TS Inter 1st Year

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 8th Lesson Taxonomy of Angiosperms Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 8th Lesson Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is ‘Omega Taxonomy’? [Mar. – 2019, ’18, ’15, ’13 – AP]
Answer:
Taxonomy based on information from other branches such as Embryology, Cytology, Palynology, Phytochemistry etc., in addition to morphological characters is called Omega Taxonomy.

Question 2.
What is Natural system of plant classification? Name the scientists who followed it. [May 14]
Answer:

1. The system in which plants are grouped on the basis of their natural relationships taking all possible morphological characters into consideration is known as Natural system of classification.
2. de Jussieu, de Candolle and Bentham and Hooker followed it.

Question 3.
Explain the scope and significance of “Numerical Taxonomy”.
Answer:

1. Numerical Taxonomy uses mathematical methods to evaluate observable differences and similarities between taxonomic groups. It is now easily carried out using the computers is based on all observable characters.
2. In this process no. and codes are assigned to all the characters and the data are then processed. Each character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can be considered.

Question 4.
What is geocarpy? Name the plant which exhibits this phenomenon. [May 17, Mar. 17 – A.P ; Mar. 15 – T.S]
Answer:
Development of fruit inside the soil is known as geocarpy. Eg: Arachis hypogea (groundnut).

Question 5.
Name the type of pollination mechanism found in members of Fabaceae. [Mar. 14]
Answer:

1. Piston mechanism for cross pollination.
2. It is entomophilous, occurs with the help of insects.

Question 6.
Write the floral formula of solanum plant. [Mar 2020]
Answer:

Question 7.
Give the technical description of ovary in solanum nigrum.
Answer:

1. Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular, superior ovary.
2. Placentata swollen with many ovules on axile placentation. Style Carpels are arranged obliquely at 45°.

Question 8.
Give the technical description of anthers of Allium cepa.
Answer:
Anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introse and dehiscence is longitudinal.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a brief note on semi technical description of a typical flowering plant. [Mar. – 2019]
Answer:
The plant is described beginning with its habit, habitat, vegetative characters, floral characters followed by fruit. After describing various parts of a plant, a floral diagram and a floral formula are presented.

Floral formula indicates the number of free or united members of corresponding whorl as subscript of the respective symbols. It also shows cohesion and adhesion.

Floral diagram provides information about the no. of parts of a flower, their arrangement and their relation with one another.

Question 2.
Describe the non-essential floral parts of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
Answer:
The non-essential floral parts are calyx and corolla.

Calyx :
Sepals five in number, Gamosepalous (sepals united), valvate aestivation. The odd sepal is anterior in position.

Corolla :
Petals five in number, Polypetalous (Petals are free), descending imbricate aestivation. Corolla is Papilonaceous. The posterior petal is the largest and is called ‘Vexillum or Standard Petal’. The two lateral petals are called ‘Wings or Alae’. The two boat shaped petals beneath the wings on the anterior side are called ‘Keel or Carina’. The keel petals are fused and enclose the essential organs.

Question 3.
Give an account of floral diagram.
Answer:
Floral diagram :
It provides information about the number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and the relation they have with one another. The mother axis represents the posterior side of the flower and is indicated as a dot or a circle at the top of the floral diagram. Successive whorls represent calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Gynoecium at the centre represents T.S. of ovary. The bract represents the anterior side of the ovary.

Question 4.
Describe the essential floral parts of plants belonging to Liliaceae. [Mar. ’20, 18, 17, 15]
Answer:
The essential floral parts are Androecium and Gynoecium.

Androecium :
Stamens are six, arranged in two whorls of three each. They are free or epiphyllous, anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and dehiscence is longitudinal.

In Allium, the stamens are inserted at the base of the tepals which are also fused at the base.

Gynoecium :
Overy is tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular with numerous ovules on axile placentation. The style is terminal and stigma is trifid and capitate. The ovary has septal nectaries, one on each septum.

Question 5.
Write a brief account on the class of Dicotyledanae of Bentham and Hooker’s classification.
Answer:
The class Dicotyledonae are characterised by tap root, reticulate venation, tetramerous or pentamerous flowers and two cotyledons in a seed. On the basis of the number of whorls in the Perianth and the condition of petals, the dicotyledons are divided into three sub-classes namely Polypetalae, Gamopetalae and Monochlamydae. Polypetalae was divided into three series namely 1) Thalamiflorae, 2) Disciflorae and, 3) Calyciflorae, Gamopetalae was divided into three series viz. 1. Inferae 2. Heteromerae and 3. Bicarpellatae. Monochlamydae was divided into eight series.

Question 6.
Explain Floral formula.
Answer:
1. The floral formula is represented by some symbols of floral parts.

2. In the floral formula :
a. Br stands for bracteate; Ebr for ebracteate (Bracts absent)
b. Brl stands for bracteolate; Ebrl for ebracteolate (Bracteoles absent)
c. ⊕ stands for actinomorphic; % for zygomorphic

e. K stands for calyx; C for corolla.
f. A for androecium and G for gynoecium.
g. G stands for superior ovary and \(\overline{\mathrm{G}}\) for inferior ovary and G – for half inferior or half superior.

3. Floral formula also indicates the number of free or united (within brackets) members of the corresponding whorl as subscript of the respective symbol.

4. It also shows cohesion (union among similar members) and adhesion (union between dissimilar members).

Question 7.
Give economic importance of plants belonging to Fabaceae. [May ’17, May 14 ; Mar. ’13]
Answer:
1. Pulses :
Pulses like red gram, black gram, green gram, bengal gram are rich source of proteins.

2. Oil :
Groundnut oil from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds and soyabean oil from seeds of soyabean (Glycine max) are used in cooking.

3. Vegetables :
Pods of bean (Dolichos), soyabean (Glycine max) are used as vegetables.

4. Fodder :
Many plants are used as fodder (Crotalaria & Phaseolus).

5. Fibres :
from Crotalaria (sun-hemp) is used in making ropes.

6. Medicine :
Seeds of Trigonella (Menthi) are used as condiment and medicine. The leaves are used as vegetables.

7. Commercially & Products :
Commercially important products obtained are viz., blue dye (Indigofera tinctoria), yellow dye (Butea monosperma)

8. Medicine :
Medicine is obtained from Derris indica.

9. Green manure :
Sesbania and Tephrosia are used as green manure.

10. Wood :
Wood from (Pterocarpus santalinus) Red sanders is used for making musical instrument.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the characteristics of plants belonging to Fabaceae.
Answer:
Vegetative Characters:
Habit :
Many of them are herbs. Some are shrubs, trees, weak stemmed twinners or tendril climbers.

Root System :
Tap root system having root nodules. These nodules contain symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria – Rhizobium.

Stem :
Aerial, prostrate or erect, herbaceous or woody climbers.

Leaves :
Cauline, alternate, stipulate, base pulvinate, petiolate, simple or pinnately compound leaf, venation reticulate.

Floral Characters:

Inflorescence :
Axillary or terminal, raceme.

Flower :
Bracteate, bracteolate or ebracteolate, pedicillate, zygomorphic, complete, bisexual, pentamerous, perigynous cup-shaped thalamus.

Calyx :
Sepals five, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivation, odd sepal anterior.

Corolla :
Petals five, polypetalous, papilionaceous consisting of a large posterior petal (standard or vexillum), two laterals (wings or Alae) two anterior fused petals (keel or Carina) enclosing essential organs, vexillary / descendingly imbricate aestivation.

Androecium :
Stamens 10, usually diadelphous [(9) +1] as in Pisum or monadelphous as in Crotalaria, Arachis, anthers dithecous, introse.

Gynoecium :
Monocarpel I ary, unilocular half superior ovary with many ovules on marginal placentation; Style single, long, terminal; stigma simple.

Pollination :
Protandry in flowers prevent self pollination. But Lathyrus, Pisum are self pollinated. Pollination is entomophily and occurs by Piston mechanism.

Fruit :
Generally legume or pod. In Arachis the pods are indehiscent and geocarpic.

Question 2.
Write about the key characteristics of Solanaceae.
Answer:

1. Mostly plants are herbs.
2. Presence of hairs on the plant
3. Bicollateral vascular bundles in the stem
4. Adnation of petioles and pedicels with the internode
5. Pentamerous, actinomrophic and hypogynous flowers
6. Presence of Persistant calyx
7. Epipetalous stamens
8. Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary with obliquely placed carpels
9. Presence of false septum in the ovary
10. Swollen axile placentation
11. Fruit is a berry or capsuie
12. Presence of curved embryos

Question 3.
Give an account of the family Liliaceae.
Answer:
Class- Monocotyledonae
Series- Coronariae
Family- Liliaceae

I. Vegetative characters:
1. Habitat and habit :
Mesophytes (Allium, Lilium) and also xerophytes (Asparagus, Ruscus, Aloe)are found in this family. Mostly perennial herbs, shrubs or trees are found in some species of Dracaena, Yucca and Aloe. Few are climbers (Gloriosa, Smilax).

2. Root system :
Adventitious root system. In Asparagus, fasciculated tuberous roots are present,

3. Stem :
Mostly perennial underground stems. It may be a bulb (Allium, Lilium, Scilla), rhizome (Gloriosa), or a corm (Colchicum). Gloriosa and Smilax are tendrillar climbers. Cladophylls are present in Ruscus and Asparagus.

4. Leaf :
The leaves are radical (Allium, Lilium) or cauline (Smilax, Gloriosa). Phyllotaxy is usually alternate (Gloriosa) or whorled (Trillium)Simple, petiolate, stipulate exstipulate, parallel venation (exceptionally reticulate in Smilax). Leaves are succulent in Aloe, Yucca and reduced to scales in Asparagus, Ruscus. Stipules in Smilax and leaf apex in Gloriosa are modified into tendrils. Epiphyllous buds present at leaf apex in Scilla.

II. Floral Characters:
1. Inflorescence :
Simple raceme (Asparagus) or panicle (Aloe) or umbel (Allium). Solitary, terminal (Lilium) or Solitary, axillary (Gloriosa).

2. Flower :
Bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinomorphic, complete, bisexual,
homochlamydeous, trimerous, and hypogynous.
A) Perianth :
Tepals 6 in two whorls, polyphyllous (Lilium) or gamophyllous (Aloe), petaloid. Odd tepal of outer whorl is anterior, Valvate aestivation.

B) Androecium :
Stamens 6 in two whorls of 3 each, free or epiphyllous. Anthers are dithecous, introrse, basifixed and dehisce longitudinally.

C) Gynoecium :
Tricarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary is superior and trilocular with several ovules on axile placentation. Style is terminal and stigma is trifid, capitate. The ovary has septal nectaries.

3. Floral formula :

4. Pollination :
Flowers are protandrous (Allium) or protogynous (Colchicum) or Herkogamy (Gloriosa) to prevent self pollination. Cross pollination is by entomophily. Yucca has a symbiotic type of pollination by a specific moth, Pronuba yuccasella.

5. Fruit :
Berry or capsule. Seed is monocotyledonous.

III. Economic Importance :
1. Edible :
Allium cepa (bulb), Asparagus (roots), cloves of Allium sativum as spice.

2. Medicinal plants :
Allium cepa [bulb – bactericidal), Allium sativum (cloves – gastric and heart.)

3. Colchicine :
Colchicum, autumnale [mutagen obtained from corm]

4. Fibre yielding plants :
Leaves of Yucca and Dracaena.

5. Ornamental plants :
Gloriosa, Lilium, Asparagus, Dracaena.

Question 4.
Write the characteristics of plants that are necessary for classification. Describe them in brief.
Answer:
Depending upon flowering plants are divided into Non-flowering plants (cryptogamae) and Flowering plants (phaenerogamae)

Sub kingdom :
Cryptogamae (cryptogams): Cryptogams are flowerless and seedless spore plants. They never bear flowers, fruits and seeds. They reproduce asexually by spores and sexually by gametes.

Basing upon the plant body cryptogams are divided into three divisions.
(a) Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta (c) Pteridophyta.

Division Thallophyta :
These are simplest and most primitive plants. All of them have thallus, which is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
Division Thallophyta is divided into Algae & Fungi.

Sub division Algae :
Algae are green, photoautotrophic and usually aquatic thallophytes.

Sub division Fungi :
Fungi are non-green (achlorophyllous) heterotrophic . thallophytes.

Division Bryophyta :
Bryophytes are green, autotrophic, embryophytic, nonvascular cryptogams. They are first land plants. They are the amphibians of plant kingdom.

Division Pteridophyta :
Pteridophytes are green, autotrophic, embryophytic, vascular plants.

Sub kingdom Phanerogamae (Phanerogams) :
These are called flowering plants. They bear flowers or cones for reproduction. These phanerogams have one division Spermatophyta.

Division Spermatophyta :
There spermatophytes are seed plants without or with fruits. It is divide into two 1. Gymnospermae 2. Angiospermae.

Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms) :
These are seed plants without ovary and fruit. Seeds are naked without fruit wall.

Angiospermae (Angiosperms) :
These are seed plants with ovaries and fruits. The seeds are enclosed in the fruit wall (pericarp). These are fruit bearing flowering plants.

Depending upon the number of cotyledon in the seed angiosperms are divided into Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae.

Class :
Dicotyledonae (Dicot plants) :
Fruit bear seeds with two cotyledons. Tap root system, leaf with reticulate venation, tetra on pentamerous flowers are present.

Class :
Monocotyledonae (Monocot plants):
Fruit bear seeds with one cotyledons; Fibrous root system; leaf with parallel venation; trimerous flowers are present.

