, without any sense. Are these words from Jim an order or exception? Explain.
(Revision Test – V)
Answer:
“Guilty, by Horace J Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud, is an Interesting one-act play. It conveys some significant messages The playlet exhibits all the properties of a good one-act play. It has a few characters. It observes all the unities. Ma Ryan suspects that Jim has stolen the jewel. She asks him to escape. Jim is innocent. He, therefore, feels that his mother is confused and talking meaninglessly. Jim asks why his mother is speaking like that that day. So, it is clear that his words are an exception. They are not an order. They love each other, They have faith in their good nature. Circumstances make them say so.

“గిల్టీ, హోరేస్ జె. గార్డినర్ మరియు బోన్నెవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్ రచించిన, ఒక ఆసక్తికరమైన వన్-యాక్ట్ ప్లే. ఇది కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన సందేశాలను తెలియజేస్తుంది. ప్లేలెట్ మంచి వన్-యాక్ట్ ప్లే యొక్క అన్ని లక్షణాలను ప్రదర్శిస్తుంది. ఇందులో కొన్ని పాత్రలు ఉన్నాయి. ఇది అన్నింటిని గమనిస్తుంది. unities.మ ర్యాన్ జిమ్ నగను దొంగిలించాడని అనుమానించాడు. ఆమె అతన్ని తప్పించుకోమని అడుగుతుంది.

జిమ్ అమాయకుడు.అందుకే తన తల్లి తికమకపడి అర్ధం లేకుండా మాట్లాడుతోందని భావించాడు.ఆ రోజు తన తల్లి ఎందుకు అలా మాట్లాడుతోందని జిమ్ అడిగాడు. కాబట్టి, అతని మాటలు మినహాయింపు అని స్పష్టంగా తెలుస్తుంది.అవి ఒక ఆర్డర్ కాదు. ఒకరినొకరు ప్రేమిస్తారు, వారి మంచి స్వభావంపై వారికి నమ్మకం ఉంటుంది.పరిస్థితులు అలా చెప్పేలా చేస్తాయి.

Guilty Summary in English

About Author

Horace J.Gardiner was born in 1914 and lived in Hamilton Country, Ohio State, the U.S.A. Not much is known to the world about him. People consider Horace J.Gardiner and Bonneviere Arnaud a ‘single author’, for the apparent reason of the non-availability of any literary work by them individually!

A delightful little drama of guilt’. The authors are Horace J Gardiner and Bonavier Arnaud, who are little known to the world. This single is hilarious. Roles are limited. Conversations are simple. But the message is very serious. And with a different element. The problem of unemployment, the beauty of work, the need for moral values, self- deception, the anxiety caused by superficial illusions… gives a good message. Jim is an engineering graduate. Unable to find a job, Van King works as a night watchman in warehouses.

Good inspiration. Their neighbor, Mrs. Moore, tells Jim’s mother, Ma Rya, about the robbery at Van King’s warehouse. It will be known when the gym duty is off. Ma Ryan The mother’s mind goes wild. Before that, it was learned that their neighbor’s son had been convicted of cheating in the financial institutions and sentenced to ten years in prison. Ryan has 100% confidence in Jim’s honesty.

She thought it would be better if Jim could stop this theft earlier. Poneyle, Jim has nothing to do with it was happy. But as Jim cleans his room and is about to fold his sweater, a crumpled handkerchief falls out of its pocket, and a diamond jewel stolen from Van King’s warehouse falls out of it. Mrs. Moore was careful not to make eye contact. She compared the jewelry with the doll in the paper. Literally the same. Jim doesn’t steal. And how did this precious diamond chain come into his pocket. Suspicion began. Let’s talk to Jim from the other side of the Van King warehouse. Suspicion was felt. Mrs. Moore hurried away. Meanwhile, Jim A person comes in.

My Ryan is next to the door and they don’t see it. Jim looks anxiously for the diamond jewelry he brought and counts the money. Run away as fast as you can from that jewel with our Ryan Jim, before the police catch you She says with fear. Jim He wonders what is running away. The newcomer had something to say. Slowly the rest comes from the mother. She doubted

He proves to be free. The original thieves dropped the diamond in front of the coffee shop. Jim saw it and tried to give it to them. They left quickly. Later Van King Officials announced a cash prize. Then Jim knew. The newcomer is Van King. Jim’s mother, who did not know anything, suspected Ma Ryan Jim. When she came to know everything, she was overcome with shame and ‘guilt’. All in all a happy ending.

Guilty Summary in Telugu

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

అపరాధం యొక్క సంతోషకరమైన చిన్న నాటకం’. రచయితలు హోరేస్ జె గార్డినర్ మరియు బోనవియర్ ఆర్నాడ్, వీరు ప్రపంచానికి పెద్దగా పరిచయం లేదు. ఈ సింగిల్ ఉల్లాసంగా ఉంది. పాత్రలు పరిమితం. సంభాషణలు సరళంగా ఉంటాయి. కానీ సందేశం చాలా తీవ్రమైనది. మరియు వేరే మూలకంతో. నిరుద్యోగ సమస్య, పనికి అందడం, నైతిక విలువల ఆవశ్యకత, ఆత్మవంచన, మిడిమిడి భ్రమలు కలిగించే ఆందోళన… మంచి సందేశాన్ని ఇస్తాయి. జిమ్ ఇంజనీరింగ్ గ్రాడ్యుయేట్. ఉద్యోగం దొరక్కపోవడంతో వాన్ కింగ్ గోదాముల్లో నైట్ వాచ్ మెన్ గా పనిచేస్తున్నాడు. మంచి స్ఫూర్తి. వారి పొరుగు, శ్రీమతి మూర్, వాన్ కింగ్స్ గిడ్డంగిలో జరిగిన దోపిడీ గురించి జిమ్ తల్లి మ ర్యాకి చెప్పింది. జిమ్ డ్యూటీ ఎప్పుడొస్తుందో తెలుస్తుంది.

మ ర్యన్ త ల్లి మ ధుర త్నం. అంతకు ముందు వారి పొరుగింటి కొడుకు ఆర్థిక సంస్థల్లో మోసానికి పాల్పడి పదేళ్ల జైలు శిక్ష అనుభవించిన సంగతి తెలిసిందే. జిమ్ నిజాయితీపై ర్యాన్కు 100% నమ్మకం ఉంది. జిమ్ ఈ దొంగతనాన్ని ముందే ఆపితే బాగుంటుందని ఆమె భావించింది. పోనీలే, జిమ్కి సంబంధం లేదు, సంతోషంగా ఉంది.

కానీ జిమ్ తన గదిని శుభ్రం చేసి, తన స్వెటర్ను మడవబోతుండగా, దాని జేబులోంచి నలిగిన రుమాలు పడిపోతుంది మరియు వాన్ కింగ్ యొక్క గిడ్డంగి నుండి దొంగిలించబడిన వజ్రాల ఆభరణం దాని నుండి పడింది. మిసెస్ మూర్ కంటికి కనిపించకుండా జాగ్రత్తపడింది. ఆ నగలను పేపర్ లోని బొమ్మతో పోల్చింది. అక్ష రాలా అదే. జిమ్ దొంగిలించడు. మరి ఈ విలువైన డైమండ్ చైన్ అతని జేబులోకి ఎలా వచ్చింది. అనే అనుమానం మొదలైంది. వాన్ కింగ్ గిడ్డంగికి అవతలి వైపు నుండి జిమ్హ తో మాట్లాడుదాం. అనే అనుమానం కలిగింది.

శ్రీమతి మూర్ హడావిడిగా వెళ్ళిపోయింది. ఇంతలో, జిమ్ క వ్యక్తి లోపలికి వచ్చాడు. నా ర్యాన్ తలుపు పక్కన ఉంది మరియు వారు దానిని చూడలేదు. జిమ్ తను తెచ్చిన వజ్రాభరణాల కోసం ఆత్రుతగా చూస్తూ డబ్బు లెక్కిస్తున్నాడు. మా ర్యాన్ జిమ్హ ఆ ఆభరణం నుండి వీలైనంత వేగంగా పారిపో, పోలీసులు నిన్ను పట్టుకునేలోపు ఆమె భయంతో చెప్పింది. జిమ్ అతను పారిపోతున్నాడని ఆశ్చర్యపోతున్నాడు. కొత్తగా వచ్చిన వ్యక్తికి ఏదో చెప్పాలనిపించింది. నెమ్మదిగా మిగిలినది తల్లి నుండి వస్తుంది. ఆమె సందేహించింది అతను స్వేచ్ఛగా ఉన్నట్లు నిరూపిస్తాడు. అసలు దొంగలు వజ్రాన్ని కాఫీ షాప్ ముందు పడేశారు.

జిమ్ అది చూసి వారికి ఇవ్వడానికి ప్రయత్నించాడు. వారు త్వరగా వెళ్లిపోయారు. అనంతరం వాన్ కింగ్ అధికారులు నగదు బహుమతిని ప్రకటించారు. అప్పుడు జిమ్కి తెలిసింది. కొత్తగా వచ్చిన వాన్ కింగ్. ఏమీ తెలియని జిమ్ తల్లి మ ర్యాన్ జిమ్ ను అనుమానించింది. అన్నీ తెలిశాక సిగ్గుతో, ‘అపరాధభావన’తో పొంగిపోయింది. మొత్తానికి సుఖాంతం.

Guilty Summary in Hindi

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

अपराधबोध का एक रमणीय ‘छोटा नाटक’ । लेखक होरेस जे गार्डिनर और बोनी बियर अरनॉड हैं, जो दुनिया को कुछ कम जाने जाते हैं । यह सिंगल प्रफुल्लित करनेवाला है । पात्र सीमित हैं । कथोपकथन सरल हैं। लेकिन संदेश बहुत गंभीर है। और एक अलग तत्व के साथ बेरोजगारी की समस्या, काम की सुंदरता, नैतिक मूल्यों की आवश्यकता, आत्मवंचना, सतही भ्रम से उत्पन्न चिंता ऐक अच्छा संदेश देती हैं। जिम इंजीनियरिंग ग्रेजुएट हैं। नौकरी पाने में असमर्थ, वैन किंग गोदामों में रात के फहरेदार के रूप में काम करता है। अच्छी प्रेरण । उनक पडोसिन, श्रीमती मूर, बैन किंग के गोदाम में हुई डकोती के बारे में जिम की माँ, मा रिया को बताती हैं। जिम की ड्यूटी बंद होने पर इसका पता चलेगा। माँ रयान का दिमाग खराब हो जाता है।

इससे पहले यह पता चला था कि उनके पड़ोसी के बेटे को वित्तीय संस्थाओं में धोखाधड़ी का दोषी ठहराया गया था और दस साल जेल की सजा सुनाई गई थी। जिस की ईमानतारी पर रयानको 100% भरोसा है। उसने सोचा कि बेहतर होगा कि जिम इस चोरी को पहले ही रोक ते ।

पोनीले, जिम का इससे लेना देना नहीं है, वह खुश था। लेकिन जैसे ही जिम अपने कमरे को साफ करता है और अपने स्वेटर को मोड़ने ही वाला होता है उसकी जेब से एक सिलवटदाररूमाल गिर जाता है, और वेन किंग के गोदाम से सुराया गया एक हीरे का गहना उसमें से गिर जाता है । श्रीमती मूर आँख से संपर्क न करने का सावधान थई । उसने गरनों की तुलना कागज में रखी गुड़िया से की। अक्षरशः वही । जिम चोरी नहीं करता । और यह कीमती हीरे की चेन उसकी जेब में कैसे आगई। शक होने लगा । श्रीमती मूल जल्दी से चली गई। इस बीच जिम और एक व्यक्ति अंदर आते हैं। मेरा श्यान दरवाजे के बगल में है और इसे नहीं देखते हैं। जिम अपने द्वारा लाए गए हीरे के गदनों को उत्सूकता से देखता है । और पैसे गिनता है ।

हमारे रयान जिल रे लाख उस गहने से जितनी जल्दी हो सके भागजाओ, इससे परले कि पुलिस तुम्हें पकड़ ले, वह डर के मारे कहती है। जिस चकित होता है किवया भाग रहा है। नरागंतुक का कुछ कहना था । धीरे धीरे बाकी माँ से आता है । उसने शक किया ।

वह मुक्त सिद्ध होता है। असली चोरों ने हीरा कॉफी शॉफ के सामने गिरा दिया. । जिम ने इसे देखा और उन्हें देने की कोशिश की । वे जल्दी चले गए बाद में वैन किंग के अधिकारियों ने नकद पुरस्कार की घोषणा की । तब जिम को पता चला । नवागंतुक वैन किंग है । जिस की माँ, जो कुछ भी नहीं जानती थी, उसा मा रयान जिम पर शक हुआ। जब उसे सब कुछ पता चला, तो वह शर्म और ‘अपराध’ से धिर गई। कुल मिलाकर सुखद अंत !

Meanings and Explanations

tossed (pp-adj) /(గిల్టి)/ tɒs : thrown carelessly, నిర్లక్ష్యంగా విసిరివేయబడింది उत्पाला, लापरवाही से फेंका गया

bustling (v+ing) /(టొస్ ట్)/ ‘bʌs.lɪŋ : moving around in a busy way బిజీ మార్గంలో తిరుగుతూ, हलचल – व्यस्त तरीके से धूमते हुए

land sakes (interjection)/(ల్యాండ్ సెఇక్స్)/lænd seɪks : another form “for God’s sake”; an exclamation used to express some
strong feelings
మరొక రూపం “దేవుని కొరకు”; కొన్ని బలమైన భావాలను వ్యక్తీకరించడానికి ఉపయోగించే ఆశ్చర్యార్థకం, की खातिर – एक और रूप “भगवान के लिये ” एक विस्मयादि बोधक का प्रयोग किया जाता है, कुछ गंभीर भावनाओं को व्यक्त करने के लिए

apparent (adj)/(అప్యా రన్ ట్)/a’pær.ənt : seeming, అనిపించడం, प्रकट लग रहा है

straightening up (phr v) / (స్ట్రైఇట్ నింగ్ ఆఫ్)/ ‘streɪ.tən ɪŋ ʌp : making something neat and tidy, ఏదైనా చక్కగా మరియు చక్కగా చేయడం, कुछ साफ सुथग बनाना

abed (adv)/(అబెడ్)/ ə’be d : in bed, మంచంలో, विस्तर में

indignantly (adv)/(ఇండిగ్నన్ ట్ లీ)/ ɪn’dɪg.nǝnt.li: angrily, కోపంగా, गुस्से से

doctoring (vting) / (డొక్టరింగ్)/ ‘dɒktǝrɪŋ : altering facts with a view to deceiving altering facts with a view others; making false entries, ఇతరుల దృష్టితో వాస్తవాలను మార్చే విధంగా మోసం చేసే దృష్టితో వాస్తవాలను మార్చడం; తప్పుడు ఎంట్రీలు చేస్తున్నారు, डॉक्टरिन तथयों के बदलने के लिए दूसरों को देखने के साथ तथ्यों को बदलने के लिए धोखा देना : झूठी प्रविष्ठियाँ करना

mixed up (phr. – pt) / (మిక్ స్ ట్ ఆప్) / mɪkst ‘ʌp : was a part of : involved, ఇందులో భాగంగా ఉంది: ప్రమేయం, मिश्रित : सम्मिलित एक हिस्सा

heirloom (n)/(ఎఆ (ర్)లూమ్) / ‘eǝ.lu:m : a valued possession that has been passed down through the generations, తరతరాలుగా సంక్రమించిన విలువైన ఆస్తి, एक मुल्यवान संपत्ति जो पीढियों से चली आ रही है ।

a fabulous fortune (phrase) (ఆ ఫ్యాబ్యలస్ ఫో(ర్)చూ య్యూన్) : a very large amount, చాలా పెద్ద మొత్తం, ए शानदार भाग्य (वाक्यंश) एक बहुत बड़ा रकम

absorbed (adj)/ (అబ్ జో (ర్)బ్ డ్) /ab’zɔ:bd : fully occupied with one’s thoughts, ఒకరి ఆలోచనలతో పూర్తిగా నిమగ్నమై तल्लीन; पूरी तरह व्यस्त विचार

snappishly (adv)/(స్న్యాపిష్ లీ/ snæp.ɪʃ.li : impatiently, in an irritated way, అసహనంగా, अधईरता से; एक चिड़चिडे तरके से

jittery (adj)/(జెటరి) / ‘dʒIt.əz / : nervous; agitated, రెచ్చిపోయాడు, उत्तेजित उछाल

pounces (V-pr.t)/(పౌన్ని జ్)/ paʊnss : seizes eagerly, ఆత్రంగా పట్టుకుంటుంది, उत्सुकता से जोर पकड़ना

thrusts (v-pr.t)/(త్రస్ ట్స్)/ θrʌst/ : pushes with force, प्रसन्न और आरामदायक

rummaging (v+ing) /రమిజింగ్ /’rʌm.ɪd3 : searching something thoroughly ఏదైనా పూర్తిగా శోధించడం कुछ को अच्छी तरह खोजना

sternly (adv)/(స్టె(ర్)న్ లి)/ ‘stз:n.li : grimly, seriously, disapprovingly కఠోరంగా, తీవ్రంగా, అంగీకరించని విధంగా गंभीर रूप से, गंभीरता से,

instinctively (adv) / ఇన్ స్ టిన్ క్ టివ్ లి /ɪn’stɪŋk.tɪv.li/ : innately; by instinct; without being taught or trained, ప్రవృత్తి ద్వారా; బోధించబడకుండా లేదా పొందకుండా, सहज रूप से, कृत्ति से

startled (pp-adj)/ (స్టా(ర్) ట్ ల్ డ్) /’sta:.tǝld/ : surprised and slightly frightened ఆశ్చర్యంగా మరియు కొంచెం భయపడ్డాను हैरान और थोड़ा डरा हुआ

crookedly (adv) / (కృకిడ్ లి) /’krʊk.ɪd.li/ : dishonestly, వంకరగా कुटिलः बेईमानी से

fog (n) fog/ (ఫాగ్)/ fɒg : haze; mist, పొగమంచు, कोहराः धुंध

quietly (adv) / (క్యెఅట్లె)/ ‘kwaɪət.li : calmly, ప్రశాంతంగా, चुपचापः शांति से

put two and two together (phrase) : infer, ఊహించు, అనుకొను, ध्वनि सच

ring true (phrase) / : sound true, నిజమని అనిపించు

timidly (adv)/(టిమిడ్ లి)/ ‘tım.ıd.li/ : in a fearful way,భయంకరమైన రీతిలో, एक डरावने तरीके से

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 9th Lesson The Religion of the Forest Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 9th Lesson The Religion of the Forest

Annotations (Section A, Q.No. 1, Marks: 4)
Annotate the following in about 100 words each.

a) The ideal of perfection preached by the forest-dwellers of ancient India runs through the heart of our classical literature and still dominates our mind (Revision Test – IV)

Reference: These lines are extracted from the essay “The Religion of the “Forest writter. by Rabindranath Tagore
Context: Indian civilization has been distinctive in locating its source of regeneration, material and intellectual, in the forest, not the city. India’s best ideas have come where man was in communion with trees and rivers and lakes, away from the crowds. The peace of the forest has helped the intellectual evolution of man.

Meaning: The idea! of perfection preached by the forest dwellers of ancient India run through the heart of our classical literature and still dominates our mind”. The forests are sources of life and they are the storehouse of biodiversity.

ప్రాచీన : `రతదేశంలోని అటవీ నివాసులు బోధించిన పరిపూర్ణత యొక్క ఆదర్శం మన సాంప్రదాయ సాహిత్యం యొక్క గుండా నడుస్తుంది మరియు ఇప్పటికీ మన మనస్సును ఆధిపత్యం చేస్తుంది

సూచన : ఈ పంక్తులు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ రాసిన “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” వ్యాసం నుండి సంగ్రహించబడ్డాయి.

సందర్భ౦ : భారతీయ నాగరికత తన పునరుత్పత్తి మూలాన్ని, భౌతిక మరియు మేధావిని, అడవిలో, నగరంలో కాకుండా గుర్తించడంలో విలక్షణమైనది. భారతదేశం యొక్క ఉత్తమ ఆలోచనలు జనసమూహానికి దూరంగా చెట్లతో, నదులతో మరియు సరస్సులతో మనిషిగా ఉండే చోటికి వచ్చాయి. అడవిలోని శాంతి మనిషి మేధో పరిణామానికి తోడ్పడింది.

అర్థం : ప్రాచీన భారతదేశంలోని అటవీ నివాసులు బోధించిన పరిపూర్ణత యొక్క ఆదర్శం మన సాంప్రదాయ సాహిత్యం యొక్క గుండె గుండా నడుస్తుంది మరియు ఇప్పటికీ మన మనస్సుపై ఆధిపత్యం చెలాయిస్తుంది. అడవులు జీవనాధారాలు మరియు అవి జీవవైవిధ్య భాండాగారం.

b) The view of this world which India has taken is summed up in one compound Sanskrit word, Sacchidananda.

Reference: These lines are extracted from the essay “The Religion of the “Forest written by Rabindranath Tagore

Context: The first is sat, it is the simple fact that things are, the fact which relates us to all things through the relationship of common existence. The second is chit-, it is the fact that we know, which relates us to all things through the relationship of knowledge. The third is ananda. It is the fact that we enjoy, which unites us with all things through the relationship of love.

Meaning: Sat-chit-ananda is a Sanskrit term that describes the nature of reality as it is conceptualized in Hindu and yogic philosophy. Some consider sat-chit-ananda to be the same as God or Brahman (Absolute Reality). Others use it as a term to describe the experience of realizing the unity and wholeness of all existence.

రిఫరెన్స్: పంక్తులు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ రాసిన “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” అనే వ్యాసం నుండి సంగ్రహించబడ్డాయి.

సందర్భ౦ : మొదటిది సత్, ఇది విషయాలు అనే సాధారణ వాస్తవం, ఉమ్మడి ఉనికి యొక్క సంబంధం ద్వారా అన్ని విషయాలతో మనకు సంబంధం కలిగి ఉంటుంది. రెండవది చిత్-, ఇది మనకు తెలిసిన వాస్తవం, ఇది జ్ఞాన సంబంధం ద్వారా మనకు అన్ని విషయాలతో సంబంధం కలిగి ఉంటుంది. మూడవది ఆనందము. ఇది మనం ఆనందించే వాస్తవం, ఇది ప్రేమ సంబంధం ద్వారా అన్ని విషయాలతో మనల్ని ఏకం చేస్తుంది.

అర్థం: సత్-చిత్-ఆనంద అనేది సంస్కృత పదం, ఇది హిందూ మరియు యోగ తత్వశాస్త్రంలో సంభావితం చేయబడిన వాస్తవికత యొక్క స్వభావాన్ని వివరిస్తుంది. కొందరు సత్ చిత్ ఆనందాన్ని భగవంతుడు లేదా బ్రహ్మంగా భావిస్తారు (సంపూర్ణ వాస్తవికత). ఇతరులు అన్ని ఉనికి యొక్క. ఐక్యత మరియు సంపూర్ణతను గ్రహించే అనుభవాన్ని వివరించడానికి ఒక పదంగా ఉపయోగిస్తాడు

c) Nature stands on her own right, proving that she has her great function, impart the peace of the eternal to human emotions. (Revision Test – IV)

Reference: These lines are extracted from the essay “The Religion of the “Forest written by Rabindranath Tagore

Context: Harmony and unity in diversity is the nature of the forest, whereas being monotonous is the nature of industrialism based on a mechanical world view.

Meaning: The forest also teaches us enormousness as the principle of equity, enjoying the gifts of Nature without exploitation and accumulation. In The Religion of the Forest Tagore quotes from the ancient texts written in the forest. Know all that moves in this moving world as enveloped by God; and find enjoyment through renunciation, not through greed of possession.

రిఫరెన్స్: ఈ పంక్తులు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ రాసిన “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” అనే వ్యాసం నుండి సంగ్రహించబడ్డాయి.

సందర్భ౦ : భిన్నత్వంలో సామరస్యం మరియు ఏకత్వం అనేది అడవి స్వభావం, అయితే మార్పులేనిది యాంత్రిక ప్రపంచ దృష్టికోణంపై ఆధారపడిన పారిశ్రామిక స్వభావం.

అర్థం: దోపిడీ మరియు సంచితం లేకుండా ప్రకృతి యొక్క బహుమతులను ఆస్వాదిస్తూ సమత్వ సూత్రంగా అడవి మనకు తగినంతగా బోధిస్తుంది. ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్లో ఠాగూర్ అడవిలో వ్రాసిన పురాతన గ్రంథాల నుండి ఉల్లేఖించారు. భగవంతునిచే ఆవరింపబడిన ఈ కదులుతున్న ప్రపంచంలో కదిలేవన్నీ తెలుసుకోండి; మరియు త్యజించడం ద్వారా ఆనందాన్ని కనుగొనండి, స్వాధీనం యొక్క దురాశ ద్వారా కాదు.

d) These poems contain the voice of warnings against the gorgeous unreality of that age, which, like a Himalayan avalanche, was slowly gliding down to an abyss of catastrophe

Reference: These lines are extracted from the essay “The Religion of the “Forest written by Rabindranath Tagore

Context: Indians in ancient India loved and practised simplicity. Unfortunately this noble virtue broke up in Kalidasa’s time. The reasons were obvious. The Hindu kings forgot their duties.

Meaning: They, indulged in pleasure seeking. Frequent attacks from the Scythians destroyed our vitals. Material progress and luxury blinded people. They took that unreal magnificence for things of lasting value. Kalidasa was worried. He sent word of warnings through his poems. The fall was abysmal. It was time they corrected themselves. Tagore emphasises the value of Kalidasa’s service.

రిఫరెన్స్: ఈ పంక్తులు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ రాసిన “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” అనే వ్యాసం నుండి సంగ్రహించబడ్డాయి.

సందర్భ౦ : ప్రాచీన భారతదేశంలోని భారతీయులు సరళతను ఇష్టపడేవారు మరియు ఆచరించారు. దురదృష్టవశాత్తు ఈ గొప్ప ధర్మం కాళిదాసు కాలంలో విడిపోయింది. కారణాలు స్పష్టంగా కనిపించాయి. హిందూ రాజులు తమ విధులను మరచిపోయారు.

అర్థం: వారు, ఆనందాన్ని వెతుక్కునే పనిలో మునిగిపోయారు. సిథియన్ల నుండి తరచుగా జరిగే దాడులు మన ప్రాణాధారాలను నాశనం చేశాయి. మెటీరియల్ పురోగతి మరియు లగ్జరీ బ్లైండ్ ప్రజలు. వారు ఆ అవాస్తవమైన గొప్పతనాన్ని శాశ్వత విలువ కలిగిన వస్తువుల కోసం తీసుకున్నారు. కాళిదాసు కంగారుపడ్డాడు. తన కవితల ద్వారా హెచ్చరికలు పంపాడు. పతనం దారుణంగా ఉంది. వారు తమను తాము సరిదిద్దుకునే సమయం వచ్చింది. ఠాగూర్ కాళిదాసు సేవ విలువను నొక్కి చెప్పారు.