Question 5.
Describe a typical flowering plant in the taxonomic perspective.
Answer:
I. Vegetative characters :
1. Habit –

1. Herb / Shrub / Tree
2. annual/biennial / perennial

2. Habitat- Hydrophyte/Mesophyte/Xerophyte

3. Root – Tap root system / Adventitious root system, special character like root modification

4. Stem –

1. Aerial/ underground / sub – aerial
2. Erect / twiner procumbent / prostrate
3. Herbaceous / woody
4. Special characters and modification

5. Leaf –

1. Cauline / ramal / radical
2. Phyllotaxy – Alternate / opposite / circular.
3. Simple / compound leaf
4. Stipulate / exstipulate
5. Leaf base – adnate / pulvinate
6. Petiolate, sessile
7. Reticulate / parallel venation
8. Any special characters or modification.

II. Floral characters:
1. Inflorescence :

1. Axillary/terminal
2. Racemose / cymose / special type
3. Inflorescence type

2. Flower in general

1. Bracteate /Ebracteate
2. Pedicillate / sessile
3. Bracteolate / ebracteolate
4. Actinomorphic / zygomorphic
5. Complete / incomplete
6. Bisexual / unisexual
7. Pentamerous / tetramerous / trimerous
8. Hypogynous / perigynous / epigynous
9. Dichlamydeous /monochlamydeous
10. Heterochlamydeous / homochlamydeous
11. Cyclic / spiral

3. Perianth:
a) Calyx :

1. No. of sepals
2. United (poly) free (gamo)
3. Aestivation – valvate / twisted / intricate
4. Persistent / deciduous
5. Odd sepal – anterior or posterior

b) Corolla :

1. No. of petals
2. United (poly) / free (gamo)
3. Shape : tubular / ligulate / papilionaceous/ funnel shape.
4. Aestivation – valvate / twisted / imbricate

c) Androecium :

1. No. of stamens – definite / indefinite
2. Arrangement – one whorl / two whorls
3. Free / united (monoadelphous / diadelphous / polyadelphous / syngenicious)
4. Length – didynamous / tetradynamous
5. Epiphyllous/ epipetalpus
6. Extrose / introse
7. Fertile / sterile
8. Anthers : dithecous / monothecous
9. Basifixed / dorsifixed versatile.
10. Dehiscence – longitudinal / transverse / porous

Gynoecium :

1. Mono / bi/ tri / tetra / penta / multicarpellary
2. Carpels – United /free
3. Mono / bi/ tri / tetra / penta / multilocular
4. Superior / half superior / inferior ovary
5. Placentation – Axile / central / basal/ marginal
6. Style – terminal / basal / lateral
7. Stigma – capitate / dumbel shaped / bifid

Fruit :

1. Simple / compound / Aggregate
2. Fruit type

Question 6.
Give an account of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants.
Answer:
Bentham and Hooker classification is a natural system of classification. It was published in 3 volumes of Genera Plantarum.

They divided flowering plants into 3 classes – Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae.

Class :
Dicotyledonae :
1. Tap root system 2. Reticulate venation. 3. Flowers tetramerous or pentamerous 4. Seed has two cotyledons Cl. Dicotyledons is divided into 3 sub classes – polypetalae, Gamopetalae and Monochlamydae.

1. Subclass : Polypetalae :
1. Perianth in two whorls.
2. Petals are free.
Sub cl: Polypetalae is divided into 3 series based on the nature of thalamus.

A. Series Thalamiflorae :
Thalamus is elongated, conical or convex.
It has 5 cohorts.

B. Series Disciflorae :
Thalamus is disc shaped.
It has 4 cohorts.

C. Series Calyciflorae :
Thalamus is cup shaped.
It has 5 cohorts.
Family Fabaeceae belongs to order Rosales.

2. Subclass : Gamopetalae :
1. Perianth in two whorls
2. Petals are united.
3. Stamens are epipetalous.

S. Class :
Gamopetalae is divided into 3 series based on the nature of ovary and merosity of flower

A. Series Inferae :
Ovary is inferior.
It includes 3 cohorts.

B. Series Heteromerae :
Ovary is superior.
Carpels are more than two.
It has 3 cohorts.

C. Series Bicarpellatae :
Ovary is superior.
No. of carpels are two.
It has 4 cohorts.
Family Solanaceae belongs to order Polemoniales.

3. Subclass :
Monochlamydeae :
Perianth is not divisible into calyx and corolla. It has 8 series. No cohorts. Families are directly under series.

Class: Gymnospermae :
Seeds are naked. It is divided into 3 families – Cycadaceae, Coniferae & Gnetaceae.

Class : Monocotyledonae :
1. Adventitious root system, 2. Parallel venation, 3. Trimerous flowers and 4. Seed has one cotyledon. It has 7 series. No cohorts. Families are placed directly under the series.

Thus flowering plants are grouped into 202 natural orders now called as families. Of these 165 natural orders belong to Dicotyledonae. 3 to Gymnosperms and 34 belong to Monocotyledonae.

Question 7.
What is taxonomy? Give a brief account of different types of plant classification.
Answer:
Classification of plants into groups based on their similarities and their relationships is called Taxonomy. It deals with characterization, identification, nomenclature and classification.

On the basis of criteria taken into account, classification systems are 3 types. They are
1. Artificial system of classification :
It is based on one or few comparable characters like morphology or natural habits.
Eg: 1: Classification of plants on the basis of form into herbs, shrubs, trees etc., was done by Theophrastus.
Eg: 2 : Sexual system of Linnaeus.

2. Natural system of classification :
Plants are grouped on the basis of their natural relationship taking into consideration all possible morphological characteristics.
Eg : Classification of de Candolle
Bentham and Hooker system

3. Phylogenetic system of classification :
These systems are proposed after the publication of “Origin of species” and the announcement of the “theory of evolution” by Charles Darwin. Hence they are also called post-Darwinism classifications. They reflect the genetic and evolutionary relationships among the taxa and show them in the form of a phylogenetic tree. Ex : Classification of Engler and Prantl in their “Die Naturlichen Plazenfamilien”. J. Hutchinson in his book “Families of Flowering Plants”. Latest phylogenetic classification is APG (Angiospermic Phylogenetic Group) system.

Other Types:
4. Numerical Taxonomy :
Uses mathematical methods to evaluate observable differences and similarities between taxonomic groups. Numerical taxonomy which is now easily carried out using computers is based on all observable characteristics.

5. Cytotaxonomy :
A branch of taxonomy that uses cytological characters like chromosome number, and structure in solving taxonomic problems.

6. Chemotaxonomy :
A branch of taxonomy that uses phytochemical data to solve the problems of taxonomy.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the component cells of the “egg apparatus” in an embryo sac.
Answer:

1. Three cells grouped together at the micropylar end of an embryosac are called egg apparatus.
2. It consists of an egg cell and two synergids on either side of it.

Question 2.
Name the part of gynoecium that determines the compatible nature of pollen grain.
Answer:
Stigma of gynoecium determines the compatibility of pollen grains and promotes post pollination events that lead to fertilization.

Question 3.
Name the common functions that cotyledons and nucellus perform.
Answer:

1. Both are nutritive in function and stores food materials.
2. Cotyledons in seed provide nourishment for embryo, while nucellus of ovule nourishment for embryosac.

Question 4.
Name the parts of pistil which develop into fruit and seeds.
Answer:

1. Ovary of pistil develops into fruit after fertilization.
2. Ovules in the ovary of pistil transforms into seed during post-fertilization events.

Question 5.
In case of polyembryoxy, if an embryo develops from the synergid and another from the nucellus which is haploid and which is diploid?
Answer:

1. Synergid is a haploid cell present in embryo sac, so it gives haploid (n) embryo.
2. Nucellus is diploid tissue in ovule. So it produces diploid (2n) embryo.

Question 6.
Can an unfertilized, apomictic embryo sac give rise to a diploid embryo? If yes, then how?
Answer:

1. Apomixis is an asexual reproduction that mimics sexual process.
2. In some grasses and Asteraceae members, the diploid egg cell formed without reduction division develops into an embryo without fertilization.

Question 7.
Which are the three cells found in a pollen grain when it is shed at the three celled stage ?
Answer:

1. In about 40% of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at 3 – celled stage.
2. In that pollen grain one vegetative cell and two male gametes (formed by mitiotic division in generative cell) are present.

Question 8.
What is self incompatibility?
Answer:

1. Self incompatibility (self.sterility) is a genetic mechanism that prevents self pollen from fertilizing the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the pistil. E.g : Abutilon.
2. This is a mechanism to promote cross pollination and to avoid self fertilization.

Question 9.
Name the type of pollination in self-incompatible plants.
Answer:
Gross pollination.

Question 10.
Draw a diagram of a mature embryo sac and show its 8 – nucleate, 7-celled nature. Show the following parts : antipodals, synergids, egg, central cell, polar nuclei.
Answer:

Question 11.
Which is the triploid tissue in a fertilized ovule? How is the triploid condition achieved?
Answer:

1. Endosperm.
2. One of two male gamete released from pollen tube unites with secondary nucleus (formed by the union of two polar nuclei) to from triploid endosperm.

Question 12.
Are pollination and fertilisation necessary in apomixis? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. No, Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction seen in some species of
   Asteraceae and grasses. In those plants diploid egg cell is formed without – reduction division and develops into embryo without fertilization.
2. In many citrus and mango varieties, the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryosac and develop into the embryos.

Question 13.
How is pollination carried out in water plants?
Answer:
1) Epihydrophily :
Pollen grains reach the stigma of female flowers passively by water currents at the surface of water E.g: Vallisnaria.

2) Hypodrophily :
Pollen grains released inside the water reach the stigma of female flowers submerged in water, pollination occurs under water. E.g : Zoostera.

Question 14.
What is the function of the two male gametes produced by each pollen grain in angiosperms?
Answer:

1. One of the two male gametes released from pollen tube unites with egg cell to form zygote (2x).
2. Second male gamete released from the pollen tube unites with secondary nucleus to form endosperm (3x).

Question 15.
Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophyte take place.
Answer:

1. Male gametophyte develops in the pollen grain that are formed in anthers of androecium.
2. Female gametophyte (embryosac) develops in nucellus of ovules formed in gynoecium (carpels).

Question 16.
What is meant by monosporic development of female gametophyte?
Answer:

1. Monosporic development : Embryo sac develops from a single functional megaspore.
2. Monosporic embryosac is 8 nucleate and 7 celled.

Question 17.
Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
Answer:
1. Dicliny :
Male and Female flowers : (unisexual flowers) are formed on same plant (Maize-monoecious) or on different plants (papaya-dioecious).

2. Heterostyly :
Styles in flowers of the same species are in different heights (Eg: Primula)

Question 18.
Why do you think the zygote is dormant for some time in a fertilized ovule?
Answer:

1. Zygote divides after formation of certain amount of endosperm (nutritive tissue) from PEN is formed.
2. This is an adaptation to provide assured nutrition to the developing embryo.

Question 19.
If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce?
Answer:

1. Parthenocarpy refers to the fruit production without fertilization of the ovary. This phenomenon is used for commercial production of seedless fruits.
2. Fleshy fruits (Grapes, Banana) in which seeds are not edible, can be selected for induction of parthenocarpy.

Question 20.
Explain the role of tapetum in the formations of pollen grain wall.
Answer:

1. Tapetum is the inner most layer in anther wall. It nourishes the developing pollen grains.
2. Tapetal cells secrete sporopollenin, a constituent in hard outer layer, (escine) . of pollen grain. Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures, strong acids and alkali.

Question 21.
What is meant by scutellum? In which type of seeds is it present?
Answer:

1. Cotyledon of monocots (Grass family) is called scutellum.
2. In grass family, scutellum is situated towards one side (lateral) of the embryonal axis.

Question 22.
Define with examples endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.
Answer:

1. Mature seeds of castor and coconut that consists of nutritive tissue for embryo (endosperm) are called endospermic seeds.
2. In seeds of pea, groundnut, beans etc., endosperm may either be completely consumed by the developing embryo, before seed maturation, so they are called non-endospermic seeds.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List three strategies that a bisexual chasmogamous flower can evolve to prevent self pollination (autogamy).
Answer:
The three strategies that a bisexual chasmogamous flower can prevent self pollination are
1. Dichogamy :
Androecium and gynoecium of a bisexual flower mature at different times. This mechanism promote cross pollination by preventing self pollination in bisexual flowers. It is of 2 types.

a) Protandry :
Androecium matures earlier than gynoecium. The entire pollen fall off from the stamens, by the time gynoecium matures.
E.g: Helianthus, Gossypium.

b) Protogyny :
Gynoecium matures earlier than androecium. Thus, by the time the gynoecium matures, the stamens remain in immature condition.
E.g: Solanum, Scrophularia.

2. Herkogamy :
The arrangement of male and female reproductive organs at different levels in a bisexual flower. This contrivancy prevents self pollination, though both the reproductive organs mature at the same time.
E.g : (a) Stigmas project beyond stamens in Hibiscus, (b) Stigmas bend in opposite direction to stamens in Gloriosa superba.

3. Self sterility :
In some bisexual flowers, the pollen grains fail to germinate on the stigma of the same flower. But the same pollen grains germinate, when they fall on the stigma of other flowers of the same species.
E.g: Abutilon, Passiflora

Question 2.
Given below are the events that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme. Arrange them in the correct sequential order in which they are followed in the hybridization programme.
a) Rebagging b) Selection of parents c) Bagging d) Dusting the pollen on stigma e) Emasculation f) Collection of pollen from male.
Answer:
i) Selection of parents.
ii) Emasculation
iii) Bagging
iv) Collection of pollen from male
v) Dusting the pollen on stigma
vi) Rebagging

Question 3.
Vivipary automatically limits the number of offsprings in a litter. How?
Answer:

1. The plants which grow in Marshy places are called Mangrooves.
2. These plants show Vivipary.
3. Vivipary seeds germinate while they are still attached to the mother plant.
4. Seeds when fall on Marshy places can not germinate because of high salinity and more water conditions. In these plants, seeds germinate when they are in mother plant.