Paragraph Questions & Answers (Section A, Q.No.3, Marks: 4)
Answer the following Questions in about 100 words

a) To make the spirit of the religion of the forest clear to readers Tagore presents some sets of contrasts. Explain them.
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was a psychologist and social realist. He wrote a number of essays in both English and Bengali. “The Religion of the Forest” is one of his most famous essays. It represents the author’s perspective on an individual’s relationship with the forest and nature. “Indian civilization has distinguished itself by locating its source of regeneration, both material and intellectual, in the forest rather than the city” Away from the crowds, India’s best ideas have come from places where man can commune with trees, rivers, and lakes. The peace of the forest has aided in the intellectual development of man.

The forest culture has fueled the culture of Indian society. The culture that has resulted from The forest has been influenced by the various processes of life renewal that are always at work in the forest. “varying in sight, sound, and smell from species to species, season to season.” The principle of life in diversity, of democratic pluralism, thus became the foundation of Indian civilization.” This “unity in diversity” is the foundation of both environmental sustainability and democracy.

రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ (1861-1941) మనస్తత్వవేత్త మరియు సామాజిక వాస్తవికవాది. అతను ఇంగ్లీష్ మరియు బెంగాలీ రెండింటిలోనూ అనేక వ్యాసాలు రాశాడు. “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” అతని అత్యంత ప్రసిద్ధ వ్యాసాలలో ఒకటి. ఇది అడవి మరియు ప్రకృతితో ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క సంబంధంపై రచయిత యొక్క దృక్పథాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. “భారత నాగరికత తన పునరుత్పత్తి మూలాన్ని, భౌతికంగా మరియు మేధోపరంగా, నగరం కంటే అడవిలో గుర్తించడం ద్వారా తనకంటూ ప్రత్యేకతను చాటుకుంది.”

జనసమూహానికి దూరంగా, చెట్లు, నదులు మరియు సరస్సులతో మనిషి కమ్యూనికేట్ చేయగల ప్రదేశాల నుండి భారతదేశం యొక్క ఉత్తమ ఆలోచనలు వచ్చాయి. అడవిలోని శాంతి మనిషి మేధో వికాసానికి తోడ్పడింది. అటవీ సంస్కృతి భారతీయ సమాజ సంస్కృతికి ఆజ్యం పోసింది. అడవి ఫలితంగా ఏర్పడిన సంస్కృతి, అడవిలో ఎల్లప్పుడూ పని చేసే వివిధ జీవిత పునరుద్ధరణ ప్రక్రియల ద్వారా ప్రభావితమైంది. – “దృష్టి, ధ్వని మరియు వాసనలో విభిన్నంగా ఉంటుంది

జాతుల నుండి జాతులకు, సీజన్ నుండి సీజన్ వరకు.” వైవిధ్యంలో జీవన సూత్రం, ప్రజాస్వామ్య బహుళత్వం, తద్వారా భారతీయ నాగరికతకు పునాది అయింది.” ఈ “భిన్నత్వంలో ఏకత్వం” పర్యావరణ సుస్థిరత మరియు ప్రజాస్వామ్యం రెండింటికీ పునాది.

b) This aspect of truth cannot be ignored; it has to be known and mastered. What is that aspect of truth, according to Tagore? Who has mastered it? (Revision Test – IV)
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was a psychologist and social realist. He wrote a number of essays in both English and Bengali. “The Religion of the Forest” is one of his most famous essays. It represents the author’s perspective on an individual’s relationship with the forest and nature. The truth of our life depends upon our attitude of mind towards it–an attitude which is formed by our habit of dealing with it according to the special circumstance of our surroundings and our temperaments. It guides our attempts to establish relations with the universe either by conquest or by union, either through the cultivation of power or through that of sympathy. And thus, in our realisation of the truth of existence, we put our emphasis either upon the principle of dualism or upon the principle of unity.

రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ (1861-1941) మనస్తత్వవేత్త మరియు సామాజిక వాస్తవికవాది. అతను ఇంగ్లీష్ మరియు బెంగాలీ రెండింటిలోనూ అనేక వ్యాసాలు రాశాడు. “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” అతని అత్యంత ప్రసిద్ధ వ్యాసాలలో ఒకటి. ఇది అడవి మరియు ప్రకృతితో ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క సంబంధంపై రచయిత యొక్క దృక్పథాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. మన జీవిత సత్యం దాని పట్ల మన మనస్సు యొక్క దృక్పథంపై ఇది మన పరిసరాల యొక్క ప్రత్యేక పరిస్థితులకు మరియు మన స్వభావాలకు అనుగుణంగా వ్యవహరించే మన అలవాటు ద్వారా ఏర్పడిన వైఖరి. విజయం ద్వారా లేదా యూనియన్ ద్వారా, శక్తి పెంపకం ద్వారా లేదా సానుభూతి ద్వారా విశ్వంతో సంబంధాలను ఏర్పరచుకునే మన ప్రయత్నాలకు ఇది మార్గనిర్దేశం చేస్తుంది. అందువల్ల, ఉనికి యొక్క సత్యాన్ని గ్రహించడంలో, మేము ద్వంద్వవాదం యొక్క సూత్రంపై లేదా ఐక్యత సూత్రంపై దృష్టి పెడతాము.

c) The hermitage shines out in all our ancient literature, as the place where the chasm between man and the rest of creation has been bridged. Explain this statement of Tagore.
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was a psychologist and social realist. He wrote a number of essays in both English and Bengali. “The Religion of the Forest” is one of his most famous essays. It represents the author’s perspective on an individual’s relationship with the forest and nature. A poet of a later age, while describing a hermitage in his Kadambari, tells us of the posture of salutation in the flowering lianas as they bow to the wind; of the sacrifice offered by the trees scattering their blossoms; of the grove resounding with the lessons chanted by the neophytes, and the verses repeated by the parrots, learnt by constantly hearing them; of the wild- fowl enjoying vaishva-deva-bali-pinda (the food offered to the divinity which is in all creatures); of the ducks coming up from the lake for their portion of the grass seed spread in the cottage yards to dry; and of the deer caressing with their tongues the young hermit boys. It is again the same story. The hermitage shines out, in all our ancient literature, as the place where the chasm between man and the rest of creation has been bridged.

రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ (1861-1941) మనస్తత్వవేత్త మరియు సామాజిక వాస్తవికవాది. అతను ఇంగ్లీష్ మరియు బెంగాలీ రెండింటిలోనూ అనేక వ్యాసాలు రాశాడు. “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” అతని అత్యంత ప్రసిద్ధ వ్యాసాలలో ఒకటి. ఇది అడవి మరియు ప్రకృతితో ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క సంబంధంపై రచయిత యొక్క దృక్పథాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. తరువాతి కాలానికి చెందిన ఒక కవి, తన కాదంబరిలో ఒక ఆశ్రమాన్ని వర్ణిస్తూ, పుష్పించే లియానాలలో గాలికి నమస్కరిస్తున్నప్పుడు నమస్కరించే భంగిమ గురించి చెబుతాడు; చెట్లు తమ పుష్పాలను వెదజల్లుతూ అర్పించే త్యాగం; నవయువకులు పఠించిన పాఠాలతో ప్రతిధ్వనించే తోపు, మరియు చిలుకలు పునరావృతమయ్యే పద్యాలు, వాటిని నిరంతరం వింటూ నేర్చుకుంటాయి; వైశ్వ-దేవ – బలి-పిండా (అన్ని జీవులలో ఉన్న దైవత్వానికి అందించే ఆహారం) ఆనందించే అడవి-కోడి; సరస్సు నుండి పైకి వచ్చే బాతులు వాటి భాగానికి గడ్డి గింజలను కుటీర యార్డులలో ఆరబెట్టడానికి విస్తరించాయి; మరియు జింకలు తమ నాలుకలతో యువ సన్యాసి అబ్బాయిలను ముద్దాయి. మళ్లీ అదే కథ. మన ప్రాచీన సాహిత్యాలన్నింటిలోనూ, మనిషికి, మిగిలిన సృష్టికి మధ్య ఉన్న అగాధాన్ని తొలగించిన ప్రదేశంగా ఆశ్రమం ప్రకాశిస్తుంది.

d) Explain how the old simplicity of Hindu life had broken up in Kalidasa’s time.
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was a psychologist and social realist. He wrote a number of essays in both English and Bengali. “The Religion of the Forest” is one of his most famous essays. It represents the author’s perspective on an individual’s relationship with the forest and nature. When Vikramaditya became king, Ujjayini a great capital, and Kalidasa its poet, the age of India’s forest retreats had passed. Then we had taken our stand in the midst of the great concourse of humanity.

The Chinese and the Hun, the Scythian and the Persian, the Greek and the Roman, had crowded round us. But, even in that age of pomp and prosperity, the love and reverence with which its poet sang about the hermitage shows what was the dominant ideal that occupied the mind of India; what was the one current of memory that continually flowed through her life.

In Kalidasa’s drama, Shakuntala, the hermitage, which dominates the play, overshadowing the king’s palace, has the same idea running through it the recognition of the kinship of man with conscious and unconscious creation.

రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ (1861-1941) మనస్తత్వవేత్త మరియు సామాజిక వాస్తవికవాది. అతను ఇంగ్లీష్ మరియు బెంగాలీ రెండింటిలోనూ అనేక వ్యాసాలు రాశాడు. “ది రిలిజియన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఫారెస్ట్” అతని అత్యంత ప్రసిద్ధ వ్యాసాలలో ఒకటి. ఇది అడవి మరియు ప్రకృతితో ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క సంబంధంపై రచయిత యొక్క దృక్పథాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. విక్రమాదిత్యుడు రాజు అయ్యాక, ఉజ్జయిని ఒక గొప్ప రాజధాని, మరియు కాళిదాసు దాని కవి అయినప్పుడు, భారతదేశం యొక్క అటవీ తిరోగమనాల యుగం గడిచిపోయింది. అప్పుడు మేము మానవత్వం యొక్క గొప్ప సమ్మేళనం మధ్యలో మా స్టాండ్ తీసుకున్నాము.

చైనీయులు మరియు హున్, సిథియన్ మరియు పర్షియన్, గ్రీకు మరియు రోమన్, మా చుట్టూ గుమిగూడారు. కానీ, ఆడంబరం మరియు శ్రేయస్సు యొక్క ఆ యుగంలో కూడా, దాని కవి సన్యాసం గురించి పాడిన ప్రేమ మరియు గౌరవం భారతదేశ మనస్సును ఆక్రమించిన ఆధిపత్య ఆదర్శం” ఏమిటో చూపిస్తుంది; ఆమె జీవితంలో నిరంతరం ప్రవహించే ఒక స్మృతి ప్రవాహం ఏమిటి. కాళిదాసు నాటకంలో, శకుంతల, రాజు యొక్క రాజభవనాన్ని కప్పివేస్తూ, నాటకంలో ఆధిపత్యం చెలాయించే ఆశ్రమం, చేతన మరియు అపస్మారక సృష్టితో మనిషి యొక్క బంధుత్వాన్ని గుర్తించడం ద్వారా ‘ అదే ఆలోచనను కలిగి ఉంది.

The Religion of the Forest Summary in English

About Author

Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) was a Bengali polymath who worked as a poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter. He reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of the “profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful” poetry of Gitanjali, he became in 1913 the first non-European and the first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore’s poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his “elegant prose and magical poetry” remain largely unknown outside Bengal.

A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Burdwan district and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At the age of sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusilha (“Sun Lion”), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics.

Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7th May 1861, in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta, India. He was the man who rejuvenated Bengali music and literature in the late 19th and early 20th century and them their recognition into this world. He was the first non-European to win Noble Prize for his work in Literature. He is the person who gave the national anthem of India and Bangladesh. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair- Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are some of his best known works.

The ideal of perfection preached by the great sages of ancient India in their hermitage still dominates the minds of the Indian people. The legends in our great epics bore all through their narratives the message of the forest dwellers.

The history of the Northmen or Norsemen of Europe is a resonance with the music of the sea. The sea plays a significant role in their life. It represents some ideals of life which still guide their history and inspire the creations of that race. Nature represents herself through the sea, her aspect of danger and obstacles which imbibes the spirit of fight into the soul of men. The man fought and won and this spirit of fight still inspires a man to fight against disease and poverty, the tyranny of matter and of man. This is true to the life of the people who live by the sea.

But in the plain land of Northern India men had no barrier between their life and Nature. Forests came into a close living relationship with men in their work and leisure, in their daily necessities and meditation. So the view of the truth of the life of these men did not manifest the difference but the unity of all things in Nature. When the world seems alien to us, then its mechanical aspect becomes prominent in our mind. The machine also has its place in the world. Human beings may be used as machines and made to yield powerful results.

The view of this world is explained through the Sanskrit word ‘Sachchidananda’ which states that Reality has three phases. The first phase is ‘Sat’ which states the fact that things exist and the fact that relates us to all things through the relationship of common existence. The second phase is ‘Chit’ which states that we know and this relates to all things through knowledge. The third phase is ‘Ananda’ which is the fact that we enjoy and this unites us with all things through love.

According to the true Indian view, our consciousness of the world merely as the sum total of all things that exist is imperfect. It becomes perfect when our consciousness realises all things as spiritually one with it. During the reign of Vikramaditya, the age of India’s forest retreats passed. But even in that age of pomp and prosperity the love and reverence with which poet Kalidasa sang about the hermitage show the dominant ideal of India. In Kalidasa’s “Shakuntala” the hermitage overshadowed the magnificence of the king’s palace and it clearly expressed the idea of recognition of the relationship of man with the conscious and unconscious creation alike.

While describing the hermitage in ‘Kadambari’ Bana tells of the postures of salutation in the flowering creepers while bowing in the wind, of the sacrifice offered by the trees by scattering their flowers, of the grove resonance with the lessons chanted by the learners and of the wild-fowl enjoying their food. All these descriptions tell us that the hermitage was the place where the wide difference of feelings of man and the rest of the creation had been bridged.

In the western dramas, Nature is almost always a trespasser but in all our famous Sanskrit dramas Nature has always an important function to impart the peace of the eternal to human emotions.

‘Ritu-Samhara’ is obviously a work of Kalidasa’s immaturity. The youthful love- song in it does not reach the sublime reticence found in ‘Shakuntala’ and ‘Kumara- Sambhaba’. But the tune of sensual outbreaks is set to the varied harmony of Nature’s symphony. In the third canto of ‘Kumara-Sambhaba’ the violent outbreaks of passion caused by Madana, the god of love, to set free a sudden flood of desire in the serenity of the ascetics’ meditation, was shown against the background of universal life. The whole of the ‘Kumara-Sambhaba’ poem, portrayed on a vast canvas tells of the eternal wedding of love, its wooing and sacrifice, its fulfilment and the birth of the brave one (Kartikeya) who destroyed the evil demon.

In Kalidasa’s time, the kings became self-seeking epicureans. At that time India reached the pinnacle of glory. But it is evident from Kalidasa’s poems that the very magnificence of wealth and enjoyment worked against the idea that sprang forth from the sacred serenity of the forest. These poems contain the voice of warnings against the gorgeous unreality of the age. The poet yearned for the purity and simplicity of India’s past age of spiritual striving.

Kalidasa opens his poem ‘Raghuvamsa’ amid the scenes of simplicity and self- denial. In the end, we find the palace of magnificence and the extravagance of self- enjoyment. With a calm restraint of language, the poet tells of the kingly glory crowned with purity. He begins his poem in the serenity of sunrise and he describes the end in the background of evening brightened with the splendour of the sun which at last fades into the darkness of night. In this beginning and in this ending there lies hidden the message of the forest. All through the narrative there runs the idea that the future would be glowed gloriously only when there would be in the atmosphere the calm of self-control, purity and renunciation.

The Religion of the Forest Summary in Telugu

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ 1861 మే 7వ తేదీన భారతదేశంలోని కలకత్తాలోని జోరాసాంకో భవనంలో జన్మించారు. అతను 19వ శతాబ్దం చివరలో మరియు 20వ శతాబ్దం ప్రారంభంలో బెంగాలీ సంగీతం మరియు సాహిత్యాన్ని పునరుద్ధరించిన వ్యక్తి మరియు ఈ ప్రపంచంలో వారి గుర్తింపు. సాహిత్యంలో చేసిన కృషికి నోబుల్ బహుమతిని గెలుచుకున్న మొదటి యూరోపియన్యేతర వ్యక్తి. భారతదేశం మరియు బంగ్లాదేశ్ జాతీయ గీతాన్ని అందించిన వ్యక్తి. గీతాంజలి (పాటల సమర్పణలు), గోరా (ఫెయిర్-ఫేస్డ్) మరియు ఘరే- బైరే (ది హోమ్ అండ్ ది వరల్డ్) అతని ప్రసిద్ధ రచనలలో కొన్ని.

ప్రాచీన భారతదేశంలోని గొప్ప ఋషులు తమ ఆశ్రమంలో బోధించిన పరిపూర్ణత యొక్క ఆదర్శం ఇప్పటికీ భారతీయ ప్రజల మనస్సులలో ఆధిపత్యం చెలాయిస్తోంది. మన గొప్ప ఇతిహాసాలలోని ఇతిహాసాలు తమ కథనాల ద్వారా అరణ్యవాసుల సందేశాన్ని అందించాయి.

ఐరోపాలోని నార్త్ మెన్ లేదా నార్మెన్ చరిత్ర సముద్రపు సంగీతంతో ప్రతిధ్వనిస్తుంది. వారి జీవితంలో సముద్రం ముఖ్యమైన పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది. ఇది ఇప్పటికీ వారి చరిత్రకు మార్గనిర్దేశం చేసే మరియు ఆ జాతి సృష్టికి స్పూర్తినిచ్చే కొన్ని జీవిత ఆదర్శాలను సూచిస్తుంది. ప్రకృతి తనను తాను సముద్రం ద్వారా సూచిస్తుంది, ఆమె ప్రమాదం మరియు అడ్డంకులు, ఇది పురుషుల ఆత్మలో పోరాట స్ఫూర్తిని నింపుతుంది. మనిషి పోరాడి గెలిచాడు మరియు ఈ పోరాట స్ఫూర్తి ఇప్పటికీ వ్యాధి మరియు పేదరికం, పదార్థం మరియు మనిషి యొక్క దౌర్జన్యానికి వ్యతిరేకంగా పోరాడటానికి మనిషిని ప్రేరేపిస్తుంది. సముద్రం ఒడ్డున నివసించే ప్రజల జీవితానికి ఇది నిజం.

కానీ ఉత్తర భారతదేశంలోని మైదాన భూమిలో పురుషులకు వారి జీవితానికి మరియు ప్రకృతికి మధ్య ఎటువంటి అవరోధం లేదు. అడవులు పురుషులతో వారి పని మరియు విశ్రాంతి సమయంలో, వారి రోజువారీ అవసరాలు మరియు ధ్యానంలో సన్నిహిత జీవన సంబంధంలోకి వచ్చాయి. కాబట్టి ఈ మనుష్యుల జీవిత సత్యం యొక్క దృక్పథం భేదాన్ని కాదు, ప్రకృతిలోని అన్ని విషయాల ఐక్యతను వ్యక్తం చేసింది. ప్రపంచం మనకు పరాయిగా అనిపించినప్పుడు, దాని యాంత్రిక అంశం మన మనస్సులో ప్రముఖంగా మారుతుంది. యంత్రం కూడా ప్రపంచంలో తన స్థానాన్ని కలిగి ఉంది. మానవులను యంత్రాలుగా ఉపయోగించుకోవచ్చు మరియు శక్తివంతమైన ఫలితాలను ఇవ్వడానికి తయారు చేయవచ్చు.

ఈ ప్రపంచం యొక్క దృక్పథం ‘సచ్చిదానంద’ అనే సంస్కృత పదం ద్వారా వివరించబడింది, ఇది వాస్తవికత మూడు దశలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది. మొదటి దశ ‘సత్’, ఇది విషయాలు ఉనికిలో ఉన్నాయనే వాస్తవాన్ని మరియు ఉమ్మడి ఉనికి యొక్క సంబంధం ద్వారా అన్ని విషయాలతో మనకు సంబంధం కలిగి ఉన్న వాస్తవాన్ని తెలియజేస్తుంది. రెండవ దశ ‘చిత్’, ఇది మనకు తెలుసునని మరియు ఇది జ్ఞానం ద్వారా అన్ని విషయాలకు సంబంధించినదని పేర్కొంది. మూడవ దశ ‘ఆనంద’, ఇది మనం ఆనందించే వాస్తవం మరియు ఇది ప్రేమ ద్వారా అన్ని విషయాలతో మనల్ని ఏకం చేస్తుంది.

నిజమైన భారతీయ దృక్పథం ప్రకారం, ప్రపంచం గురించి మన స్పృహ కేవలం ఉనికిలో ఉన్న అన్ని వస్తువుల మొత్తంగా అసంపూర్ణమైనది. మన స్పృహ అన్ని విషయాలను ఆధ్యాత్మికంగా దానితో ఒకటిగా గుర్తించినప్పుడు అది పరిపూర్ణమవుతుంది. విక్రమాదిత్యుని పాలనలో, భారతదేశం యొక్క అటవీ తిరోగమనాల యుగం గడిచిపోయింది. కానీ ఆ ఆడంబరం మరియు శ్రేయస్సు యొక్క యుగంలో కూడా కవి కాళిదాసు సన్యాసం గురించి పాడిన ప్రేమ మరియు గౌరవం భారతదేశం యొక్క ఆధిపత్య ఆదర్శాన్ని చూపుతాయి. కాళిదాసు యొక్క “శకుంతల”లో ఆశ్రమం రాజు యొక్క రాజభవనం యొక్క వైభవాన్ని కప్పివేస్తుంది మరియు ఇది చేతన మరియు అపస్మారక సృష్టితో మనిషి యొక్క సంబంధాన్ని గుర్తించాలనే ఆలోచనను స్పష్టంగా వ్యక్తం చేసింది.

‘కాదంబరి’ బాణలోని ఆశ్రమాన్ని వర్ణిస్తూ, గాలికి నమస్కరిస్తూ పుష్పించే లతలలో నమస్కరించే భంగిమలను, చెట్లు తమ పువ్వులను చల్లి అర్పించే బలిని, నేర్చుకునే పాఠాలతో తోపు ప్రతిధ్వనిని గురించి చెబుతుంది. అడవి కోడి తమ ఆహారాన్ని ఆస్వాదిస్తోంది. ఈ వర్ణనలన్నీ మనిషికి, మిగిలిన సృష్టికి గల భావాల విస్తృత వ్యత్యాసానికి వారధిగా నిలిచిన ప్రదేశం ఆశ్రమమని మనకు తెలియజేస్తున్నాయి.

పాశ్చాత్య నాటకాలలో, ప్రకృతి దాదాపు ఎల్లప్పుడూ అతిక్రమించేది కానీ మన ప్రసిద్ధ సంస్కృత నాటకాలన్నింటిలో మానవ భావోద్వేగాలకు శాశ్వతమైన శాంతిని అందించడానికి ప్రకృతి ఎల్లప్పుడూ ఒక ముఖ్యమైన విధిని కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

‘ఋతు-సంహారం’ స్పష్టంగా కాళిదాసు యొక్క అపరిపక్వత యొక్క రచన. ఇందులోని యవ్వనమైన ప్రేమగీతం ‘శకుంతల’ మరియు ‘కుమార సంబాబా’లలో కనిపించే ఉత్కృష్టమైన నిశ్చలతను చేరుకోలేదు.. కానీ ఇంద్రియ సంబంధమైన వ్యాప్తి యొక్క ట్యూన్ ప్రకృతి యొక్క సింఫొనీ యొక్క విభిన్న సామరస్యానికి సెట్ చేయబడింది. ‘కుమార సంభబా’ యొక్క మూడవ ఖండంలో, సన్యాసుల ధ్యానం యొక్క ప్రశాంతతలో అకస్మాత్తుగా కోరికల వరదను విముక్తి చేయడానికి ప్రేమ దేవుడు మదన వల్ల ఉద్రేకం యొక్క హింసాత్మక విస్పోటనాలు సార్వత్రిక జీవిత నేపథ్యానికి వ్యతిరేకంగా చూపించబడ్డాయి. విశాలమైన కాన్వాస్ పై చిత్రీకరించబడిన ‘కుమార సంబాబా’ పద్యం మొత్తం ప్రేమ యొక్క శాశ్వతమైన వివాహం, దాని వోటింగ్ మరియు త్యాగం, దాని నెరవేర్పు మరియు దుష్ట రాక్షసుడిని నాశనం చేసిన ధైర్యవంతుడు (కార్తికేయ) పుట్టుక గురించి చెబుతుంది.

కాళిదాసు కాలంలో రాజులు స్వయం శోధించే మహాకవిగా మారారు. ఆ సమయంలో భారతదేశం కీర్తి శిఖరాలకు చేరుకుంది. కానీ సంపద మరియు ఆనందం యొక్క గొప్పతనం అడవి యొక్క పవిత్రమైన ప్రశాంతత నుండి ఉద్భవించిన ఆలోచనకు వ్యతిరేకంగా పనిచేశాయని కాళిదాసు పద్యాల నుండి స్పష్టంగా తెలుస్తుంది. ఈ కవితలు యుగపు బ్రహ్మాండమైన అవాస్తవానికి వ్యతిరేకంగా హెచ్చరికల స్వరాన్ని కలిగి ఉన్నాయి. భారతదేశం యొక్క ఆధ్యాత్మిక కృషి యొక్క గత యుగం యొక్క స్వచ్ఛత మరియు సరళత కోసం కవి ఆరాటపడ్డాడు. కాళిదాసు తన ‘రఘువంశ’ కావ్యాన్ని సరళత మరియు స్వీయ-నిరాకరణ దృశ్యాల మధ్య తెరుస్తాడు. చివరికి, మేము అద్భుతమైన రాజభవనాన్ని కనుగొంటాము.