So Vivipary automatically limits the number of offsprings in a litter.

Question 4.
Does self incompatibility impose any restrictions on autogamy? Give reasons and suggest the method of pollination in such plants.
Answer:

1. Yes, self incompatibility impose restrictions on autogamy.
2. The reason is this is a genetic mechanism. When the pollen grain falls on the stigma of the same flower it will not germinate. But when the same pollen grain falls on other flower it will germinate.
3. The method of pollination in such plants will be only cross-pollination.

Question 5.
What is polyembryony and how can it be commercially exploited?
Answer:

1. Development of more than one embryo in the same seed is called polyembryony.
2. It is helpful in developing new varieties such as citrus and mango.
3. The plantlets obtained from these embryos are virus free and has more vigour.
4. Nucellar polyembryony is of great significance in horticulture. These embryos provide uniform seedlings of the parent type as obtained through vegetative propagation.

Question 6.
Are parthenocarpy and apomixis different phenomena? Discuss their benefits.
Answer:
Yes, parthenocarpy and apomixis are different phenomena.

Parthenocarpy :
The fruit production without fertilization of the ovary is called parthenocarpy. This phenomenon is applied for the commercial production of seedless fruits. E.g.: Banana, Grapes. This is more useful to juice industries.

Apomixis :
The seed production without fertilization is called apomixis. Production of hybrid seeds is costly and hence the cost of hybrid seeds becomes too expensive for the farmers. If these hybrids are made into apomicts, there is no segregation of characters in the hybrid progeny. Then the farmer can keep on using the hybrid seeds to raise crop year after year and he does not have to buy hybrid seeds every year.

Question 7.
Why does the zygote begin to divide only after the division of Primary endosperm cell (PEC)?
Answer:

1. Primary endosperm cell (PEC) divides repeatedly to form endosperm.
2. Endosperm is nutritive tissue.
3. Zygote divides only after certain amount of endosperm is formed.
4. This is an adaptation to provide assured nutrition to the developing embryo.

Question 8.
The generative cell of two-celled pollen divides in the pollen tube but not in a three-celled pollen. Give reasons.
Answer:
In over 60 per cent of angiosperms, the pollen grains are shed at two celled stage. They are vegetative cell and generative cell. After pollination, during germination, in the pollen tube the generative cell divides to give rise to two male gametes.

In the remaining 40 per cent of angiosperms, the pollen grains are shed at three celled stage. The reason is the generative cell divides to give rise to two male gametes before pollination.

Question 9.
Discuss various types of pollen tube entry into ovary with the help of diagrams.
Answer:
Entry of pollen tube into the ovule : It is of 3 types.

1. Porogamy :
The pollen tube enters into the ovule through the micropyle. It is the most common type in many plants. E.g : Ottelia, Hibiscus

2. Chalazogamy :
The pollen tube enters into the ovule through chalaza. It was discovered by Treub in Casuarina.

3. Mesogamy :
The pollen tube enters the ovule through funiculus or integuments. E.g: Cucurbita

Question 10.
Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Which type of cell division occurs during these events? Name the structures formed at the end of these two events.
Answer:

1. Microsporogenesis is a process in which diploid microspore mother cells divide meiotically to form microspores.
2. Megasporogenesis is a process in which diploid megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form megaspores.
3. Meiosis occurs during these events.
4. Microspores and megaspores are formed at the end of these two events.

Question 11.
What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?
Answer:
Emasculated flowers are covered with a bag of suitable size. Generally made up of butter paper. This is called bagging. This is useful to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen.

Question 12.
What is triple fusion? Where and how does it take place? Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.
Answer:

1. The second male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus (formed by the fusion of two polar nuclei) of the embryo sac. This results in the formation of a triploid Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). As this invovles the fusion of three haploid nuclei, it is termed triple fusion.
2. Triple fusion occurs within the female gametophyte (embryo sac) of ovules.
3. Nuclei involved in triple fusion are two polar nuclei of central cell and nuclei of male gamete.

Question 13.
Differentiate between
a) Hypocotyl and Epicotyl
b) Coleoptile and Coleorhiza
c) Integument and Testa
d) Perisperm and Pericarp
Answer:

Question 14.
What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?
Answer:
Removal of anthers from the bisexual flower bud before the anther dehisces is called emasculation. It is done by forceps during bud condition. This prevents contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen.

Question 15.
What is apomixis? What is its importance?
Answer:

1. Production of seeds without fertilisation is called apomixis. It is a form of asexual reproduction.
2. Apomixis do not involve Meiosis. Hence seggregation and recombination of chromosomes do not occur. Thus Apomixis help in preserving desirable characters for indefinite periods.
3. Production for hybrid is costly. If these hybrids are made into apomixis, then the farmer can raise new crop year after year and he does not have to buy hybrid seeds every year.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Starting with the zygote, draw the diagrams of the different stages of embryo development in a dicot.
Answer:

Question 2.
What are the possible types of pollinations in chasmogamous flowers? Give reasons.
Answer:
The flowers which open are called chasmogamous flowers. In these flowers self pollination or cross pollination may take place.

Self pollination –
The transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of same flower is called self pollination. The reason is the male reproductive organ (stamen) and female reproductive organs (carpels) mature at the same time. They lie side by side. This assures self pollination.

Cross pollination :
The transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of another flower is called cross pollination. It is 2 types.

i) Geitonogamy :
Cross pollination between two flowers of same plant is called geitonogamy. In this, there is no genetic variation, eg: Coeds nucifera (coconut)

ii) Xenogamy :
Cross pollination between two flowers of different plants belonging to the same species is called xenogamy. Eg : Borassus.

Continued self pollination results in inbreeding depression. So flowering plants have developed many devices or adoptations or contrivances to discourage self – pollination and encourage cross pollination.

Question 3.
With a neat, labeled diagram, describe the parts of a mature angiosperm embryo sac. Mention the role of synergids. [March 2019, ’17, ’14, May ’17]
Answer:

In angiosperms female gametophyte is called embryo sac. Embryo sac consists of three parts i.e. Egg apparatus, Antipodals and Central cell.

Egg Apparatus :
The three cells towards the anterior side are together called Egg apparatus. The middle big cell is called egg cell which acts as a female gamete. The two cells present on either side of the egg cell are called synergids.

Role of Synergids :
Synergids contain finger like projections called filiform apparatus, which help in absorption and conduction of food materials from nucleus into the embryo sac. They also help in directing the movement of pollen tube towards the embryo sac.

Antipodals :
The three cells present towards posterior side are called antipodals.

Central cell :
Central cell is the largest cell with central vacuole and two polar nuclei.

Question 4.
Draw the diagram of a microsporangium and label its wall layers. Write briefly about the well layers. [Mar. – 2020. 2018, May ’14]
Answer:

Anther wall consists of

1. One cell thick outer protective layer, epidermis. The thin walled epidermal cells between two pollen sacs constitute stomium, which is useful for the dehiscence of pollen sacs.
2. Endothecium, a layer of radially expanded cells present below the epidermis. These cells have hygroscopic fibrous thickenings of cellulose and help in the dehiscence of pollen sac.
3. Middle layers present below the endothecium consists of 1 – 5 layers of thin walled cells.
4. Tapetum is the innermost nutritive layer of anther wall, which encircles the sporogenous tissue. The cells in this layer are large, thin walled, bi – or multinucleate and nourish the developing sporogenous tissue.

Question 5.
Embryo sacs of some apomictic species appear normal but contain diploid cells. Suggest a suitable explanation for the condition.
Answer:

1. Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction.
2. In this method seeds are produced without fertilization.
3. A few flowering plants such as some species of asteraceae and grasses have evolved a special mechanism to produce seeds through apomixis.
4. In some species, the diploid egg cells is formed without reduction division. It develops into the embryo without fertilization.
5. Apomictic method is an assured reproduction in the absence of pollinators, such as in extreme environments.
6. Seeds produced by apomixis can be called as clones, because they are resulted from mitotic cell divisions and resemble the parent and also one another in all characters.
7. In many citrus and mango varieties, some of the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protruds into the embryo sac and develop into the embryos. In such species each ovule contains many embryos. Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is referred to as polyembryony.
8. Hybrid varieties of several of our food and vegetable crops are being extensively cultivated. This led to tremendous increase in productivity. But hybrid seeds are to produced every year, the progeny from hybridization may segregate and do not maintain characters. If the hybrids are made into apomictics, the farmer does not have to buy hybrid seeds every year.
9. Because of the importance of apomixis in hybrid seed in dusty, active research is going on in many laboratories around the world to understand the genetics of apomixis and to transfer apomictic gene into hybrid varieties.

Question 6.
Describe the process of fertilisation in angiosperms.
Answer:
Fertilization :

1. The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization.
2. In angiosperms, female gamete is an egg cell and is present in embryo sac (female gametophyte).
3. Embryo sac is embedded in the ovule which is present inside the ovary of gynoecium.
4. Male gametophyte (pollen grain) produced in the anther reaches the stigma by pollination at 2 – celled stage.
5. It germinates on the stigma and produces pollen tube, which grows into the style and reaches the ovule.
6. In the pollen tube generative cell divides and produces two male gametes.

I. Entry of pollen tube into the ovule: It is of three types.
1. Porogamy :
The pollen tube enters into the ovule through the micropyle. It is the most common type in many plants. E.g: Ottelia, Hibiscus.

2. Chalazogamy :
The pollen tube enters into the ovule through chalaza. It was discovered by Treub in Casuarina.

3. Mesogamy :
The pollen tube enters the ovule through funiculus or integuments. E.g: Cucurbita.

II. Entry of pollen tube into Embryo sac:
After the entry of pollen tube into the ovule, it enters into the embryo sac only through the micropylar region, either passing in between egg cell and , synergid or penetrating through synergid cell. The entry of pollen is directed by filiform apparatus.

III. Discharge of male gametes (sperms)into embryo sac :
The male gametes are released into the embryo sac by (a) bursting of pollen tube tip or f b) degeneration of the tip or (c) by the formation of an apical pore. The pollen tube finally releases the intact male gametes (cells) and vegetative nucleus.

IV. Gametic fusion :
According to many scientists, only the nuclei of male gametes migate out of them. But recent evidences suggest that the male cytoplasm is also involved in fertilization.

V. Triple fusion and Double Fertilization :
Syngamy :
One (first) of the sperm fuses with the egg cell and forms a diploid zygote. This fusion is called Syngamy or fertilization and was first discovered by Strasburger (1884). This is also called True or real fertilization.

Triple fusion :
The second sperm nucleus fuses with the secondary nucleus (formed by the fusion of two polar nuclei) of the embryo sac. This results in the formation of a tripioid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). Hence it is called Triple fusion. It was discovered by Nawaschin in Lilium and Fritillaria. This is also called vegetative fertilization.

Double Fertilization :
In angiosperms, two male gametes released from the pollen tube take part in two fertilizations (Syngamy and Triple fusion). So, this phenomenon is called Double Fertilization.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 6th Lesson Modes of Reproduction Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 6th Lesson Modes of Reproduction

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of an angiosperm?
Answer:

1. Multicellular diploid sporophytic stage is the dominant phase in the life cycle of an angiosperm.
2. Sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis and a few called gametophytes.

Question 2.
What is meant by heterospory? Mention the two types of spores developed in an angiospermic plant?
Answer:

1. Heterospory : A condition in which a plant produces two types of spores.
2. They are microspores (Pollen grains) and megaspores (embryosac mother cells).

Question 3.
Mention the modes of reproductive in Algae and Fungi.
Answer:

1. Algae (Chlamydomonas) reproduce asexually by motile zoospores, vegetatively by fragmentation and sexually by motile gametes.
2. Fungi (Rhizopus) reproduce asexually by non-motile spores and conidia, vegetatively by fragmentation and sexually by gametes.

Question 4.
How do Liverworts reproduce vegetatively?
Answer:

1. Liverworts reproduce vegetatively by specialised structure called gemmae.
2. They also show vegetative reproduction via. fragmentation.

Question 5.
Mention any two characteristics of bacteria and yeast that enable them to reproduce asexually.
Answer:

1. Both bacteria and yeast are single celled organisms, in which cell division itself is asexual reproduction.
2. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, while yeast reproduce by budding.

Question 6.
Why do we refer to offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction as clones?
Answer:

1. Offspring formed by asexual vegetative method and that do not involve two parents are called clones.
2. Clones of a plant are morphologically and genetically identical.

Question 7.
Between an annual and a perennial plant, which one has a shorter juvenile phase ? Give one reason.
Answer:

1. Annual plant has a shorter juvenile or vegetative phase.
2. Annuals like maize, wheat and rice have vegetative phase less than a year and that ends after flowering.

Question 8.
Rearrange the following events of sexual reproduction in the sequence in which they occur in a flowering plant: embryogenesis, fertilisation, gametogenesis, pollination.
Answer:
Pollination Gametogenesis Fertilisation Embryogenesis.

Question 9.
Is there a relationship between the size of an organism and its life span?
Answer:

1. There is no absolute relationship between life span and size of an organism.
2. Osmunda (Royal fern), a herbaceous plant lives for 100 + years. In general, plants that complete the life cycle (Wolffia) in short time are smaller as compared to plants, with long life span.

Question 10.
Give reasons as to why cell division can or cannot be a type of reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Answer:

1. In muiiicelluiar organisms, often cell division (mitosis) leads to growth .
2. But cell division (meiosis) in sex organs is responsible for reproduction via gamete formation.

Question 11.
Which of the following are monoecious and dioecious organisms?
a) Date palm b) Coconut c) Chara d) Marchantia
Answer:
a) Date palm – Dioecious
b) Coconut – Monoecious
c) Chara – Monoecious
d) Marchantia – Dioecious

Question 12.
Match the following given in column A with the vegetative propagules given in column B.