The Religion of the Forest Summary in Hindi

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोर का जन्म 7 मई 1861 को भारत में कलकत्ता के जोरासांको हवेली में हुआ था । वे 19 वी सदी के अंत और 20 वी सदी की सुरूआत में बंगाली संगीत और साहित्य का कायाकल्प करने वाले व्यक्ति थे और इस संसार में उनकी पहचान मिली। वे साहित्य में अपने काम के लिए नोबल पुरस्कार जीतनेवाले पहले गैर – यूरोपिया थे । उन्होंने भावत और बंगलादेश का साष्ट्रगान दिया । गीतांजली (गीतार्पण), गोरा (सुंदर वदन), घरे – बैरे (द होम एंड द वर्ल्ड) उनकी सब से प्रसद्धि सरनाएँ हैं ।

प्राचीन भारत के महान संतों द्वारा अपने आश्रम में दिए गए उपदेश के पूर्णत्व के आदर्श आजभी भारतीयों के मन पर हावी हैं। हमारे महान महाकाव्यों की किंवदंतियाँ अपने आख्यानों के माध्यम से वनवासियों का संदेश देती हैं।

यूरोप के नॉर्थमेन या नॉर्समेन का इतिहास समुद्र के संगीत के साथ एक प्रतिध्वनि है । समुद्र उनके जीवन में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। यह जीवन के कुछ आदर्शों का प्रतिनधित्व करता है, जो अभी भी उनके इतिहास का मार्गदर्शन करता है और उस जाति की रचनाओं को प्रेरित करता है। प्रकृति समुद्र के माध्यम से खुद का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है। खतरे और वाधाओं का उसका पहलू मनुष्यों की आत्मा में संदर्ष की भावना को आत्माशंत करता है । आदमी लड़ा और जीता और संघर्ष की यह भावना अभीभी आदमी बीमरी और गरीबी, अत्याचार और आदमी आदमी के खिलाफ लड़ने के लिए प्रेरित करती है । यह उनलोगों के जीवन के लिए सही है जो समुद्र के किनारे रहते हैं ।

लेकिन उत्तरी भारत की मैदानी भूमि में मनुष्यों के जीवन और प्रकृति के बीच कोई बाधा नहीं है । काम और फुरसत में, अपनी दैनिक आवश्यकताओं और ध्यान में, वन मनुष्यों के साथ धनिष्ठ संबंध में आगए । इन लोगों के जीवन के सत्य के दृष्टिकोण ने अंतर को ही नहीं, बलिक प्रकृति में सभी चीजों की एकता को प्रकट किया है । जब संसार हमें पराया – सा लगने लगता है, तब उसका यांत्रिक पहलू हमारे मन में प्रमुख हो जाता है। मशीन का भी दुनिया में अपना स्थान है । मनुष्य को मशीनों के रूप में इस्तमाल किया जाता है और शक्तिशाली परिणाम प्राप्त करने के लिए बनाता जा सकता है । इस दुनिया के दृष्टिकोण को संस्कृत शब्द ‘सच्चिदानंद’ के माध्यम से समझाया गया है जिस में कहा गया है कि वास्तविकता के तीन चरण हैं। पहला चरण ‘सत्’ है, जो इस तथ्य को बताता है कि चीजें मौजूद हैं और वह तथ्य जो हमें सामान्य अस्तित्व के संबंध के माध्यम से सभी चीजों से जोड़ता है । दीसरा चरण ‘चित’ है, जिस में कहा गया कि हम जानते हैं और इस ज्ञान के माध्यम से सभी चीजों से संबंधित है। तीसरा चरण ‘आनंद’ है, जिसका हम आनंद लेते हैं और यह हमें प्यार के माध्यम से सभी चीजों से जोड़ता है ।

सच्चे भारतीय दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार, हमारे जगत् की चेतना मात्र के रूप में विद्यमान सभी वस्तुओंका कुल भोग अपूर्ण है । यह पूर्ण हो जाता है जब हमारी चेतना सभी चीजों को आध्यात्मिक रूप से इसके साथ एक रूप में महसूस है । विक्रमादित्य के शासनकाल के दौरान, भारत के वनों के पीछे हटने का युग बीत गया। लेकिन उस वैभव और समृद्धि के युग में भी कविदास ने जिस प्रेम और श्रद्धा के साथ आश्रम के बारे में गया, वह भारत के प्रमुख आदर्श को दर्शाता है । कालिदास के काव्य ‘शकुंतला’ में आश्रम ने राजा के महल की भव्यता को झायांकित किया और यह स्पष्ट रूप से चेतन और अचेतन रचना के साथ मनुष्य के संबंध को समान रूप से मान्यता देने के विचार को व्यक्त करता है ।

आश्रम का वर्णन करते हुए, ‘कादंबरी’ में बाण लताओं को प्रणाम करने की मुद्रा के बारे में बताते हैं, जो वृक्षों द्वारा उनके फूलों को सहलाते हुए बलिदान में झुकते हैं, शिक्षार्थियों द्वारा गाए गए पाठों की गूंज और उनके भोजन का आनंद लेनेवाले पक्षियों के बारे में बताते हैं । ये सभी विवरण हमें बताते हैं कि आश्रम ही वह स्थान था जहाँ मनुष्य की भावनाओं का व्यापक अंतर था और शोष सृष्टि को पाटा गया था ।

पश्चिमी नाटकों में, प्रकृति एक अतिचारी है, लेकिन हमारे सभी प्रसिद्ध संस्कृत नाटकों में प्रकृति का हमेशा से ही मानवीय भावनाओं की शांति प्रदान करने के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण कार्य है ।

‘ऋतु संहार’ जाहिर तौर पर कालिदास की अपरिपक्वता का काम है। इसमें युवा प्रेम-गीत ‘शकुंतला’ और ‘कुमार-संभव’ में विद्यमान उदात्त मौन तक नहीं पहुँचता है । लेकिन कामुक प्रकोपों की धुन प्रकृति की सिम्पनी के विविध सामंजस्य के लिए निर्धारित है । ‘कुमार संभव’ के तीसरे सर्ग में तपस्वियों की शांति में अचानक इच्छा की बाढ़ को मुक्त करने के लिए, प्रेम के देवता मदन द्वारा किए गए जुनून के हिंसक प्रकोप को सार्वभौमिक जीवन की पृष्ठभीमि के खिलाए दिखाया गया था । एक विशाल केनवास पर चित्रित पूरी ‘कुमार संभव’ कविता प्रेम का शाश्वत विवाह, उसकी लुभाने और बलिदान, उसकी पूर्ति और उस बहादुर ( कार्तिकेय) के जन्म के बारे में बताती है जिसने दुष्ट राक्षस को नष्ट कर दिया था ।

कालिदास के समय में, राजा स्वयंभू महाकाव्य बनगए । उस समय भारत गौरव के शिखर पर पहुँच गया था । लेकिन कालिदास की कविताओं से यह स्पष्ट है कि धन और भोग की भव्यता ने उस विचार के खिलाफ काम किया जो वन की पवित्र शांति से निकला था। इन कविताओं में युग की भव्य असत्यता के खिलाफ चैतावनी की आवाज है । कवि भारत के आध्यात्मिक प्रयास के गत युग की पवित्रता और सादगी के लिए तरह रहे थे ।

कालिदास ने सादगी और आत्मत्याग के दृश्यों के बीच अपनी कविता ‘रघुवंश’ की शुरूआत की। अंत में हमें वैभव महल और आत्म-सुख का अव्यय मिलता है । भाषा के शांत संयम के साथ, कवि पवित्रता के साथ वाज पहनाए गए राजसी गैरव के बारे में बताता है । वे सूर्योदय की शांति में अपनी कविता शुरू करते हैं और वेशाम की पृष्टभूमि में अंत का वर्णन करते हैं, जो सूर्य के तेज से रोशन होता है जो अंत में रात के अंधेरे में फीका पड़जाता है । इस शुरूआत में और इस अंत में वन का संदेश ध्विपा है । कहानी के माध्यम से यह विचार चलता है कि भविष्य तभी शानदार ढंग से आगे बढ़ा है जब वहाँ वातावरघ आत्म संयम, पवित्रता और त्याग की शांति थी । जब पतन निकट था, तो सौ अलग अलग बिंदुओं पर जलती हुई इच्छा की भूख की आग ने सभी देखनेवालों की आँखों को चकाचौंध कर दिया ।

Meanings and Explanations

hermitage(n) / (హర్మిటిజ్)/ ‘h3:.mɪ.tɪdʒ : a house where sages live in Isolation, away from, సాధారణ మానవ సహవాసానికి దూరంగా, ఋషులు ఒంటరిగా నివసించే ఇల్లు, जिस घर में साधु रहते हैं । एकांत में, सामान्य इंसान संगटन से दूर

our two greatest classical dramas : Tagore refers to Kalidas’s Abljnana Sakuntalam and Bhava bhuti’s Uttara-Ramacharitha, ఠాగూర్ కాళిదాస్ యొక్క అబ్లజ్ఞాన శాకుంతలం మరియు భవ భూతి యొక్క ఉత్తర రామచరితలను సూచిస్తాడు, गूर कालिदास के अभिज्ञान शाकुंतलम और भवभूति के उत्तर – राम चरित को सूचित करता है ।

permeated (v-pp)/ (ప(ర్)మిఎఇటిడ్) /’p3:mi.eɪt ɪ/ : spread; pervaded, వ్యాప్తి; వ్యాపించి ఉంది, व्याप्र

topographical (adj)/(ట్రాపగ్రాఫికల్ ) /tɒp.ǝ’græf.ɪ.kǝl/ : relating to the arrangement of the physical features of an area,
ఒక ప్రాంతం యొక్క భౌతిక లక్షణాల అమరికకు సంబంధించినది, किसीक्षेत्र की भौतिक विशेषताओं की व्यवस्था से संबंधित

resonant (adj) / (రెజనన్ ట్) ‘rez.ǝn.ǝnt/ : resounding, echoing, ప్రతిధ్వనించే, ప్రతిధ్వనించే गूँजनेवाला, गूँजनेवाला

indomitable (adj) / (ఇన్డెమిటబల్) / In’dɒm.ɪ.tə.bǝl/ : that cannot be overcome, defeated అది అధిగమించబడదు, ఓడిపోయింది जिसे दूर नहीं किया जा सकता, पराजित किया जासकता है

champing (v+ing-adj)/ (చ్యాంపింగ్) /tfæmpin/ : biting, chewing, eating noisily కొరికే, నమలడం, శబ్దంతో తినడం चबाना, शोर से खाना

mane (n) / (మెఇన్) / meɪn/ : longer hair growth on the back of the neck of animals like a horse or lion, గుర్రం లేదా సింహం వంటి జంతువుల మెడ వెనుక భాగంలో జుట్టు పొడవుగా పెరగడం, छोड़े या शेर जैसे जानवरों की गर्दन की पीठ पर लंबे बाला उगनां

antagonism (n)/ (యాంట్యాగనిజమ్) /æn’tæg.ən.ɪ.zəm : a strong natural dislike or hatred,antipathy బలమైన సహజ అయిష్టం లేదా ద్వేషం: వ్యతిరేకత एक मजबूत प्राकृतिक ना पसंदगी या नफरत

reconciliation (n)/ (రెకన్సిలిఎఇషన్) / rek.ǝnsɪl.i’eɪ.ʃǝn : the re-establishment of friendly relations స్నేహపూర్వక సంబంధాల పునఃస్థాపన मैत्रीपूर्ण संबंधों की बहाली

inimical (adj) / (ఇనిమికల్ ) / I’nɪm.ɪ.kǝl / : unfriendly, hostile, స్నేహపూర్వకంగా లేని, ప్రతికూలమైన, अमित्र, विरोधी

manifest (v) / (మ్యానిఫెస్ట్) /’mæn.ɪ.fest / : demonstrate, show clearly, ప్రదర్శించు, స్పష్టంగా చూపించు, प्रदर्शित करना, स्पष्ट रूप मे दिखाना

consciousness (n)/ (కొన్ షస్నస్) / ‘kɒn.ʃas.nas : awareness, the state of being awake to one’s surroundings, అవగాహన, ఒకరి పరిసరాల పట్ల మెలకువగా ఉండే స్థితి जागरूकता, अपने परिवेश के प्रति जागरूक होने की स्थिति

retreats (n-pl) / (రీట్రీట్స్) / rı’tri:ts : peaceful and quiet places affording privacy and security, గోప్యత మరియు భద్రతను కల్పించే శాంతియుత మరియు నిశ్శబ్ద ప్రదేశాలు

concourse (n) / (కొన్కో(ర్)స్) /’kɒŋ.kɔ:s / : a large group of people; a huge crowd the Chinese, the Hun, the Scythian(Shakas), names of races the Greek, the Roman, పెద్ద సమూహం; భారీ గుంపు చైనీస్, హున్, సిథియన్ (షకాస్), గ్రీకు, రోమన్ జాతుల పేర్లు लोगों का बड़ा समूह

Vikramaditya (prop n) : Emperor Chandragupta II (380-413 AD) చక్రవర్తి చంద్రగుప్త II (380-413 AD) కాదంబరి: బానాచే ఒక కవితా శృంగారం