Answer:
i) c ii) f iii) b iv) a v) d vi) e

Question 13.
What do the following parts of a flower develop into after fertilisation?
a) Ovary b) Stamens c) Ovules d) Calyx
Answer:
a) Ovary – fruit
b) Stamens – drops away
c) Ovule – seed
d) Calyx – withers away or drops away

Question 14.
Define vivipary with an example.
Answer:

1. Vivipary of germination of seeds inside the fruit while still attached to the parent plant.
2. In mangrove plants like Rhizophore, it is a strategy to lower the environmental stess and ensuring successful establishment of plantlet.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In haploid organisms that undergo sexual reproduction. Name the stage in the life cycle where meiosis occurs. Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

1. Heploid organisms like chlamydomonas, chara etc., produce gametes (naploid) by mitotic division that fuse to form diploid zygote.
2. In any haploid organism meiosis occurs after fertilization, in diploid cell.
3. Meiotic division is meant for conservation of specific chromosome number of each species.
4. In Fungi, Algae and Bryophytes having haploid plant body and haplontic life cycle meiosis occurs in zygote to restore the haploid chromosome number and to continue the life cycle.

Question 2.
The number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in higher plants (angiosperms) when compared to the lower groups of plants. Analyse the possible reasons to this situation.
Answer:

1. In multicellular or colonial forms of algae, moulds and mushrooms vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is prime method of reproduction,
2. Few taxa of angiosperms produce negetative propagules like runness, stolons, suckers etc., and most of species shifted to sexual reproduction.
3. Vegetative reproduction does not involve two parents, formation of gametes and fertilization.
4. Even the algae and fungi shift to sexual method of reproduction just before the onset of adverse conditions. In general, zygote formed by sexual reproduction is thick walled, resistant to dessication and damage.
5. Further sexual reproduction brings about genetic recombination and variation. So, angiospermings have sexual mode of reproduction predominantly.

Question 3.
Is it possible to consider vegetative propagation’observed in plants like Bryophyllum, water hyacinth and ginger as a type of asexual reproduction? Give two / three reasons.
Answer:
a) Yes, reproductive leaves in Bryophyllurrt, offsets in water hyacinth and rhizome in ginger are vegetative propagules.

In asexual reproduction, a single individual (parent) is capable of producing offspring. Hence, the offspring produced are identical to each other and are also exact copies (clones) of their parent.

b) In production of vegetative propagules, there is no involvement of two parents, formation of gamete and fertilization.

Question 4.
“Fertilisation is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
In some plants parthenocarpy is observed. Parthenocarpy means development of fruits without fertilisation. They are seedless. The development of an embryo from unfertilised egg cell is known as parthenogenesis. It is a form of asexual reproduction. Hence fertilisation is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants. Eg : Guava, pineapple etc.

Question 5.
List the changes observed in angiosperm flower subsequent to pollination and fertilisation. [Mar. ’17 – A.P. : Mar. ’14, ’13]
Answer:
Changes taking place in the angiospermic flower after fertilization are called post-fertilization changes.

1. Sepals, petals, stamens, styles and stigma fall off.
2. After fertilization ovary develops into fruit. It stores food materials.
3. Fertilized ovules develop into seeds.
4. Zygote changes into – Embryo
5. Synergids & Antipodals – Degenerate
6. Primary endosperm nucleus forms – Endosperm

Question 6.
Suggest a possible explanation why the seeds in pea pod are arranged in a row, whereas those in tomato are scattered in the juicy pulp.
Answer:

1. Seeds develop from ovules after post-fertilization changes, while dry transforms into fruit.
2. In pea plant, there is marginal placentation. Ovules are borne on a ridge (placenta) along the yentral suture of the ovary. Hence, seeds are present in row in pea pod.
3. In tomato, pariental placentation is present, the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part. So seeds are scattered in juicy pulp formed from mesocarp and endocarp.

Question 7.
Justify the statement ‘Vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction’. [May ’17]
Answer:

1. Reproduction not involving the fusion of male and female gametes is called asexual reproduction.
2. In Algae, moulds and mushrooms, the plant body break into smaller portions (fragmentation) and each fragment thing is formed and develops into a mature plant. Gemmae of liver worts are also vegetative reproductive structures.
3. In flowering plants runner, stolon, sucker, offset rhizome, corm, tuber, bulb, bulbil, reproductive leaves are also vegetative propagules.
4. In vegetative reproduction, there is no involvement of two parents, male and female gametes are not formed and are not fused. Offspring produced vegetatively by a plant are identical to one another and are exact copies (clones) of their parent.
5. Hence, vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction.

Question 8.
Define (a) Juvenile phase. (b) Reproductive phase. [Mar. – 2020]
Answer:
(a) Juvenile Phase :
All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in their life before they can reproduce sexually. This stage is known as Juvenile phase or Vegetative phase.

(b) Reproductive phase :
The end of juvenile phase is the beginning of reproductive phase. It can be seen easily in the higher plants when they come to flower.

Question 9.
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction also considered as a type of asexual reproduction? [Mar. 15 – T.S.]
Answer:

1. When an offspring is produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation it is called asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex.
3. Vegetative reproduction does not involve two parents, hence it is also considered as a type of asexual reproduction.

Question 10.
Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (n) or diploid (2n). [Mar. – 2018]
(a) Ovary _____ (b) Anther _____ (c) Egg _____ (d) Pollen _____ (e) Male gamete _____ (f) Zygote _____
Answer:
a) Ovary – Diploid (2n)
b) Anther – Diploid (2n)
c) Egg – Haploid (n)
d) Pollen – Haploid (n)
e) Male gamete – Haploid (n)
f) Zygote – Diploid (2n)

Question 11.
Give a brief account on the phases of the life cycle of an angidsperm plant.
Answer:

1. The life cycle of an angiospermic plant has two alternating phases namely the sporophytic and gametophytic phases.
2. In angiosperms the plant body belongs to diploid (2n) sporophytic phase. This dominant phase of life cycle bears reproductive organs (flowers).
3. The haploid (n) gametophytic phase of angiospermic plant is dervied from microspores (n) and megaspores (n).
4. Microspores (pollen grains) are the meiotic products of microspore mother cells that develop in an anther.
5. Megaspores are the meiotic products of megaspore mother cell that develop from the nucellus of the ovule.
6. Micro and megaspores produce male and female gametophytes respectively.
7. Male and female gametes formed respectively from male and female gametophytes are fused to form diploid (2n) zygote.
8. Zygote after undergoing repeated mitotic divisions produce embryo in the seed.
9. The embryo (2n) develops into a sporophytic plant during seed germination.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Enumerate the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Describe the types of asexual reproduction exhibited by unicellular organisms.
Answer:
Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction :

Asexual reproduction by unicellular organisms :
It is by binary fission, budding and spore formation.

Binary fission :
Many unicellular organisms reproduce by binary fission. In this the parent cell divides into two equal halves and each one grows into new individuals. Eg : Euglena, bacteria etc. It is common in Protista and Monera.

Budding :
In yeast, asexual reproduction is done by budding. Small buds are produced that remain attached initially to the parent cell which eventually get separated and grows into new individual.

Spore :
In unicellular algae like Chlamydomonas asexual reproduction is done by spores. These spores are motile, hence called zoospores.

Question 2.
Although sexual reproduction is Song drawn, energy intensive complex forms of reproduction, many groups of organisms in kingdom plantae prefer this mode of reproduction. Give atleast three reasons for this.
Answer:

1. Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex. These gametes fuse to form the zygote which develops to forms the new organism.
2. It is an elaborate, complex and slow process as compared to asexual reproduction.
3. Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are not identical to the parents or amongst themselves due to fusion of male and female gametes.
4. Sexual reproduction follow a regular sequence, and is characterized by the fusion (or fertilization) of the male and female gametes, the formation of zygote and embryogenesis. These sequential events may be grouped into 3 distinct stages namely, the pre-fertilization, fertilization and post-fertilization events.

A) Pre-fertilization events:
These include two events namely gametogenesis and gamete transfer that occur prior to the fusion of gametes. Gametogenesis refers to formation of two types (male and female) of gametes (haploid cells).

i) In some algae (eg. Cladophore) the two types of gametes may be so similar in appearance (isogametes) or may be two morphologidly distinct types (heterogametes) as in majority of sexually reproducing organisms. In plants that produce heterogametes (i.e., Runaria, Pteris and Cycas), the male gamete is called the antherozoid or sperm and the female gamete is called the egg.

ii) In some cases male and female gametes may be produced by same plant (bisexual), that has both male and female reproductive structures. In some other cases the male and female reproductive structures develop of two different plants of same species (unisexual). Bisexual condition can be denoted by terms such as homothallic (Fungi) and monoecious (plants). Similarly unisexual condition is described as heterothallic (Fungi) and dioecious (plants).

iii) In flowering plants, unisexual male flower being only stamen is called staminate and female flower bearing only pistils is called pistillate. In that case both male and female flowers may he present on same plant (monoecious cucurbits) or on two separate plants (dioecious – papaya and date palm).

iv) Organisms belonging to monera, fungi, algae and bryophytes have haploid plant body, they produce gametes by mitotic division. Whereas ptesido- phytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms having diploid plant body produce gametes through meiosis in meiocytes (gamete mother cells).

v) After the formation, male and female gametes must be physically brought together to facilitate fusion (fertilization). In majority of organisms (with exception of few fungi and algae), male gamete is motile and female gamete is stationary. In algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes water is the medium through which gamete transfer takes place.

vi) In seed plants pollen grains are the carriers of male gametes and ovule has the egg. in bisexual and self pollinating plants (Eg. Pea) pollen grains produced from anthers are transferred to stigma of same flower. But in cross pollinating plants (including dioecious) pollen from a flower reaches stigma of another flower).

vii) Pollen grains germinate on the stigma and pollen tubes carying the male gametes reach the ovule and discharge male gametes near the egg.

B) Fertilization :
It is the process of fusion of gametes and it is the most vital event of sexual reproduction. This process is also called as syngamy and result in the formation of a diploid zygote.
i) In majority of algae, syngamy occurs in the external medium (water) and is called external fertilization. But in many fungi and majority of plants (Bryophytes; Ptesidophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) syngamy (internal fertilization) occurs inside the body of the organism.

C) Post-fertilizaton events :
Events that occur after the formation of zygote are called as post-fertilization events. The diploid zygote is formed in all sexually reproducing organisms.

1. In fungi and algae with haplontic life cycle zygote develops a thick wall that is resistant to desication and damage, undergoes a period of rest before germination. In those organisms zygote divides by meiosis immediately after keryogamy to form haploid spores that grow into haploid individuals.
2. Zygote is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and the next.
3. Every sexually reproducing organisms begins life as a single called zygote.
4. Embryogenesis refers to the process of development of embryo from the zygote.
5. During embryogenesis, zygote undergoes cell divisions (mitosis) and cell differention (formation of tissues and organs) to form an organism.
6. In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the ovule, which transforms into seed. In angiosperms, seeds are present inside the fruit that formed from ovary.

Significance of sexual reproduction :

1. Sexual reproduction enables the organisms to survive during unfavourable con¬ditions by producing resistant structures (thick walled zygote, seeds), So, even Algae and Fungi that have predominance of asexual/vegetative reproduction in life cycle shift to sexual process just before the onset of adverse conditions.
2. Sexual reproduction involves fusion of gametes from two parents of opposite sex and hence responsible for genetic variation in offspring.
3. Seeds are useful to surpass unfavourable conditions. In viviporous Mangroves seeds germinate on mother plant itself. This is a strategy to lower the environmental stress and ensuring successful establishment of plant let.

Question 3.
Describe the post-fertilisation changes in a flower. [Mar. ’17 – A.P]
Answer:
Changes taking place in the angiospermic flower after fertilization are called post-fertilization changes.

1. Sepals, petals, stamens, styles and stigma fall off.
2. In some members of Solanaceae, calyx remains persistent even after fertilisation and grows along with the fruit. In Asteraceae, persistent calyx, pappus helps in the fruits dispersal.
3. After fertilization ovary develops into fruit. It stores food materials.
4. Fertilized ovules develop into seeds.
5. Part of ovule – Changes occurring after fertilization
   Funiculus – Stalk of the seed
   Outer integument – Testa (outer seed coat)
   Inner integument – Tegmen (inner seed coat)
   Micropyle – Seed pore
   Zygote – Embryo
   Synergids – Degenerate
   Antipodals – Degenerate
   Primary endosperm nucleus – Endosperm
   Scar of the ovule – Hilum (scar of the seed)

6) Endosperm is nutritive tissue useful for developing embryos. It is triploid in angiosperms and formed after fertilization.

Intext Question Answers

Question 1.
Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Answer:
To ensure the continuity of species reproduction is essential. Reproduction will

1. replace those species that die and
2. allow an increase in total numbers of the species under suitable conditions.

Question 2.
Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or asexual? Why?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is the better mode of reproduction. It brings in diversity of characters in the new generation. It may give a better chance to adjust or adopt to changing environmental conditions, to tolerate diseases, to spread to new areas, to increase their population.

Question 3.
Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?
Answer:
Offsprings formed by asexual method do not involve two parents. They are not only identical to one another but are also exact copies of their parent. Hence they are called clones.

Question 4.
How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?
Answer:
The progeny formed from asexual reproduction are genetically identical whereas those formed by sexual reproduction shows genetic variability.

Question 5.
What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
Answer:
When the body breaks or gets separated into smaller portions, each fragment can develop into individual body. Eg: Algae, mould, mushrooms, ginger, turmeric, etc.

Question 6.
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?
Answer:

1. In sexual reproduction variants are found in the offspring and their survival rate was enhanced.
2. It gives better chance to adjust to changing environment.

Question 7.
Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked.
Answer:
Gametes are formed from meiocytes only after meiosis. This is called gametogenesis. Thus meiosis leads to the formation of gametes.

Question 8.
Define external fertilisation. Mention its disadvantages.
Answer:
In most aquatic organisms, such as algae, syngamy occurs in the external medium i. e., outside the body of the organism. This type of gametic fusion is called external fertilisation. Its disadvantage is they have to release a large number of gametes into the surrounding water in order to enhance the chances of syngamy.

Question 9.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:
Zoospore is.a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion, also called a swarmspore, these spores are created by some algae, bacteria and fungi to propagate themselves.

Zygote is diploid, formed during sexual reproduction, by the fusion of male and female gametes.

Activity

Question 10.
Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you know any other plant that ears unisexual flowers?
Answer:
Cucurbit plant show unisexual flowers. It bears only stamens in male flowers and only carpels in female flowers.

In coconut, male and female flowers are present on the same plant.

In Borasus, male flowers are present in male plant and female flowers are present in female plant.

Question 11.
What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your neighboured and with the help of your teacher find out their common and scientific names.
Answer:
The flower which has both androecium and gynoecium is called a bisexual flower. Collect different flowers as you collect for the herbarium.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 5th Lesson Morphology of Flowering Plants Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 5th Lesson Biological Classification

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate fibrous roots from adventitious roots. [Mar. – 2020]
Answer:
1) Adventitious roots :
The roots that arise from plant parts other than radicle.
Ex: Climbing roots, Velamen roots, Respiratory roots etc.

2) Fibrous roots :
Large number of roots which originate from the base of the stem after the loss of short lived primary root. Ex: Monocot plants.

Question 2.
Define modification. Mention how root is modified in banyan tree and mangrove plants ?
Answer:
1) Modification :
A permanent morphological change in a plant organ to perform a special function depending upon environment.

2) In banyan tree, roots are modified as prop roots (pillar roots) to give additional support for branches.

While in mangrove plants (Rhizophora and Avicennia) pneumatophores or respiratory roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards to get oxygen for respiration.

Question 3.
What type of specialized roots are found in epiphytic plants ? What is their function ?
Answer:
1. Velamen roots are found in epiphytic plants like Vanda.
2. They absorb moisture from the atmosphere.

Question 4.
How does the sucker of Chrysanthemum differ from the stolon of jasmine?
Answer:

1. Sucker of Chrysanthemum is the lateral branch arises from the basal and underground portion of stem. It grows obliquely upward giving rise to leafy shoot.
2. Stolon of jasmine is an obliquely downward growing slender lateral branch that arises from the base of the main axis and produces adventitious roots on touching the ground.

Question 5.
What is meant by pulvinus leaf base? In members of which Angiospermic family do you find them? [Mar. ’14 – A.P. ; Mar. ’14]
Answer:

1. The swollen leaf base is called pulvinus leaf base.
2. It is found in some members of leguminaceae family.

Question 6.
Define venation. How do dicots differ from monocots with respect to venation? [Mar. ’15 – A.P.]
Answer:

1. The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of leaf is termed as venation.
2. Leaves of dicots have reticulate venation, whereas, leaves of monocots possess parallel venation.

Question 7.
How is a pinnately compound leaf is different from a palmately compound leaf? Explain with one example, each.
Answer:

1. Pinnately compound leaf: It consists of a number of leaflets on a common axis called rachis. Ex: Neem.
2. Palmately compound leaf: If consists of leaflets attached at a common point, i.e., at the tip of the petiole. Ex: Bombax ceiba (silk cotton).

Question 8.
Which organ is modified to trap insects in insectivorous plants? Give two examples. [Mar. 2019, ’13]
Answer:

1. Leaves are modified to trap insects in insectivorous plants.
2. Example : Nepenthes (Pitcher plant), Dionea (Venus fly-trap).

Question 9.
Differentiate between Racemose and Cymose inflorescences. [Mar. ’15 – T.S.]
Answer:

1. Racemose inflorescence: The main axis (Peduncle) continues to grow and produce flowers in an acropetal succession.
2. Cymose inflorescence: The main axis ends in a flower due to limited growth and flowers are borne in basipetal succession.

Question 10.
What is the morphology of cup like structure in Cyathium? In which family it is found? [Mar. – 2018, Mar. ’15 – A.P.]
Answer:

1. In Cyathium, involucre of bracts form cup like structure.
2. It is found in family Euphorbiaceae.

Question 11.
What type of inflorescence is found in fig trees ? Why does the insect B/astophaga visits the inflorescence of fig tree?
Answer:

1. Hypanthodium is found in fig trees.
2. The insect Blastophaga visits for pollination and lays its eggs in the gall flowers.

Question 12.
Differentiate actinomorphic from zygomorphic flower. [May ’14]
Answer:
1. Actinomorphic flower :
A flower that can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the centre Ex: Hibiscus.’

2. Zygomorphic flower :
A flower that can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane Ex: Bean.

Question 13.
How do the petals in pea plant are arranged? What is such type of arrangement called?
Answer:

1. In pea plant there are five petals. The largest (standard) petal overlaps the two lateral (wings) petals that inturn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (keel).
2. This arrangement is called vexillary or papilionaceous.

Question 14.
What is meant by Epipetalous condition ? Give an example. [May ’17, Mar. ’17 – A.P.]
Answer:

1. Epipetalous condition : A condition in which stamens attached to the petals.
2. Ex: Brinjal, Datura.

Question 15.
Differentiate between apocarpous and syncarpous ovary. [Mar. – 2018]
Answer:
1) Apocarpous ovary :
More than one carpel is present in gynoecium and they are free. Eg : Lotus and Rose

2) Syncarpous condition :
Carpels are fused. Eg: Mustard and Tomato.

Question 16.
Define placentation. What type of placentation is found in Dianthus? [Mar. – 2020, Mar. 15 – T.S.]
Answer:

1. The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
2. In Dianthus, free central placentation is present.

Question 17.
What is meant by parthenocarpic fruit? How is it useful?
Answer:

1. A fruit formed without fertilization of the ovary is called parthenocarpic fruit.
2. They are without seeds. Ex: Banana.

Question 18.
What is the type of fruit found in mango? How does it differ from that of coconut?
Answer:

1. The type of fruit found in mango is drupe. In which the pericarp is well differentiated into an outer thin epicarp, a middle fleshy edible mesocarp and an inner stony hard endocarp.
2. In coconut, also fruit is a drupe in which the mesocarp is fibrous.

Question 19.
Why certain fruits are called false fruits ? Name two examples of plants having false fruits.
Answer:

1. Certain fruits that develop from floral parts other than the ovary called false fruits.
2. Ex: Apple (Thalamus) Cashew (Pedicel) Strawberry (Thalamus.)

Question 20.
Name any two plants having single seeded dry fruits.
Answer:

1. Dry indehiscent fruits are single seeded.
2. Coryza (caryopsis) and Tridax (Cypsela).

Question 21.
Define schizocarpic dry fruits. Give an example.
Answer:

1. The dry fruits which split into one Seeded bits called mericarps are known as Schizocarpic dry fruits.
2. Ex: Acacia, Castor.

Question 22.
Define mericarp. In which plant you find it?
Answer:

1. One seeded bits formed after splitting of Schizocarpic dry fruits are called mericarp.
2. Ex: Acacia, Castor.

Question 23.
What are aggregate fruits? Give two examples.
Answer:

1. Bunch of fruitlets developed from multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary are called aggregate fruits.
2. Ex: Custard apple (Annona squamosa), Strawberry.

Question 24.
Name a plant that has single fruit developing from the entire inflorescence. What is such a fruit called?
Answer:
Single fruit that develops from an entire inflorescence is called composite fruit. Ex: Pineapple, Jack fruit.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain different regions of root with neat labeled diagram.
Answer:
Root has four regions. They are
a) Root cap
b) Region of rheristematic activity
c) Region of elongation
d) Region of maturation.

a) Root cap :
The tip of the root is covered by a thimble-like structure called the root cap. It gives protection to the root tip as it penetrates into the soil.

b) Region of meristematic activity :
Above the root cap, region of meristematic activity is present. It has meristematic cells. These cells are small, thin walled with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly.

c) Region of elongation :
Above the region of meristematic activity, region of elongation is present. The new cells formed grows and elongates. It is responsible for growth of length.

d) Region of maturation :
Behind the region of elongation region of maturation is present. Depending upon the function young cells differentiates into permanent cells. As it matures, it is called region of maturation.

From this region, some of the epidermal cells forms unicellular root hairs. The main function of root hairs is absorption of water from the soil. They are short lived.

Question 2.
Justify the statement: “Underground parts of plants are not always roots”.
Answer:
Normally roots are underground whereas stems are aerial. But in some plants stem grow below the soil. They are called underground stems. They are rhizome corm, stem tuber and bulb.

These underground parts of the plants can be recognised as stem due to presence of nodes, internodes, scale leaves, axillary buds and terminal buds. They can be even identified by their anatomical structures.

For example, stem tubers (Potato), these are underground branches which store food at the tip and becomes tuberous. The tuber is covered by brown coloured layer. It bears many ‘eye’ like structures. These eyes represent the nodes. Each eye has leaf scar and axillary bud. Scar represents the position of scale leaf. Eye help in vegetative propagation.

Question 3.
Explain with examples different types of phyllotaxy.
Answer:
The mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem and branches is called phyllotaxy. It is three types. They are
a) Alternate phyllotaxy :
In this type only one leaf arises at each node in alternate manner.
Eg : Hibiscus, rosa-sinensis (china rose), mustard, sunflower.

b) Opposite phyllotaxy :
In this type, a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other. Eg : Calotropis, Guava.

c) Whorl phyllotaxy :
In this type, more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl. Eg : Nerium, Alstonia.

Question 4.
How do leaf modifications help plants?
Answer:
The main function of leaf is photosynthesis and transpiration. In some plants leaves change in their structure to perform new function other than photosynthesis. This is called leaf modification.

1. Tendrils :
In weak stemmed plant, the entire leaf or any part of the leaf is modified into tendrils. They provide mechanical support and help in climbing. Eg: Pea.

2. Spine :
In some plants, leaves are modified into sharp pointed spines. They help in reducing the rate of transpiration in xerophytic plants and also for defence.
Eg: Cacti.

3. Storage leaves :
The fleshy leaves of onion and garlic store food materials.

4. Phyllode :
In some plants such as Australian acacia, the leaves are pinnately compound in which the leaflets are small and short lived. The petioles of these plants expand into green structure performing photosynthesis. These are called phyllode.

5. Insectivorous leaves :
In plants growing in nitrogen deficient soils, leaves are modified to trap insects for their nitrogen requirement.
Eg : Nepenthes (Pitcher plant)
Dionea (Venus fly trap)

6. Vegetative propagation :
In some plants leaves produce buds called epiphyllous buds. They help in vegetative propagation. Eg : Bryophyllum.

Question 5.
Describe any two special types of inflorescences.
Answer:
(Note : Write any two of the following 🙂
Verticellaster, Cyathium and Hypanthodium are special types of inflorescence.

Verticellaster:

1. It is a special type of inflorescence found in the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae).
2. In this type, flowers arise in the axil of leaves arranged opposite to each other at every node.
3. In the axil of leaf, the flowers are developed initially in dichasial cyme and later in monochasial scorpoid cyme.
4. Flowers are crowded round the node like a false whorl (verticel). Hence it is called ‘Verticellaster’.
   Eg: Leucas and Leonotis.

Cyathium :

1. This is a single flower like special inflorescence found in family Euphorbiaceae.
2. The inflorescence is covered by a deep cup like involucre of bracts.
3. At the centre of this cup there is a single female flower represented by tricarpellary syncarpous ovary.
4. Surrounding this female flower many male flowers are arranged in monochasial cyme.
5. Male flowers are represented by single stalked stamen. Male and female flowers are achlamydeous arranged in centrifugal manner. Eg: Euphorbia, Poinsettia.

Hypanthodium :

1. It is fruit like inflorescence.
2. In this peduncle is modified into a deep cup like fleshy structure with an apical opening.
3. The male flowers located near the opening and the female flowers are at the bottom while in between them the sterile female flowers called gall flowers are present.
4. Pollination in these plants takes place by an insect called Blastophaga which lay its eggs in the gall flowers. After fertilisation the whole inflorescence becomes into a fig fruit.

Question 6.
Describe the arrangement of floral members in relation to their insertion on thalamus.
Answer:
Depending upon the arrangement of floral members in relation to their insertion on thalamus, flowers are divided into three types. They are
1) Hypogynous :
Thalamus is conical. The gynoecium occupies the highest position. The remaining floral members like calyx, corolla and androecium are at the base of the gynoecium. In this the ovary is called “Superior”.
Ex : Hibiscus, Datura, Mustard, Brinjal etc.

2) Perigynous :
Thalamus is concave or saucer shaped. Gynoecium is situated at the centre. The remaining floral members like calyx, corolla and androecium are arranged along the margin, almost at the same level. In this, the ovary is said to be half inferior or half superior. Ex: Tephrosia, plum, rose, peach etc.

3) Epigynous flower :
In this, thalamus is deep cup like structure, inside it gynoecium is present. The walls of the thalamus and ovary are fused. The remaining floral members are arranged along the margins of the thalamus, i.e. above the level of ovary. So, the ovary is called inferior. Ex : Tridax, guava, cucumber, ray floret of sunflower.

Question 7.
“The flowers of many angiospermic plants which show sepals and petals, differ with respect to the arrangement of sepals and petals in respective whorls’. Explain.
Answer:
The arrangement of sepals and petals in floral bud is known as aestivation. It is of different types.

1) Valvate aestivation :
When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin without overlapping is called valvate aestivation. Eg : Calotropis.