Kadambari : a poetical romance by Bana, బానాచే ఒక కవితా శృంగారం

lianas (n-pl) li / (లియానాజ్)/ li’a:nə : creepers: woody climber tropical climates బానాచే ఒక కవితా శృంగారం, उष्ण कटिन धीया व्यकरवाघु में लकड़ी के पढकारे है ।

neophytes (n-pl)/ (నీఅఫైట్స్) /ni:ə.faɪts/ : beginners, novices, persons are new to a subject, ప్రారంభకులు, అనుభవం లేనివారు, వ్యక్తులు ఒక సబ్జెక్ట్ కి కొత్తవారు, एक विषय के लिए नए हैं

chasm (n)/ (క్యజమ్) : a gap, కేజం, ఖాళి, शुख आती, नौशिखिए, व्यक्ति जौ,

vortex (n)/ (వో(ర్)టెక్స్)/ ‘kaæz.əm : whirlwind, anything that inevitably draws surrounding things into fold, సుడిగాలి, అనివార్యంగా చుట్టుపక్కల వస్తువులను ముడుచుకునే ఏదైనా, कुछ भी जोअनिवार्य रूप से आसपास की चीजों को अपनी तह में खीच लेता है

trespasser (n) / (ట్రెస్పస(ర్) ‘tres.pə.sər / : one who comes into a place outsider, బయటి ప్రదేశానికి వచ్చేవాడు మృత్-శకటిక : శూద్రకు ఆపాదించబడిన నాటకం वह जो किसी स्थान पर बाहरी व्यक्ति के रूप में आता है

Mrit-Shakatika : a play ascribed to Shudraka శూద్రకు ఆపాదించబడిన నాటకం, शूदक का नाटक

reticence (n) / (రెటసన్స్)/ /’ret.ɪsəns/ : a silent and reserved nature, ఒక నిశ్శబ్ద మరియు రిజర్వు స్వభావం एक चुप और आरक्षित प्रकृति

voluptuous (adj) / (వలప్ చుఅస్) /və’lʌp.tʃu.əs/ : generous; attractive, ఉదారమైన; ఆకర్షణీయమైన, आकर्षक

glistening (v+ing) / (గ్లిసనింగ్)/ /’glɪs.ǝn ɪŋ/ : sparkling; reflecting light, మెరుపు; కాంతి ప్రతిబింబిస్తుంది, चमकदार : जगमगाता हुआ परावर्तक प्रकाश

serenity (n)/ (సరెనటి)/ sǝ’ri:n / : peacefulness; calmness, శాంతియుతత; ప్రశాంతత शांति, शांति

boisterous (adj) / (బొఇస్టరస్) ‘bɔɪ.stər.əs : full of energy, పూర్తి సామర్థ్యంతో, ऊर्जा से भरा हुआ

wooing (v+ing)/(పూ ఇంగ్)/wu: Iŋ : persuading the other to love ప్రేమించమని మరొకరిని ఒప్పించడం, दूसरे को प्यार करने के लिए राजी करना

vanquish (v)/(వ్యాంక్విష్) / ‘væn.kwɪʃ : defeat; conquer, ఓటమి; జయించు, हार, जीत

epicureans (n-pl) / (ఎపిక్యుఆరీఅన్ జ్) / ep.ɪ’kʊə.ri.əns : pleasure seekers, ఆనందం, కోరేవారు, सुख चाहने वाले

devastated (v-pt) / (డెవస్టెఇటిడ్) ‘dev.ə.steɪ.tɪd : attacked; destroyed, దాడి; ధ్వ౦సమైంది हमला किया, नष्ट किया

zenith (n)/ (జెనిత్)/’zen.ɪθ : the highest point, అత్యధిక పాయింట్, उच्चतम बिंदु

abyss (n)/(అబిస్) / ə’bɪs : bottomless pit; hell, అడుగులేని గొయ్యి; నరకం, अथाह गड्ढे, नरंक

devouring (v+ing-adj) / (డివౌఅరింగ్) / dɪ’vaʊa.riŋ : engulfing; absorbing, చుట్టుముట్టడం, గ్రహించుట, निगलना : प्रवशोषित करता

imminent (adj)/(ఇమినంట్) / ‘ɪm.ɪ.nǝnt / : about to happen : definite to occur, జరగబోతున్నది: ఖచ్చితంగా జరగాలి, होनेवाला – निशिचत रूप से घटित होता

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 8th Lesson Solution to Plastic Pollution Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 2nd Year English Study Material 8th Lesson Solution to Plastic Pollution

Annotations (Section A, Q.No. 1, Marks: 4)
Annotate the following in about 100 words each.

a) He could easily be mistaken for a Sanskrit pundit if you heard him quote the holy text as a solution to any problem in the world.

Reference: These lines are taken from the internet-based article “Solution to Plastic Pollution”. Written by Dr R. Vasudevan’s.

Context: This shredded plastic waste is sprayed on the gravel heated up to 170°C. at this process the plastic melts and form a coat on the gravel. In the process no harmful gasses are released and it also solves two major problems like filling the gaps a tad retired roads and reduces plastic moulding bolection.

Meaning: He finds a solution in the Bhagavad Gita to any problem in the world. And he readily offers them to his students. He quotes liberally from the Gita. That gives one the impression that he is a Sanskrit scholar.

సూచన: ఈ పంక్తులు ఇంటర్నెట్ ఆధారిత వ్యాసం “ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యానికి పరిష్కారం” నుండి తీసుకోబడ్డాయి. డాక్టర్ ఆర్. వాసుదేవన్ రచించారు.

సందర్భ౦ : ఈ తురిమిన ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను 170°C వరకు వేడిచేసిన కంకరపై స్ప్రే చేస్తారు. ఈ ప్రక్రియలో ప్లాస్టిక్ కరిగి కంకరపై కోటు ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఈ ప్రక్రియలో ఎటువంటి హానికరమైన వాయువులు విడుదల చేయబడవు మరియు ఇది ఖాళీలను పూరించడం వంటి రెండు ప్రధాన సమస్యలను కూడా పరిష్కరిస్తుంది మరియు ప్లాస్టిక్ మౌల్డింగ్ బోలెక్షన్ను తగ్గిస్తుంది.

అర్థం: ప్రపంచంలోని ఏ స స్యకైనా భగవద్గీతలో పరిష్కారం కనుగొంటాడు. మరియు అతను వాటిని తన విద్యార్థులకు తక్షణమే అందిస్తాడు. అతను గీత నుండి ఉదారంగా కోట్ చేసాడు. దాంతో ఆయన సంస్కృత పండితుడు అనే భావన కలుగుతుంది.

b) One day your test will become the convention

Reference: These lines are taken from the internet-based article “Solution to Plastic Pollution”. Written by Dr R. Vasudevan’s.

Context: This crushed plastic waste is sprayed on stones that has been heated to 170°C. The plastic melts and forms a coat on the soft sand during this process. There are no harmful gases released during the process, and it also solves two major problems filling gaps in retired roads and reducing plastic sculpting bolection.

Meaning: He advocates that people sell their domestic plastic waste to junk dealers, as they do with their old newspapers, and not throw it in the bins. Segregation has to be carried out at various levels. Plastic waste ought to be collected from every private and public place and the SHGs could be involved in collecting, shredding and selling it to companies that lay roads.

సూచన : ఈ పంక్తులు ఇంటర్నెట్ ఆధారిత వ్యాసం “ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యానికి పరిష్కారం” నుండి తీసుకోబడ్డాయి. డాక్టర్ ఆర్. వాసుదేవన్ రచించారు.

సందర్భ౦ : ఈ పిండిచేసిన ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలు 170°C వరకు వేడి చేయబడిన రాళ్లపై స్ప్రే చేయబడతాయి: ఈ ప్రక్రియలో ప్లాస్టిక్ కరిగి మెత్తని ఇసుకపై ఒక కోటును ఏర్పరుస్తుంది. ప్రక్రియ సమయంలో ఎటువంటి హానికరమైన వాయువులు విడుదల చేయబడవు మరియు రిటైర్డ్ రోడ్లలో ఖాళీలను పూరించడం మరియు ప్లాస్టిక్ స్కల్డింగ్ బోలెక్షన్ తగ్గించడం వంటి రెండు ప్రధాన సమస్యలను కూడా ఇది పరిష్కరిస్తుంది.

అర్థం : ప్రజలు తమ పాత వార్తాపత్రికల మాదిరిగానే జంక్ డీలర్లకు తమ దేశీయ ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను విక్రయించాలని, వాటిని డబ్బాల్లో వేయవద్దని ఆయన వాదించారు. విభజనను వివిధ స్థాయిలలో నిర్వహించాలి. ప్రతి ప్రైవేట్ మరియు పబ్లిక్ ప్లేస్ నుండి ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను సేకరించాలి మరియు SHGలు వాటిని సేకరించడం, ముక్కలు చేయడం మరియు రోడ్లు వేసే కంపెనీలకు విక్రయించడంలో పాల్గొనవచ్చు.

c) “But I think it my duty to serve my country first and therefore, I gave it free to the Indian Government.”

Reference: These lines are taken from the internet-based article “Solution to Plastic Pollution”. Written by Dr R. Vasudevan’s.

Context: He uses granite and ceramic waste or industrial slug with waste plastic to make plastone. Each block measures two feet in length and one foot in width and consumes 300 carry bags and six PET bottles. The non-porous plastone can be used in flooring, for raising compound walls and as an effective liner for water bodies.

Meaning: The patented technology is now being used in the Netherlands, while he offers every innovation free to the Government of India. “his dream is to replace all existing and pot-holed roads in India with plastic-tar”.

సూచన : ఈ పంక్తులు ఇంటర్నెట్ ఆధారిత వ్యాసం “ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యానికి పరిష్కారం” నుండి తీసుకోబడ్డాయి. డాక్టర్ ఆర్. వాసుదేవన్ రచించారు.

సందర్భ౦ : అతను ప్లాస్టోన్ తయారు చేయడానికి గ్రానైట్ మరియు సిరామిక్ వ్యర్థాలను లేదా వ్యర్థ ప్లాస్టిక్తో పారిశ్రామిక స్లగ్్న ఉపయోగిస్తాడు. ప్రతి బ్లాక్ రెండు అడుగుల పొడవు మరియు ఒక అడుగు వెడల్పుతో కొలుస్తుంది మరియు 300 క్యారీ బ్యాగ్లు మరియు ఆరు PET బాటిళ్లను వినియోగిస్తుంది. నాన్-పోరస్ ప్లాస్టోన్ను ఫ్లోరింగ్, సమ్మేళనం గోడలను పెంచడానికి మరియు నీటి వనరులకు సమర్థవంతమైన లైనర్గా ఉపయోగించవచ్చు.

అర్థం : పేటెంట్ పొందిన సాంకేతికత ఇప్పుడు నెదర్లాండ్స్లో ఉపయోగించబడుతోంది, అయితే అతను ప్రతి ఆవిష్కరణను భారత ప్రభుత్వానికి ఉచితంగా అందిస్తున్నాడు. “భారతదేశంలో ప్రస్తుతం ఉన్న అన్ని రహదారులను ప్లాస్టిక్-తారుతో భర్తీ చేయాలనేది అతని కల”.

d) The plastic instantly melts and coats the gravel without releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere

Reference: These lines are taken from the internet-based article “Solution to Plastic Pollution”. Written by Dr R. Vasudevan’s.

Context: Plastic is a big problem in our country and world. But plastic is the only material which very uses full for the daily use purpose of every person.

Meaning: The implementation of plastics inroads also opens a new option for recycling post-consumer plastics. Australia, Indonesia, India, the United Kingdom, the United States, and many other countries have used technology that can incorporate plastic waste into an asphalt mix. The plastic waste items that can be used for road construction are various items like plastic carry bags, plastic cups, plastic packaging for potato chips, biscuits, chocolates, etc.

సూచన : ఈ పంక్తులు ఇంటర్నెట్ ఆధారిత వ్యాసం “ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యానికి పరిష్కారం” నుండి తీసుకోబడ్డాయి. డాక్టర్ ఆర్. వాసుదేవన్ రచించారు.

సందర్భ౦ : మన దేశంలో మరియు ప్రపంచంలో ప్లాస్టిక్ పెద్ద సమస్య. కానీ ప్రతి వ్యక్తి యొక్క రోజువారీ వినియోగ ప్రయోజనం కోసం పూర్తిగా ఉపయోగించే ఏకైక పదార్థం ప్లాస్టిక్.

అర్థం : ప్లాస్టిక్ ఇస్రోడ్సేన్ను అమలు చేయడం వల్ల పోస్ట్-కన్స్యూమర్ ప్లాస్టిక్లను రీసైక్లింగ్ చేయడానికి కొత్త ఎంపిక కూడా అందుబాటులోకి వస్తుంది. ఆస్ట్రేలియా, ఇండోనేషియా, భారతదేశం, యునైటెడ్ కింగ్ డమ్, యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ మరియు అనేక ఇతర దేశాలు ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను తారు మిశ్రమంలో చేర్చగల సాంకేతికతను ఉపయోగించాయి. ప్లాస్టిక్ క్యారీ బ్యాగులు, ప్లాస్టిక్ కప్పులు, బంగాళాదుంప చిప్స్ కోసం ప్లాస్టిక్ ప్యాకేజింగ్, బిస్కెట్లు, చాక్లెట్లు మొదలైన వివిధ వస్తువులు రోడ్డు నిర్మాణానికి ఉపయోగించగల ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థ పదార్థాలు.

Paragraph Questions & Answers (Section A, Q.No.3, Marks: 4)
Answer the following Questions in about 100 words

a) Describe the department of Dr Vasudevan as the Professor of TCE. (Revision Test – III)
Answer:
Dr. Rajagopalan Vasudevan is an Indian scientist working mainly in waste management. Currently a professor in Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Dr. Vasudevan has developed an innovative method to reuse plastic waste to construct better, more durable and very cost-effective roads. This shredded plastic waste is sprayed on the gravel heated up to 170°C. at this process the plastic melts and form a coat on the gravel. In the process no harmful gasses are released and it also solves two major problems like filling the gaps a tad retired roads and reduces plastic molding bolection.He finds a solution in the Bhagavad Gita to any problem in the world. And he readily offers them to his students. He quotes liberally from the Gita. That gives one the impression that he is a Sanskrit scholar.