2) Twisted aestivation :
When sepals or petals margin in a whorl overlap one another it is said to be twisted aestivation. Eg: Corolla of hibiscus, cotton, lady’s finger etc.

3) Imbricate aestivation :
If the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction is called imbricate aestivation. Eg : Cassia, gulmohur.

4) Vexillary or Papilionaceous aestivation :
In this, there are five petals. The largest petal towards posterior side is called Vexillum or Standard Petal. It overlaps the two lateral petals called Alae or wing petal. These overlap the two smallest petals called keel petals towards anterior side, which are boat shaped. Ex : Bean, Pea.

Question 8.
Describe any four types of placentations found in flowering plants.
Answer:
The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation. They are Marginal placentation: Placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary. Ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows. Eg: Pea

Axial placentation :
When the placenta is axial and ovules are attached to it in multilocular ovary, it is called axile placentation. Eg: China rose, rose, tomato and lemon.

Parietal placentation :
Ovules born on the inner wall of the ovary or on a parietal part, it is called parietal placentation. Ovary is one chambered but it becomes two chambered due to the formation of the false septum. Eg: Mustard and Argemone. Free central placentation : When the ovules are borne on the central axis without septa, it is known as free central placentation. Eg : Dianthus, primrose.

Basal placentation :
Single ovule is attached to placenta at the base of the ovary. It is called Basal placentation. Eg : Sunflower, marigold.

Question 9.
Describe in brief fleshy fruits by you studied.
Answer:
In fruits where pericarp becomes fleshy at the time of ripening are called fleshy fruits. Pericarp can be divided into three layers namely outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp. Basing upon the nature of pericarp, fleshy fruits are divided into five types. They are

1) Drupe :
It is one seeded fleshy fruit developed from monocarpellary, superior ovary. The fruit is characterised by stony endocarp. So it is known as Drupe.

In Mango, the outer epicarp is thin, middle mesocarp is fleshy and edible. The inner endocarp is hard stony.
In coconut, the outer epicarp is thin, middle mesocarp is fibrous and inner endocarp is hard stony. The edible part is the endosperm of seed (Copra).

2) Berry :
It is a fleshy fruit having one or more seeds. In this, epicarp is thin. Mesocarp and endocarp are fused to form pulp. Seeds are hard. These fruits develop from bi to multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium: Eg : Guava, grapes, tomato.

3) Pome :
It is a fleshy fruit developed from inferior ovary of bi or multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium. It is surrounded by fleshy thalamus. The endocarp is cartilagenous. Eg: Apple.

4) Pepo :
It is developed from tricarpellary syncarpous unilocular inferior ovary. The epicarp is like a rind., the mesocarp is fleshy and the endocarp is smooth. Eg : Cucumber.

5) Hesperidium :
It is developed from multicarpellary syncarpous, multilocular and superior ovary. In this epicarp is leathery with many volatile oil glands. Mesocarp is papery and endocarp has many chambers filled with juicy hairs. Eg : Citrus.

Question 10.
Describe with examples the various dry fruits studied by you.
Answer:
When the fruit wall or pericarp is dry or non-fleshy they are called dry fruits. They are of three types (i) Dry dehiscent (ii) Dry indehiscent (iii) Schizocarpic.
i) Dry dehiscent :
The dry fruit which break open and liberate the seeds are called dry dehiscent fruits. They are of different types.

a) Legume :
The fruits which break dorsiventrally into two halves liberating the seeds are called legumes. It is a characteristic fruit of family fabaceae. Eg : Pea, bean etc.

b) Capsule :
It is a dry fruit which liberates seeds in different ways at maturity. Eg : Cotton, Datura.

ii) Dry indehiscent fruits :
These dry fruits are normally one seeded and never dehisce even at maturity. The seeds are liberated only after the disintegration of the pericarp. They are of following types.

1) Caryopsis :
In this the pericarp and seed coat fuse together. It is a characteristic, . fruit of family poaceae. Ex: Grass, Rice.

2) Nut :
This single seeded dry fruit has a stony pericarp. The pericarp and seed coat remains free. Eg : Cashew.

3) Cypsela :
The single seeded fruit characterized by persistent pappus like calyx. Eg: Tridax.

iii) Schizocarpic fruits :
The fruit which split into one-seeded bits called mericarps are called schizocarpic fruits. Eg: Acacia, Castor.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define root. Mention the types of root systems. Explain how root is modified [Mar. 17 A.P & T.S ; Mar. 15 – A.P & T.S ; Mar. 13]
Answer:
The part of the plant body present below the soil is called root. It is developed from radicle. There are two types of root sytems.

1. Tap root system
2. Fibrous root system

In some plants root is modified to perform new function suitable for the environment. It is called root modification. They are
1) Storage roots :
The roots which store food materials are called storage roots or tuberous roots. In biennial plants, the tap root is modified into storage roots. Depending upon the shape, they are
a) Spindle shape (fusiform) Eg: Radish
b) Cone shape (Conical) Eg: Carrot
c) Top shape (Napiform) Eg: Beetroot
Adventitious roots of sweet potato and fibrous roots in Asparagus store food materials.

2) Prop roots or Pillar roots :
In plants like banyan trees, branches are large and heavy.
From the branches roots arise, they hang in air for sometime and later fixes into the soil.
They are called prop roots or pillars roots.
They act like pillars and gives support.

3) Stilt roots :
In plants like maize and sugarcane roofs arise from the lower nodes of the stem. They are called stilt roots. They give support to plant.

4) Pneumatophores or Respiratory roots :
The Mangrove plants which grow in swampy areas suffer from lack of oxygen as the soils are water lodged. In these plants root comes out of soil and grow vertically upwards. These roots are called respiratory roots or pneumatophores as they take oxygen from air for respiration.

5) Photosynthetic roots :
In Taeniophyllum (epiphyte) the stem and leaves are absent. The roots become green and perform photosynethsis. Such roots are called photosynthetic roots.

6) Velamen roots or Epiphytic roots :
The plants which grow on the branches of big trees for sunlight are
called epiphytes. They have roots which hang freely
in the air. They absorb moisture from the atmosphere. These roots are called velamen roots
or epiphytic roots. Eg : Vanda.

7) Nodular roots :
In members of Fabaceae, the roots show small nodule like structures. Hence it is called nodular roots. In the nodule, Rhizobium bacteria is present. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen into soil. Plant and Rhizobium show symbiotic association.

8) Parasitic roots or Kaustoria :
The plants which depend upon the other plants completely or incompletely for their food and water are called Parasites. They produce parastic roots. They are 1) Complete parasites 2) Partial parasites.
a) Complete parasitic piamts :
These are leafless. So the haustorial root enters into both xylem and phloem to obtain both water and food from the host plant. Ex : Cuscuta, Rafflesia.

b) Partial parasitic plants :
These plants bear leaves. So they can prepare food by photosynthesis. The haustorial roots penetrate only into the xylem tissue of the host to absorb water.

Question 2.
Explain how stem is modified variously to perform different functions. [Mar. 2020, 2019, 14, May 2017 ’14]
Answer:
When a permanent change occurs in the structure of stems to perform new functions suitable for the environment, it is called ‘stem modification’.

It is of three types. They are
I. Aerial stem modification
II. Sub aerial stem modification
III. Underground stem modification

I. Aerial stem modification :
Modification of aerial stems, vegetative buds and reproductive buds of a plant is called aerial stem modification.
a) Tendril :
Wiry delicate organ useful for climbing are called tendril. Axillary bud modified into tendril in gourds (cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon) or terminal bud in grapevines.

b) Thorn :
A woody pointed structure meant for protection are called thorns. Axillary bud modified into thorn. Eg : Bougainvillea. Terminal bud modified into thorn. Eg : Carissa.

c) Hook :
It is a woody, curved structure which helps in climbing. Ex : Artabotry.

d) Phylloclade :
Leaf like stem performing photosynthesis are called phylloclade. In order to reduce transpiration the leaves are modified into scales, spines etc.
Ex : In Opuntia, fleshy green flattened stem
In Euphorbia, fleshy green cylindrical stem In Casuarina green needle like stem.
Cladode or Cladophyll is a phylloclade of limited growth. Ex : Asparagus.

e) Bulbils :
Buds which show vegetative propagation are called bulbils. Vegetative buds in Dioscorea, Floral buds in Agave.

II. Sub aerial stem modification :
In some weak stemmed plants the stem remains partly aerial and partly underground. These are specialised for vegetative propagation. There are four types.

a) Runner:
Underground stems in some grasses and strawberry and sub-aerial stems in oxalis spread to new nitches and form new plants when older parts die.

b) Stolon :
In some plants slender branches arises grow obliquely downwards, produce roots at the point of contact with soil. These branches are called stolons. Ex : Nerium, Jasmine etc.

c) Suckers :
In plants like banana, pine apple, chrysanthemum part of the stem is in the soil. Underground branches grow obliquely upwards giving rise to leafy shoots. These branches are called suckers.

d) Offset :
In aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia, a lateral branch of one internode length is called offset. At each node it bears a rosette of leaves and balancing roots at the base.

III. Underground stem modification :
Functions of the underground stems are storage of food materials, perennation through unfavourable seasons and vegetative reproduction. So these are called multipurpose stem modification.

a) Rhizome :
It is an underground stem which grows horizontally. It is branched. Ex: Zingiber (ginger).

b) Corm :
It is an underground stem which grows vertically. It is unbranched contractile roots present. Ex : Amorphaphallus (Zaminkand) and colocasia.

c) Stem tuber :
The swollen tip of an underground branch is called stem tuber. It bears many eyes. These eyes represent the nodes. Ex ; Potato.

d) Bulb :
It is a small reduced underground stem. Food is stored in the leaf bases. Ex: Onion.

Question 3.
Explain different types of racemose inflorescences.
Answer:
Types of racemose inflorescence.
1) Simple Raceme :
Peduncle is unbranched, grows indefinitely on its numerous pedicillate, bracteate flowers are arranged in accropetal manner.
Ex: Crotalaria.

2) Compound Raceme :
Peduncle is branched. Each branch resembles a simple raceme. Ex: Mangifera. It is also called Panicle.

3) Simple Corymb :
Peduncle is unbranched and grows indefinitely. On it numerous pedicillate, bracteate flowers are arranged in accropetal manner. The lower flowers have long pedicels and upper flowers have shorter pedicels. Thus all the flowers are brought more or less to the same height. Eg: Cassia.

4) Compound Corymb :
Peduncle is branched and each branch is produced into a simple corymb. Eg: Cauliflower.

5) Simple Umbel :
The peduncle is condensed and unbranched. Many bracteate and pedicellate flowers arise at the tip. At the base of flowers, all the bracts form a whorl called ‘involucre’. Ex: Onion.

6) Compound Umbel :
Peduncle is branched. Each branch produces a simple umbel at its tip. Ex : Carrot.

7) Simple Spike :
Peduncle is unbranched. On it bracteate, sessile flowers are arranged, accropetally. Ex : Achyranthes.

8) Compound Spike :
Peduncle is branched. Each branch is similar to simple spike. Ex: Grass (Poaceae family).

9) Simple Spadix :
Peduncle is unbranched. On it sessile, unisexual and neuter flowers are arranged in acropetal succession. It is protected by modified bract called ‘Spathe’. Ex: Colocasia.

10) Compound Spadix :
Peduncle is branched. Each branch is similar to simple spadix. Ex: Musa, Cocos.

11) Head inflorescence :
Unisexual and bisexual sessile flowers are arranged centripetally on a condensed peduncle. Such an arrangement of flowers is called Head inflorescence. Ex: Tridax, Sunflower (Asteraceae family).

Intext Question Answers

Question 1.
In which plant, the underground stem grows horizontally in soil and helps in perennation?
Answer:
Zingiber (ginger)
Curcuma (turmeric)

Question 2.
Needle like phylloclades are found in which plant?
Answer:
Casuarina

Question 3.
Why do plants like Nepenthes trap insects?
Answer:
For their nitrogen requirement

Question 4.
What is the characteristic inflorescence found in members of Asteraceae?
Answer:
Head inflorescence

Question 5.
Can you name a plant that has least number of flowers in its inflorescence?
Answer:
Single flower in Hibiscus and Datura

Question 6.
Which family shows naked flowers?
Answer:
Euphorbiaceae family

Question 7.
In which flowers of the fig trees does the insect Blastophaga lay its eggs?
Answer:
Gall flowers (Sterile female flowers)

Question 8.
What type of symmetry is shown by the flowers of Canna?
Answer:
Asymmetry (irregular)

Question 9.
On which side of the flower do the flowers of pea have the keel petals?
Answer:
Anterior side

Question 10.
What is the ratio of overlapping margins of petals to overlapped ones in imbricate aestivation?
Answer:
1 : 1

Question 11.
How many ovules are found attached in basal placentation?
Answer:
One ovule

Question 12.
Which part of the flower in cashew plant forms the false fruit?
Answer:
Pedicel

Question 13.
Which plant has hard, stony endocarp and fleshy edible mesocarp?
Answer:
Mango

Question 14.
What is the morphology of ’spathe’ in Spadix inflorescence?
Answer:
Bract

Question 15.
What is the type of fruit known as if it develops from apocarpous ovary of a single flower?
Answer:
Aggregate fruit

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 4th Lesson Plant Kingdom Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 4th Lesson Plant Kingdom

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the basis of classification of Algae?
Answer:

1. Pigmentation and the type of stored food are the basis for classification of algae.
2. Based on above criteria algae are divided into 3 main classes-chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

Question 2.
When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
Answer:

1. Liverwort – Sporophyte (capsule) – spore mother cell.
2. Moss – Sporophyte (capsule) – spore mother cells.
3. Gymnosperm – Sporophyte (Micro and mega sporangia) – Micro and megaspore
4. Angiosperm – Sporophyte (Anthers and ovule) – Spore mother cells

Question 3.
Differentiate between syngamy and triple fusion.
Answer:
1) Syngamy :
One of the two male gametes released from pollen tube fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote. This is also called true or real fertilisation.