జవాబు : డా. రాజగోపాలన్ వాసుదేవన్ వ్యర్థాల నిర్వహణలో ప్రధానంగా పనిచేస్తున్న భారతీయ శాస్త్రవేత్త. ప్రస్తుతం త్యాగరాజర్ కాలేజ్ ఆఫ్ ఇంజినీరింగ్లో ప్రొఫెసర్గా పనిచేస్తున్న డాక్టర్. వాసుదేవన్ మెరుగైన, మన్నికైన మరియు చాలా తక్కువ ఖర్చుతో కూడిన రహదారులను నిర్మించడానికి ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను తిరిగి ఉపయోగించేందుకు ఒక వినూత్న పద్ధతిని అభివృద్ధి చేశారు. ఈ తురిమిన ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను 170°C వరకు వేడిచేసిన కంకరపై స్ప్రే చేస్తారు. ఈ ప్రక్రియలో ప్లాస్టిక్ కరిగి కంకరపై కోటు ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఈ ప్రక్రియలో ఎటువంటి హానికరమైన వాయువులు విడుదల చేయబడవు మరియు ఇది ఖాళీలను పూరించడం వంటి రెండు ప్రధాన సమస్యలను కూడా పరిష్కరిస్తుంది మరియు ప్లాస్టిక్ మౌల్డింగ్ బోలెక్షన్ను తగ్గిస్తుంది.

అతను ప్రపంచంలోని ఏ సమస్యకైనా భగవద్గీతలో పరిష్కారాన్ని కనుగొంటాడు. మరియు అతను వాటిని తన విద్యార్థులకు తక్షణమే అందిస్తాడు. అతను గీత నుండి ఉదారంగా కోట్ చేసాడు. దాంతో ఆయన సంస్కృత పండితుడు అనే భావన కలుగుతుంది.

b) How did Dr Vasudevan experiment with plastic waste and what has been the result?
Answer:
Dr. Rajagopalan Vasudevan is an Indian scientist working mainly in waste management. Currently a professor in Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Dr. Vasudevan has developed an innovative method to reuse plastic waste to construct better, more durable and very cost-effective roads. He began a series of experiments in his workshop to discover effective disposal techniques. In a molten condition, he found that plastic had the property of an excellent binder.

Acting on the principle that like attracts like, Dr Vasudevan looked at another chemical of similar nature: bitumen, a black tarry substance that was being combined with gravel to lay roads. “Bitumen, a highly heterogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons is in effect, composed of polymerssimilar to plastic,” he says. When molten plastic was added to stone and bitumen mix, Dr Vasudevan found that, true to its nature, plastic stuck fast and bound both materials together.

జవాబు : డా. రాజగోపాలన్ వాసుదేవన్ వ్యర్థాల నిర్వహణలో ప్రధానంగా పనిచేస్తున్న భారతీయ శాస్త్రవేత్త. ప్రస్తుతం త్యాగరాజర్ కాలేజ్ ఆఫ్ ఇంజినీరింగ్లో ప్రొఫెసర్ గా పనిచేస్తున్న డాక్టర్. వాసుదేవన్ మెరుగైన, మన్నికైన మరియు చాలా తక్కువ ఖర్చుతో కూడిన రహదారులను నిర్మించడానికి ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను తిరిగి ఉపయోగించేందుకు ఒక వినూత్న పద్దతిని అభివృద్ధి చేశారు. సమర్థవంతమైన పారవేసే పద్ధతులను కనుగొనడానికి అతను తన వర్క్షాప్లో వరుస ప్రయోగాలను ప్రారంభించాడు. కరిగిన స్థితిలో, ప్లాస్టిక్ అద్భుతమైన బైండర్ యొక్క ఆస్తిని కలిగి ఉందని అతను కనుగొన్నాడు. ఇష్టం ఆకర్షిస్తుంది అనే సూత్రం ప్రకారం, డాక్టర్ వాసుదేవన్ సారూప్య స్వభావం గల మరొక రసాయనాన్ని పరిశీలించారు: బిటుమెన్, రోడ్లు వేయడానికి కంకరతో కలిపిన నల్లటి తారు పదార్థం.

“బిటుమెన్, హైడ్రోకార్బన్ల యొక్క అత్యంత భిన్నమైన మిశ్రమం, ప్లాస్టిక్తో సమానమైన పాలిమర్లతో కూడి ఉంటుంది,” అని ఆయన చెప్పారు. కరిగిన ప్లాస్టిక్ను రాయి మరియు తారు మిశ్రమానికి జోడించినప్పుడు, దాని స్వభావానికి అనుగుణంగా, ప్లాస్టిక్ వేగంగా అతుక్కుపోయి రెండు పదార్థాలను ఒకదానితో ఒకటి బంధించిందని డాక్టర్ వాసుదేవన్ కనుగొన్నారు.

c) How did APJ Kalam encourage Dr vasudevan and what has been the outcome? (Revision Test – III)
Answer:
Dr. Rajagopalan Vasudevan is an Indian scientist working mainly in waste management. Currently a professor in Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Dr. Vasudevan has developed an innovative method to reuse plastic waste to construct better, more durable and very cost-effective roads. Vasudevan’s patented process involves drying and shredding discarded plastic packaging, thinner than 80 microns- made essentially of polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene-into 2 mm to 4 mm pieces. When sprinkled over gravel heated to 170°C, shredded plastic melts instantaneously. It coats the gravel, after which, bitumen is added and the mixture is ready for road laying.

For construction of a kilometer of road, the mixture uses a tonne of plastic, equivalent to 100,000 plastic carry bags. Plastic replaces a fraction of the costly bitumen in the road-laying mixture, cutting costs. “The cost of road laying is reduced to one-sixth as opposed to a conventional bitumen road,” Vasudevan says. “Waste plastic becomes an important resource again,” he emphasises. “It happened due to the blessings of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam,” he recalls, referring to the late Indian scientist who served as president from 2002 to 2007.

When Kalam visited Vasudevan’s college as a chief guest for a function in 2001, he was fascinated by Vasudevan’s idea and encouraged him to lay out the first stretch of road within college premises. With support from the college management, the job was done swiftly. “It’s been almost 20 years and that road still doesn’t have cracks or potholes,” Vasudevan says. “Dr. Kalam promoted the idea and became the biggest ambassador for my work.

జవాబు : డా. రాజగోపాలన్ వాసుదేవన్ వ్యర్థాల నిర్వహణలో ప్రధానంగా పనిచేస్తున్న భారతీయ శాస్త్రవేత్త. ప్రస్తుతం త్యాగరాజర్ కాలేజ్ ఆఫ్ ఇంజినీరింగ్లో ప్రొఫెసర్ గా పనిచేస్తున్న డాక్టర్. వాసుదేవన్ మెరుగైన, మన్నికైన మరియు చాలా తక్కువ ఖర్చుతో కూడిన రహదారులను నిర్మించడానికి ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను తిరిగి ఉపయోగించేందుకు ఒక వినూత్న పద్ధతిని అభివృద్ధి చేశారు. వాసుదేవన్ యొక్క పేటెంట్ ప్రక్రియలో 80 మైక్రాన్ల కంటే సన్నగా ఉండే విస్మరించిన ప్లాస్టిక్ ప్యాకేజింగ్ను ఎండబెట్టడం మరియు ముక్కలు చేయడం- ముఖ్యంగా పాలిథిలిన్, పాలీప్రొఫైలిన్ మరియు పాలీస్టెరిన్లతో తయారు చేయబడింది-2 మిమీ నుండి 4 మిమీ వరకు ముక్కలు. 170°C వరకు వేడిచేసిన కంకరపై చల్లినప్పుడు, తురిమిన ప్లాస్టిక్ తక్షణమే కరిగిపోతుంది.

ఇది కంకరను పూస్తుంది, దాని తర్వాత, బిటుమెన్ జోడించబడుతుంది మరియు మిశ్రమం రోడ్డు వేయడానికి సిద్ధంగా ఉంటుంది. ఒక కిలోమీటరు రహదారి నిర్మాణం కోసం, మిశ్రమం ఒక టన్ను ప్లాస్టిక్ను ఉపయోగిస్తుంది, ఇది 100,000 ప్లాస్టిక్ క్యారీ బ్యాగ్లకు సమానం. రోడ్డు వేసే మిశ్రమంలో ఖరీదైన బిటుమెన్లో కొంత భాగాన్ని ప్లాస్టిక్ భర్తీ చేస్తుంది, ఖర్చులను తగ్గిస్తుంది. “సాంప్రదాయ బిటుమెన్ రోడ్డుకు భిన్నంగా రోడ్డు వేయడానికి అయ్యే ఖర్చు ఆరవ వంతుకు తగ్గించబడింది” అని వాసుదేవన్ చెప్పారు. “వ్యర్థ ప్లాస్టిక్ మళ్లీ ఒక ముఖ్యమైన వనరు అవుతుంది,” అని ఆయన నొక్కి చెప్పారు.

2002 నుండి 2007 వరకు రాష్ట్రపతిగా పనిచేసిన దివంగత భారతీయ శాస్త్రవేత్తను ప్రస్తావిస్తూ “డాక్టర్ APJ అబ్దుల్ కలాం ఆశీస్సుల వల్ల ఇది జరిగింది” అని ఆయన గుర్తు చేసుకున్నారు. 2001లో ఒక కార్యక్రమానికి ముఖ్య అతిథిగా కలాం వాసుదేవన్ కళాశాలను సందర్శించినప్పుడు, ఆయన వాసుదేవన్ ఆలోచనకు ఆకర్షితుడయ్యాడు మరియు కళాశాల ఆవరణలో మొదటి రహదారిని వేయమని ప్రోత్సహించాడు. కళాశాల యాజమాన్యం సహకారంతో పనులు వేగంగా పూర్తయ్యాయి. “దాదాపు 20 సంవత్సరాలు అయ్యింది మరియు ఆ రహదారికి ఇప్పటికీ పగుళ్లు లేదా గుంతలు లేవు” అని వాసుదేవన్ చెప్పారు. “డా. కలాం ఈ ఆలోచనను ప్రోత్సహించారు మరియు నా పనికి అతిపెద్ద రాయబారి అయ్యారు.

d) List the advantages of plastic roads as described by Dr Vasudevan.
Answer:
Dr. Rajagopalan Vasudevan is an Indian scientist working mainly in waste management. Currently a professor in Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Dr. Vasudevan has developed an innovative method to reuse plastic waste to construct better, more durable and very cost-effective roads. This road construction process is extremely eco-friendly, with no toxic gases being released.

This process has generated an additional job for rag pickers.
Plastic waste helps increase the strength of the road, reducing road fatigue.
These roads have better resistance towards rainwater and cold weather.
Since a large amount of plastic waste is required for a small stretch of road, the amount of waste plastic strewn around will definitely reduce.

A lightweight prefabricated construction.
Faster construction and less maintenance time.
Higher quality and a longer lifespan.
Little to no maintenance required. The material is virtually impervious to conditions
such as the weather and weeds.
The innovation is considerably more sustainable.

జవాబు : డా. రాజగోపాలన్ వాసుదేవన్ వ్యర్థాల నిర్వహణలో ప్రధానంగా పనిచేస్తున్న భారతీయ శాస్త్రవేత్త. ప్రస్తుతం త్యాగరాజర్ కాలేజ్ ఆఫ్ ఇంజినీరింగ్లో ప్రొఫెసర్ గా పనిచేస్తున్న డాక్టర్. వాసుదేవన్ మెరుగైన, మన్నికైన మరియు చాలా తక్కువ ఖర్చుతో కూడిన రహదారులను నిర్మించడానికి ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను తిరిగి ఉపయోగించేందుకు ఒక వినూత్న పద్ధతిని అభివృద్ధి చేశారు. ఈ రహదారి నిర్మాణ ప్రక్రియ అత్యంత పర్యావరణ అనుకూలమైనది, ఎటువంటి విష వాయువులు విడుదల చేయబడవు.

• ఈ ప్రక్రియ రాగ్ పికర్స్ కోసం అదనపు ఉద్యోగాన్ని సృష్టించింది.
• ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలు రహదారి యొక్క బలాన్ని పెంచడంలో సహాయపడతాయి,రహదారి అలసటను తగ్గిస్తాయి.
• ఈ రోడ్లు వర్షపు నీరు మరియు చల్లని వాతావరణానికి మెరుగైన నిరోధకతను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
• రోడ్డు యొక్క చిన్న విస్తీర్ణానికి పెద్ద మొత్తంలో ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలు అవసరం కాబట్టి, ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాల పరిమాణం ఖచ్చితంగా తగ్గుతుంది.
• తేలికైన ముందుగా నిర్మించిన నిర్మాణం.
• వేగవంతమైన నిర్మాణం మరియు తక్కువ నిర్వహణ సమయం.
• అధిక నాణ్యత మరియు సుదీర్ఘ జీవితకాలం.
• నిర్వహణ అవసరం లేదు. పదార్థం వాతావరణం మరియు కలుపు మొక్కలు వంటి పరిస్థితులకు వాస్తవంగా చొరబడదు. ఆవిష్కరణ గణనీయంగా మరింత స్థిరమైనది.