2) Triple fusion :
One of the two male gametes released from pollen tube fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus to produce the triploid Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN).

Question 4.
Differentiate between antheridium and archegonium.
Answer:

1. The antheridium is male sex organ whereas archegonium is female sex organ.
2. Antheridium produces many antherozoids (sperms), while archegonium produces an egg cell.

Question 5.
What are the two stages found in the gametophyte of mosses? Mention the structures from which these two stages develop?
Answer:

1. Protonema and Gametophore.
2. Protonema develops directly from the spore and adult gametophore develops from protenema.

Question 6.
Name the stored food materials found in Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. [May ’14]
Answer:

1. The stored food materials found in Phaeophyceae are laminarin or mannitol.
2. The stored food material found in Rhodophyceae is floridian starch.

Question 7.
Name the pigments responsible for brown colour of Phaeophyceae and red colour of Rhodophyceae.
Answer:

1. The brown colour of Phaeophyceae depends upon the amount of xanthophyll pigment, fucoxanthin present in it.
2. The red colour of Rhodophyceae is due to red pigment r – phycoerythrin.

Question 8.
Name different methods of vegetative reproduction in Bryophytes. [Mar. 15 – A.P.]
Answer:
Fragmentation, gemmae and budding.

Question 9.
Name the integumented megasporangium found in Gymnosperms. How many female gametophytes are generally formed inside the megasporangium?
Answer:

1. Ovule
2. One female gametophyte with 2 or more archegonia is formed inside the megasporangium.

Question 10.
Name the Gymnosperms which contain mycorrhiza and corolloid roots respectively.
Answer:

1. Pinus contains mycorrhizal roots.
2. Cycas, contains corolloid robts.

Question 11.
Mention the ploidy of any four of the following.
a) Protonemal cell of a moss
b) Primary endosperm nucleus in a dicot
c) Leaf cell of a moss
d) Prothallus of a fern
e) Gemma cell in Marchantia
f) Meristem cell of monocot
g) Ovum of a liverwort
h) Zygote of a fern.
Answer:
a) Haploid
b) Triploid
c) Haploid
d) Haploid
e) Haploid
f) Diploid
g) Haploid
h) Diploid

Question 12.
Name the four classes of Pteridophyta with one example each.
Answer:
Cl : Psilopsida Ex : Psilotum
Cl: Lycopsida Ex : Selaginello, Lycopodium
Cl : Sphenopsida Ex : Equisetum
Cl : Pteropsida Ex : Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum

Question 13.
What are the first organisms to colonise rocks? Give the generic name of the moss which provides peat.
Answer:

1. Mosses and lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks
2. Sphagnum, (a moss) provides peat.

Question 14.
Mention the fern characters found in Cycas.
Answer:
Fern characters found in Cycas are

1. Young leaves exhibit circinate vernation.
2. Presence of ramenta.
3. Male gametes are multiciliated.
4. Archegonia are present in the female gametophyte.

Question 15.
Why are Bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
Answer:
Bryophytes are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants live in moist soil and are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.

Question 16.
Name an algae which show
a) Haplo-diplontic and
b) Diplontic types of life cycles.
Answer:
a) Ectocarpus and Kelps (Laminaria) – haplo-diplontic life cycle.
b) Fucus – diplontic life cycle.

Question 17.
Give examples for unicellular, colonial and filamentous algae.
Answer:
Unicellular algae Ex : Chlamydomonas.
Colonial algae Ex : Volvox
Filamentous algae Ex : Spirogyra, Ulothrix.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between red algae and brown algae. [Mar. ’14]
Answer:

Question 2.
Differentiate between liverworts and mosses.
Answer:

Question 3.
What is meant by homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes? Give two examples.
Answer:
The plants which produce only one kind of spores are called homosporous Ex: Psilotum, Lycopodium. The plants which produce two kinds of spores, macro or megaspores and microspores are called heterosporous Ex: Selaginella, Salvinia.

Question 4.
What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.
Answer:
Producing two types of spores is called heterospory 1) Microspores 2) Megaspores.

Significance :
In heterosporous plants, the megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophyte respectively. Male gametes are transferred to the egg of female archegonium. The female gametophytes retain on the parent sporophyte for variable period. The development of zygotes into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit. It is considered as an important step in evolution.
Example : Selaginella and salvinia.

Question 5.
Write a note on economic importance of Algae and Bryophytes. [March 2019]
Answer:
Economic importance of Algae :

1. About 50% of carbon fixation is done by algae by photosynthesis. Thus by photosynthesis 02 is released into environment.
2. Algae are primary producers for all aquatic animals in food cycle.
3. Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are among the 70 species of marine algae used as food.
4. Brown algae and Red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substances) & algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae) which are used commercially.
5. Agar obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria is used to grow microbes and preparations of ice-creams and jellies.
6. Iodine is extracted from kelps like Laminaria.
7. Chlorella and Spirullina are unicellular algae used as food supplements even by space travellers.

Economic importance of bryophytes (mosses) :

1. Mosses provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
2. Sphagum provides peat used as fuel, because of its water holding capacity, they are used as packing material for trans-shipment of living material.
3. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence they have great ecological importance.
4. They decompose rock making it suitable for the growth of higher plants, hence, they play important role in plant succession.
5. Mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.

Question 6.
How would you distinguish Monocots from Dicots?
Answer:

Question 7.
Give a brief account of prothallus. [Mar. – 2020]
Answer:

1. Haploid spores give rise to gametophytic prothallus in pteridophytes.
2. Prothallus is small, thin, green and autotrophic thallus like structure.
3. Prothallus grows in cool, damp, shady places as it requires water for fertilization.
4. Prothallus bears sex organs. The male sex organs are called antheridia and the female sex organs are called archegonia.
5. These sex organs are multicellular, jacketed and sessile.
6. Antheridia produce male gametes called antherozoids. Archegonia has egg cell which is a female gamete.
7. Antherozoids require water to reach egg.
8. Zygote develops into embryo within the female gamete. This event is a precursor to the seed habit. It in considered as an important step in evolution.

Question 8.
Draw labelled diagrams of
a) Female thallus and male thallus of a liverwort
b) Gametophyte and sporophyte of Funaria.
Answer:
a)

b)

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
Answer:
Bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms bear archegonia.

Life cycle of a Moss plant:

1. The gametophyte is a dominant phase.
2. Moss plant is a haploid gametophore.
3. It produces gametangia on separate branches of the same plant and hence monoecious.
4. The club shaped antheridia or antheridial branches produce biflagellate male gametes called “antherozoids”.
5. The flask shaped archegonia on archegonial branches produce eggs (female gamete) in their venter.
6. Antherozoids liberated swim in water to reach egg in the venter.
7. Union of one male gamete (antherozoid) and egg unite results in diploid zygote. This is called fertilization.
8. Zyeote is the first cell for sporophytic generation. Zygote develops into embryo. Embryo is retained within the archegonium.
9. It develops into semi parasitic sporophyte consisting of foot, seta and capsule.
10. The spore mother cells in the spore sac of the capsule undergo meiosis and forms a number of haploid spores of one kind. Hence Funaria is homosporous.
11. Spore is the first cell for gametophytic generation under favourable conditions, the spore liberated germinates to give rise to filamentous protonema.
12. The buds arising from the aerial branches of protonema develop into independent gametophores.

Question 2.
Describe the important characteristics of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
The important characters of Gymnosperms are :

1. All gymnosperms are perennial, growing as woody trees or bushy shrubs.
2. Vascular tissues are arranged into vascular bundles.
3. Flowers are absent, however, microsporophylls and megasporophyll usually aggregate to form distinct cones or strobili called male cones and female cones respectively.
4. Gymnosperms are heterosporous: Gymnosperms produce two types of spores- Microspores and megaspores. Microspores are produced in Microsporangium. They are called pollen grain. Megaspores are produced in Megasporangia. The megasporangia are integumented and are called ovules.
5. Ovules are borne on megasporophyll and have three layered integument with an opening called micropyle.
6. Pollination is indirect.
7. Fertilization is affected by pollen tube produced by the male gametophyte. It is called siphonogamy.
8. Endosperm is formed before fertilization. That means female gametophyte is considered as endosperm. It is haploid.
9. Seeds are naked i.e., without any seed coat.

Question 3.
Give the salient features of pteridophytes.
Answer:

1. The main plant body of pteridophyte is sporophyte. It is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.
2. Vascular tissues are present. So pteridophytes are commonly called vascular cryptogams.
3. Roots are adventitious.
4. Stem is underground rhizome.
5. The leaves of pteridophytes are small (microphyllous) as in selaginella or large fronds (macrophyllous) as in ferns.
6. Ferns show circinate vernation and the petioles are covered with brown multicellular hairs called ramenta.
7. The stele may be protostele or siphonostele or solenostel6.
8. One of the important characters of pteridophyte is that the sprophyte has become the dominant part of the life cycle while the gametophyte is reduced.
9. Gametophyte is small and inconspicuous and it is produced from haploid spores known as prothallus.
10. The asexual generation or the sporophyte may be homosporous (all spores are similar) or heterosporous (two different types of spores) i.e., microspores or megaspores.
11. Prothallus (gametophytes) are monoecicus or dioecious.
12. Sex organs are Antheridia and Archegonia.
13. Male gametes are Antherozoids formed from Antheridia. Antherozoids are uninucleate, spirally coiled, biflagellate or multiflagellate structures.
14. Union of male gamete and female gamete results in diploid zygote.
15. Zygote develops into Embryo stage.
16. True fruit and seeds are not formed at any stage.

Question 4.
Give an account of plant life cycles and alternation of generations.
Answer:
Plant life cycles :
1) Haplontic type of life cycle :

1. The dominant phase is gametophyte. It is photosynthetic free living.
2. Sporophytic generation is represented by zygote.
3. Zygote is a resting stage not a free living sporophyte.
4. Thus the life cycle having only free living gametophyte without free living sporophyte is called Haplontic type of life cycle. Ex :Algae like chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra etc.

2) Diplontic type of life cycle :

1. The dominant phase is sporophyte. It is photosynthetic independent plant.
2. Gametophytic generation is represented by gametes.
3. Thus the life cycle having only independent sporophyte without gametophyte is called Diplontic type of life cycle.
4. The life cycle having only independent sporophyte with few celled or many celled staged gametophyte is called diplo-haplontic type of life cycle.
   Ex: Pteridophytes and seed-bearing plants.

3) Haplo-diplontic type of life cycle :

1. The dominant phase is gametophytic generation. It is independent.
2. Sporophytic generation is photosynthetic dependent on gametophytic generation.
3. The life cycle having both dominant gametophytic generation and dependent sporophytic generation is called Haplo-diplontic type.

Interestingly most algae are haplontic. Some such as Ectocarpus and kelps are haplo-diplontic. Fucus is diplontic and Polysiphonia is diplo-biontic.

Alternation of generations:

1. In the life cycle of an organism two phases are present. They are Gametophytic phase and Sporophytic phase.
2. Haploid spore is the first cell for gametophytic generation.
3. Haploid spore divides mitotically and forms haploid gametophyte.
4. Gametophyte shows sexual reproduction. It forms male and female gametes.
5. The fusion of male and female gametes results in diploid zygote.
6. Diploid zygote is the first cell for sporophytic generation.
7. Diploid zygote divides mitotically and forms diploid sporophyte.
8. Diploid sporophyte shows asexual reproduction. It undergoes meiosis and forms haploid spores.

Thus during the life cycle of plants gamete producing haploid gametophyte alternates with spore producing diploid sporophyte. This is known as alternation of generation.

Question 5.
Both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
Answer:
Even though both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms bear seeds, they are classified separately because of nature of seeds.

In Gymnopserms:

1. The plant bears ovules which are not covered by any ovary wall. They remain exposed.
2. Pollination is direct.
3. Seeds formed are not covered by seed-coat. They are naked seeded plants.
4. Female gametophyte is considered as Endosperm as it is nutritive in function.
5. Endosperm is formed before fertilisation.
6. It is haploid.
7. Poly embryonic condition is present.

In Angiosperms:

1. The plant bears ovules which are present inside the ovary. They are not exposed.
2. Pollination is indirect.
3. Seeds formed are covered by seed – coat. They are closed seeded plants.
4. Endosperm is formed after double fertilisation and triple fusion.
5. Endosperm is triploid.
6. Single embryo is present.

Intext Question Answers

Question 1.
How far does SelagineJIa, one of the few living members of Lycopodiales (Pteridophytes) fall short of seed habit.
Answer:
Selaginella is heterosporous. It produces two kinds of spores. They are macrospores and microspores. Macrospores germinate and give rise to female gametophyte whereas Microspores give rise to male gametophyte. Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the archegonium results in the formation of Zygote. The development of zygotes into young embryos takes place with the female gametophyte. This is the precusor to the seed habit.

Question 2.
Each plant or group of plants has some phylogenetic significance in the relation of evolution. Cycas, one of few living members of Gymnosperms is called as the “relic of past”. Can you establish a phylogenetic relationship of Cycas with any other group of plants that justifies the above statement?
Answer:
Cycas, one of Gymnosperms shows close resemblance with fern (pteridophyte) on one hand and angiosperms on the other hand. Thus occupying a position intermediate between the two.

Certain primitive characters in cycas are similar to ferns. They are

1. Stem when young is underground and subterranean.
2. Leaf bases are persistent on the stem.
3. Young leaves show circinate vernation.
4. The sporophylls are leaf-like.
5. Ramenta are present.
6. Xylem consists of tracheids only and there are no vessels.
7. Phloem lacks companion cells.
8. Microsporangia occur in sori on the abaxial side of microsporophyll.
9. Archegonia are still retained in the female gametophyte.
10. Sperms are multiciliate.