Solution to Plastic Pollution Summary in English

About Author

(Adopted from the Internet)
Rajagopalan Vasudevan, is an Indian scientist who has worked mainly in waste management. He is currently a professor in Thiagarajar College of Engineering. [1] He developed an innovative method to reuse plastic waste to construct better, more durable and very cost-effective roads. He thought up the idea of shredding plastic waste, mixing it with bitumen and using the polymerized mix in road construction. This method will help in making roads much faster and also will save environment from dangerous plastic waste. He also visited Mahatma schools on 15 April 2008. The roads also show greater resistance to damages caused by heavy rains.[2][3][4][5] His road construction method is now widely used to construct roads in rural India.[6] He was awarded India’s fourth highest civilian honour Padma Shri in 2018.[7]

Dr. Rajagopalan Vasudevan is an Indian scientist working mainly in waste management. Currently a professor in Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Dr. Vasudevan has developed an innovative method to reuse plastic waste to construct better, more durable and very cost-effective roads.

Plastic waste helps increase the strength of the road, reducing road fatigue. These roads have better resistance towards rain water and cold weather. Since a large amount of plastic waste is required for a small stretch of road, the amount of waste plastic strewn around will definitely reduce.

Prof R Vasudevan’s inclination to keep experimenting led to another innovation. He decided to try creating a stone block with plastic coating and, in 2012, ‘plastone’ took birth. A plastone block is made from a mixture of waste plastic and stone. It has been found to withstand more pressure and it resists water percolation. In the professor’s department of chemistry they have made plastone blocks using granite and ceramic waste, along with plastic waste. Plastone can be used for flooring, especially outdoors. It can be a cheap and strong substitute for cement blocks, which have a tendency to wither away in constant rain. It can be an effective liner for water bodies, especially canals, preventing water seepage. can also be used to raise compound walls. A coat of emulsion can be provided to make it colorful and attractive.

Solution to Plastic Pollution Summary in Telugu

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

డా. రాజగోపాలన్ వాసుదేవన్ వ్యర్థాల నిర్వహణలో ప్రధానంగా పనిచేస్తున్న భారతీయ శాస్త్రవేత్త. ప్రస్తుతం త్యాగరాజర్ కాలేజ్ ఆఫ్ ఇంజినీరింగ్ ప్రొఫెసర్ గా పనిచేస్తున్న డాక్టర్. వాసుదేవన్ మెరుగైన, మన్నికైన మరియు చాలా తక్కువ ఖర్చుతో కూడిన రహదారులను నిర్మించడానికి ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలను తిరిగి ఉపయోగించేందుకు ఒక వినూత్న పద్ధతిని అభివృద్ధి చేశారు.

ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలు రహదారి యొక్క బలాన్ని పెంచుతాయి, రహదారి అలసటను తగ్గిస్తాయి. ఈ రోడ్లు వర్షపు నీరు మరియు చల్లని వాతావరణానికి మెరుగైన నిరోధకతను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. ఒక చిన్న రహదారికి పెద్ద మొత్తంలో ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలు అవసరం కాబట్టి, ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాల పరిమాణం ఖచ్చితంగా తగ్గుతుంది.

ప్రొఫెసర్ ఆర్ వాసుదేవన్ ప్రయోగాలను కొనసాగించాలనే మొగ్గు మరొక ఆవిష్కరణకు దారితీసింది. అతను ప్లాస్టిక్ పూతతో రాయి బ్లాక్ను రూపొందించాలని నిర్ణయించుకున్నాడు మరియు 2012లో ‘ప్లాస్టోన్’ పుట్టింది. వ్యర్థ ప్లాస్టిక్ మరియు రాయి మిశ్రమం నుండి ప్లాస్టోన్ బ్లాక్ తయారు చేయబడింది. ఇది ఎక్కువ ఒత్తిడిని తట్టుకోగలదని మరియు నీటి ప్రవాహాన్ని నిరోధిస్తుంది. ప్రొఫెసర్ కెమిస్ట్రీ విభాగంలో వారు ప్లాస్టిక్ వ్యర్థాలతో పాటు గ్రానైట్ మరియు సిరామిక్ వ్యర్థాలను ఉపయోగించి ప్లాస్టోన్ బ్లాక్లను తయారు చేశారు. ముఖ్యంగా ఆరుబయట ఫ్లోరింగ్ కోసం ప్లాస్టోన్ ఉపయోగించవచ్చు. ఇది సిమెంట్ దిమ్మెలకు చౌకగా మరియు బలమైన ప్రత్యామ్నాయంగా ఉంటుంది, ఇవి స్థిరమైన వర్షంలో వాడిపోయే ధోరణిని కలిగి ఉంటాయి. ఇది నీటి వనరులకు, ప్రత్యేకించి కాలువలకు, నీటి ప్రవాహాన్ని నిరోధించడానికి సమర్థవంతమైన లైనర్ ఉంటుంది. కాంపౌండ్ గోడలను పెంచడానికి కూడా దీనిని ఉపయోగించవచ్చు. రంగురంగులగా మరియు ఆకర్షణీయంగా చేయడానికి ఒక కోటు ఎమల్షన్ అందించబడుతుంది.

Solution to Plastic Pollution Summary in Hindi

Note: This summary is only meant for Lesson Reference, not for examination purpose

डॉ. राजगोपालन वासुदेवन एक भारतीय वैज्ञानिक हैं, जो मुख्य रूप से अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन में कार्यरत हैं । वर्तमान में त्यागराजन कॉलेज ऑफ़ इंजीनियरिंग में प्रोफ़ेसर, डॉ. वासुदेवन के बेहतर, अधिक टिकाऊ और बहुत लागत प्रभावी सड़कों के निर्माण के लिए प्लास्टिक क्रचरे का पुनः उपयोग करने के लिए एक अभिनव तरीका विकसित किया है ।

प्लास्टिक कचरा सड़क की ताकत बढ़ाने में मदद करता है, सड़क की थकान को कम करता है । इन सड़कों में बारिश के पानी और ठंडे मौसम के प्रत्रि बेहतर प्रतिरोध है । चूकि सड़क के एक छोटे से हिस्से के लिए बड़ी मात्रा में प्लास्टिक कचरे की आवश्यकता होती है, इसलिए प्लास्टिक कचरे की मात्रा निश्चित रूप से काम हो जाएगी ।

प्रयोग करते रहनेवाले प्रोफ़ेसर आर वासुदेवन के रुझान ने एक और नवाचार को जन्म दिया । उन्होंने एक प्लास्टिक कोटिंग से पत्थर का ब्लाक बनाने की कोशिश करने का फैसला किया और 2012 में ‘प्लास्टोन’ ने जन्म लिया । प्लास्टिक और पत्थर के मिश्रमण से एक प्लास्टोन ब्लॉक बनाया जाता है । यह अधिक दबाव झोलने के लिए पाया गया है और यह पानी के रिसाव का प्रतिरोध करता है । प्रोफ़ेसर के रसायन विज्ञान विभाग में उन्होंने पतास्टिक कचरे के साथ – साथ ग्रेनाइट और सिरेमिक कचरे का उपयोग करके प्लास्टोन ब्लॉक बनाए हैं। खासकर आउटर डोर के फर्श के लिए प्लास्टोन का उपयोग किया जा सकता है।

वह सिमेंट ब्लॉकों के लिए एक सस्ता और मजबूत विकल्प हो सकता है, जिन में लगाकर बारिश में सूखने की प्रकृति होती है । यह जल निकायों, विशेष रूप से नहरों के लिए पानी के रिसाव को रोकने के लिए एक प्रभावी लाइनर हो सकता है । इसका उपयोग परिसर की दीवारों को बढ़ाने के लिए भी किया जासकता है । इसे रंगीन और आकर्षक बनाने के लिए इमल्शन का कोट दिया जा सकता है ।

Meanings and Explanations

strangled (v-pt) (స్ట్ర్యాన్ గ్ ల్ డ్)/’stræŋ.gǝld/ : choked: ఉక్కిరి బిక్కిరి చేయబడింది, गला घोंटना / घुटा हुआ

all-weather (adj) /ɔ:l-‘weð.ǝr/ : usable in all types of weather viz., winter, summer and rainy seas,on శీతాకాలం, వేసవి మరియు వర్షాకాలం అన్ని రకాల వాతావరణంలో ఉపయోగించవచ్చు, सभी प्रकार के मौसम जैसे सर्दी, गर्मी और बरसात के मौसम में प्रयोग करने योग्य

transition (n) (ట్యాన్ జిషన్)/træn’zıʃ.ən/ : the process of change: మార్పు ప్రక్రియ, परिवर्तन की प्रकिया

treat (n) (ట్రీట్)/tri:t/ : something very pleasant, చాలా ఆహ్లాదకరమైనది, कुछ बहुत ही सुखद

sporting (v-pr.p)/(స్పో(ర్)టింగ్)/ ‘spɔ:tɪŋ/: wearing: ధరించడం, आकर्षक, प्रभावशाली, पहने हुए

striking (adj)/(స్ట్రెకింగ్)/’straɪ.kɪŋ : attractive; impressive : ఆకర్షనీయమైన, ఆకట్టుకునే, अत्यधिक

mesmerized (V-pp used as: dj)/ (మెజ్మరైజ్ డ్) /’mez.mə.raɪz / : hypnotized or absorbed immensely: హిప్నోటైజ్ చేయబడింది లేదా అపారంగా గ్రహించబడుతుంది सम्मोहित या अवशोषित

discourse (n)/(డిస్కో(ర్)స్)/dɪs.kɔ:s/ : serious or eloquent speech, తీవ్రమైన లేదా అనర్గళమైన ప్రసంగం, गंभीर या वाक्पटु भाषण

uninterrupted (adj) / అనింటరప్టిడ్ / ʌnɪn.tər’ʌp.tɪd: with no break, without obstructions: విరామం లేకుండా, అడ్డంకులు లేకుండా बिना किसी रुकावट के

patented (v – pt)/ (ప్యా టన్ టిడ్)/ ‘peɪtəntɪd/ : protected the rights: अधिकार रक्षित

a shot in the arm (idiom) : help or encouragement that is required, అవసరమైన సహాయం లేదా ప్రోత్సాహం, सहायता या प्रोत्साहन जो आवश्यक है

intact (adj)/(ఇంట్యాక్ట్)/ɪn’tækt/ : not damaged, aayesas क्षत्रिग्रस्त नहीं

bitumen (n)/(బిట్యామిన్)/’bit∫.ə.mən : road surfacing material; a sticky.mixture of hydrocarbons found in substances such as asphalt and tar.
రోడ్ సర్ఫేసింగ్ మెటీరియల్ ; తారు మరియు తారు వంటి పదార్థాలలో కనిపించే హైడ్రోకార్బన్ల జిగట మిశ్రమం.
रोड की ऊपरी परत की सामाग्री, डामर और टार जै से पदार्थों में पाए जानेवाले हाइड्रो कार्बन का एक चित चिता मिश्रण

potential (adj)/(పటెన్ షల్) / pəten.ʃəl/ : possible, సాధ్య౦, संभव

convention (n) / (కన్ వెన్షన్)/kən’ven.ʃən/ practice, procedure, custom, అభ్యాసం, విధానం, ఆచారం, అభ్యాసం, విధానం, ఆచారం, अभ्यास, प्रक्रिया, रिवाज

prophetic (adj) / (ప్రఫెటిక్) / prə’fetɪk/ : correctly predicting, సరిగ్గా అంచనా వేయడం, सही भविष्यवाणी

laments (v)/(లమె౦ టస్)/lə’ment/ : regrets, feels sad, bear the brunt of ( idiom ) receive the main force of something unpleasant, పశ్చాత్తాపపడుతుంది, విచారంగా అనిపిస్తుంది (ఇడియమ్) అసహ్యకరమైన వాటి యొక్క ప్రధాన శక్తిని స్వీకరించండి

litter (n)/(లిట(ర్)))/’lit.ər/ : garbage, rubbish, చెత్త, చెత్త

boast (v)/(ææ§)/bəust/ : to have something impressive and that one can feel proud of, ఆకట్టుకునే మరియు గర్వించదగినది కలిగి ఉండటం, कुछ अप्रिय की मुख्य शक्ति प्राप्त करता है
कुछ प्रभावशाली होना और जिस पर कोई गर्व महसूस कर सके ।

green chemistry/(గ్రీ:న్ కెమిస్ట్రీ) : chemistry that advocates protection of environment by all means,
అన్ని విధాలుగా పర్యావరణ పరిరక్షణను సూచించే రసాయన శాస్త్రం
रसायन विज्ञान जो हर तरह से पर्यारिण के संरक्षण की वकालता करता है

cold emulsion : emulsion processed at a low temperature తక్కువ ఉష్ణోగ్రత వద్ద ప్రాసెస్ చేయబడిన ఎమల్షన్ कम तापमान पर संसाधित प्रयास

shredded (v-pp as adj) /(ష్రెడిడ్)/’ʃred.ɪd/ : torn; made into small pieces, చిరిగిన; చిన్న ముక్కలుగా చేసిన, फटाहुआ, छोटे टुकड़ों में बनाया गया

segregated (v-pp)/’seg.rɪ.geɪ.tɪd/ : separated, వేరు చేయబడింది, फटाहुआ, छोटे टुकड़ों में बनाया गया

permeation (n)/ (ప(ర్)మిఎషన్) / p3:.mi.eʃ.ən/: spreading, వ్యాప్తి చెందడం, अलग फैला रहा है

afoot (adj) / (అవుట్)/ə’fʊt/ : being planned; happening, ప్రణాళిక చేయబడింది; జరుగుతున్నది, हो रही है