Question 3.
The male and female reproductive organs of several pteridophytes and Gymnosperms are comparable to floral structures of angiosperms. Make an attempt to compare the various reproductive parts of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms with reproductive structures of Angiosperms.
Answer:

Question 4.
The plant body in higher plants is well differentiated and well developed. Roots are organs used for the purpose of absorption. What are the equivalent of roots in the less developed lower plants?
Answer:
Rhizoids. They are unicellular or multicellular hair-like structures that penetrate the moist soil and absorb the water for the plants.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 3rd Lesson Science of Plants – Botany Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 3rd Lesson Science of Plants – Botany

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain how the term Botany has emerged. [Mar. – 2009]
Answer:

1. The term Botany had its origin in the Greek language ‘Bous’ refers to cattle and ‘Bouskein’to cattle feed.’
2. In course of time, Bouskein was transformed into Botane and later into Botany.

Question 2.
Name the books written by Parasara and mention the important aspects discussed in those books. [Mar. ’20. ’17]
Answer:

1. Krishi Parasaram and Vrikshayurveda were the books written by Parasara. (1300 B.C.)
2. Krishi Parasaram the oldest book dealt with agriculture and weeds;, while Vrikshayurveda is about different types of forests, external and internal characters of plants including medicinal plants.

Question 3.
Who is popularly known as “Father of Botany”? What was the book written by him?
Answer:

1. Theophrastus is popularly known as Father of Botany.
2. Historia plantarum was the book written by him.

Question 4.
Who are Herbalists? What are the books written by them?
Answer:

1. Herbalists are botanists of Renaissance period of 16^th and 17^th centuries who identified and described medicinal plants living in natural surroundings.
2. The books written by them are called Herbais.

Question 5.
What was the contribution of Carolus Von Linnaeus’for the development of plant taxonomy?
Answer:

1. Carolus Von Linnaeus, the Sweedish Botanist popularised the Binomial Nomenclature System.
2. He also proposed the sexual system of classification.

Question 6.
Why is Mendel considered as the Father of Genetics?
Answer:

1. Mendel (1866) proposed the laws of inheritance based on his hybridization experiments on pea plant.
2. He marked the beginning of Genetics. Hence he is popular as the Father of Genetics.

Question 7.
Who discovered the cell and what was the book written by him? [Mar. ’14]
Answer:

1. Robert Hooke (1665) discovered the cell.
2. Micrographia was the book written by him.

Question 8.
What is Palaeobotany? What is its use? [May ’17, Mar. ’15 – T.S. : Mar. ’13]
Answer:

1. Palaeobotany is the study of fossil plants.
2. It helps in understanding the course of evolution in plants.

Question 9.
Name the branches of Botany which deal with the chlorophyllous autotrophic thallophytes and non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic thallophytes.
Answer:

1. The study of chlorophyllous autotrophic thallophytes (Algae) is Phycology.
2. The study of non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic thallophytes (Fungi) is Mycology.

Question 10.
What are the groups of plants that live as symbionts in lichens ? Name the study of lichens.
Answer:

1. Algal members (Phycobionts) and fungal members (Mycobionts) live as symbionts in lichens.
2. The study of lichens is called Lichenology.

Question 11.
Which group of plants is called vascular cryptogams? Name the branch of Botany which deals with them. [Mar. – 2018]
Answer:

1. Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams.
2. The branch which deals with pteridophytes is called Pteridology.

Question 12.
Which group of plants is called amphibians of plant kingdom? Name the branch of Botany which deals with them.
Answer:

1. Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom.
2. The branch which deals with bryophytes is called Bryology.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the scope of Botany in relation to agriculture, horticulture and medicine.
Answer:

1. Agriculture, horticulture and medicine have recorded great progress through experiments in hybridization and genetic engineering.
2. New techniques of plant breeding are useful to develop hybrid varieties in crop plants like rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane etc.
3. The role of minerals in plant nutrition and the importance of hormones in plant growth helped in the development of agriculture.
4. Antibiotics like penicillin are obtained from fungi.
5. There are many plants like Arnica, Cinchona, Neem, Datura, Digitalis, Rauwolfia, Withania, Ocimum, Belladona, Aloe etc., which have medicinal values.
6. Using genetic engineering technique, cloned DNA s are produced which prepare hormoneslike insulin, interferon and vaccines.

Question 2.
Explain the scope of Botany taking plant physiology as example.
Answer:

1. The efforts made in plant physiology have helped the development of agriculture.
2. It provided the knowledge about role of minerals in plant nutrition and importance of hormones in plant growth.
3. Auxins at low concentration can form roots, so it is applied in agriculture and horticulture.
4. Gibberelins induce seed germination.
5. Cytokinins are used to enhance the shelf life period of leafy vegetables like spinach, lettuce etc.
6. Abscisic acid is used for delaying the sprouting of potato tubers under storage.
7. Ethylene accelerates the ripening of fruits like apple, banana, watermelons etc.

Question 3.
What are the different branches of Botany that deal with morphology of plants? Give their salient features.
Answer:
Morphology deals with the study and description of different organs of a plant. It is a fundamental requisite for classification of plants. It can be divided into two parts.
a) External Morphology :
It is the study and description of external characters of plant organs like root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seeds etc.

b) Internal Morphology :
It is the study of internal structure of different plant organs. It has two branches.

1) Histology :
It is the study of different tissues present in the plant body.

ii) Anatomy :
It deals with the study of gross internal details of plant organs like root, stem, leaf, flower etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a comprehensive account on the scope of Botany in different fields giving an example for each.
Answer:

1. Man has been using plants for various purposes like food, clothes and shelter.
2. The global population is increasing rapidly. So to meet the demands of food and other challenges man depends on plants.
3. The problem of increasing population can be solved by increasing the crop production through “Green Revolution”.
4. Biotechnology is based upon the principles of molecular genetics, microbiology and biochemistry.
5. Biotechnology is applied for the production of medicine, chemicals, food, biofertilizers, biopesticides, disease resistant and pest resistant crops.
6. Agriculture, forestry, horticulture, floriculture have recorded great progress through experiments in hybridisation and genetic engineering.
7. New techniques of plant breeding are useful to develop hybrid varieties in crop plants like rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane etc.
8. Plant Taxonomy helps to study the diversity of plant kingdom by dividing plants into groups.
9. Plant pathology helped in prevention and eradication of several plant diseases.
10. Plant physiology helped the development of agriculture by providing knowledge about the role of minerals in plant nutrition and importance of hormones in plant growth.
11. Algae like spirulina and chlorella are good source of single celled proteins and vitamins.
12. Fungi like penicillin are good source for antibiotic.
13. Plants having medicinal value are Arnica, Cinchona, Neem, Datura, Rauwolfia, Withania, Ocimum, Belladona etc.
14. Plant fossils produce fuels like coal, coke, gasoline, petrol etc.
15. Recently bio-diesel is produced from jatropa and other petro plants belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Experiments in tissue and organ culture have made it possible to produce large number of plants within a short duration of time.
16. Industries like cloth mills, paper mills, sugar mills could be developed due to Botany.
17. Commercially important products like timber, fibres, beverages like coffee and tea, condiments, rubber, gums, resins, dyes, and essential and aromatic oils are obtained from plants.
18. Green plants reduce pollution, control greenhouse effect.
19. The hazardous effect of frequent use of chemical fertilizers have been reduced by using biofertilizers like Azolla, Nostoc, Anabaena, Rhizobium etc.
20. The Algae like Chlorella is used as food for astronauts in space research programmes.
21. Sand-binding plants help to check soil erosion and also control floods.
22. Several seaweeds are used in the extraction of iodine, agar-agar, etc.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 2nd Lesson Biological Classification Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 2nd Lesson Biological Classification

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the nature of cell walls in diatoms?
Answer:

1. In Diatoms, the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, epitheca over hypotheca which fit together as in a soap box.
2. The walls are embedded with silica and are indestructible. The cell walls left behind by diatoms in their habitat and accumulate over billions of years as diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr.

Question 2.
How are Viroids different from Viruses?
Answer:

Question 3.
What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify? [Mar. ’17, A.P. : Mar. ’13]
Answer:
1) Phycobiont :
The group of Algae that live as symbionts in lichens.

2) Mycobiont :
The group of fungi that live as symbionts in lichens.

Question 4.
What do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red tides’ signify?
Answer:
1. Algal bloom :
Excessive growth of algae mostly cyanophyceae members due to the enrichment of excessive nutrients in a water body. t

2. Red tides :
Sea appears red due to the rapid multiplication of a dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax Red tides in Meditarrenian sea.

Question 5.
State two economically important uses of heterotrophic bacteria.
Answer:

1. They help in making curd from milk.
2. They are helpful in nitrogen fixation in roots of leguminous plants.

Question 6.
What is the principle underlying the use of cyanobacteria in agricultural fields for crop improvement? [Mar. 2019, ’15 A.P]
Answer:

1. Cyanobacteria Eg : Nostoc, Anabaena, can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts.
2. They improve soil fertility by adding organic matter. ,

Question 7.
Plants are autotrophic. Name some plants which are partially heterotrophic.
Answer:

1. Insectivorous plants are partially heterotrophic.
   Eg : Bladderwort and Venus fly trap.
2. Parasitic plant, cuscuta is also partially heterotrophic.

Question 8.
Who proposed five kingdom classification ? How many kingdoms of this classification contain eukaryotes?
Answer:

1. R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed Five Kingdom Classification.
2. Four kingdoms namely Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, consists of eukaryotes, while kingdom Monera consists of Prokaryotes.

Question 9.
Give the main criteria used for classification by Whittaker. [Mar. – 2020, 2018 • Mar. 15 – T.S.]
Answer:
The main criteria for five kingdom classification of Whittaker are cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.

Question 10.
Name two diseases caused by Mycoplasmas. [May ’14]
Answer:

1. Witches broom in plants.
2. Pleuropheumonia in cattle.
3. Mycoplasmal urethritis in humans.

Question 11.
What are slime moulds? Explain what is meant by plasmodium with reference to slime moulds.
Answer:
1. Slime moulds are saprophytic protists.

2. Plasmodium :
An aggregation formed by a slime mould under suitable conditions, which may grow and spread over several feet.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
Answer:
Euglenoids:

1. These are unicellular, flagellate, fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
2. Cell wall is absent.
3. The body is covered by thin flexible pellicle.
4. They bear two flagella, usually one long and one short. They swim actively by flagella.
5. The anterior part of the cell bears an invagination consisting of cytostome (cell mouth), cytopharynx (gullet) and reservoir.
6. A photosynthetic stigma or eye spot is present in the reservoir.
7. Chloroplast is present. The pigments in it are identical to those present in higher plants. Performs photosynthesis.
8. In the absence of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs depending on smaller organisms for food.,
9. Reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission Palmella stage is found in Euglena.

Question 2.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of two kingdom classification?
Answer:
a) Two kingdom classification with Plantae and Animalia was developed during cinnaeues tissue, that included all plants and animals respectively.

Question 3.
Give the salient features and importance of Chrysophytes. [Mar. – 2018, Mar. ’15 – A.P. : Mar. ’13]
Answer:

1. This group includes diatoms and desmids (golden algae).
2. They are green, microscopic, float in water currents.
3. In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, epitheca and . hypotheca which fit together as in a soap box.
4. The cell walls are embedded with silica which are indestructible. They pile at the bottom of water reservoir to form diatomaceous earth.
5. Diatoms are divided into two types based oh symmetry.
   i) CentraIe diatoms are radially symmetrical.
   ii) Pennales are bilaterally symmetrical.
6. Asexual reproduction is by binary fission and sexual reproduction is by the formation of gametes.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of Dinoflagellates. [Mar. 2019, ’17 – A.P, Mar. ’15 – T.S]
Answer:

1. Dinoflagellates are marine. They appear as yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending upon the pigments present in the cells.
2. Cell wall is made up of cellulose plates.
3. Two flagella are present. One lies longitudinally and the other lies transversely in the furrow between the wall plates.
4. Flagella produce spinning movements. So these are called whirling whips.
5. Nucleus is called Mesokaryon as chromosomes are condensed without histones.
6. Example : Nostoc shows bioluminescence.
   Gonyaulax make the sea appear red.

Question 5.
Write the role of fungi in our daily life. [Mar. ’14]
Answer:

1. Mushroom and toadstools are edible fungus.
2. Unicellular fungi like yeast are used to make beer and bread.
3. Fungi like Rhizopus commonly grow on stale bread, pickles, jams, cheese, on moist food stuff and spoils them. They are called moulds.
4. Fungi causes diseases in plants and animals.
   Eg : Wheat rust is caused by puccinia.
   Late blight of potato by phytopthora.
5. Orange rot, Red rot in sugarcane are caused by fungus.
6. White spots on mustard leaves are due to parasitic fungus. (Albugo)
7. Some fungi are the source of antibiotics and peninllium.

Long Answer type Questions

Question 1.
Give the salient features and comparative account of different classes of Fungi studied by you.
Answer:

Question 2.
Describe briefly different groups of Monerans you have studied.
Answer:
Kingdom Monera includes all prokarytes like Archebacteria, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma and Actinomycetes.

Archebacteria :

1. These are different type of bacteria as they have a different cell wall structure. They can survive in extreme conditions like salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens).
2. The cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan as in bacteria but contain pseudomurein.
3. The cell membrane contains branched lipid which is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.
4. Methanogens live in the guts of several ruminant animals like cowand buffaloes and help in their digestion.
5. They help in the production of,biogas such as methane from the dungs of the animals.

Eubacteria:

1. They occur everywhere even in extreme habitats.
2. They live as parasites, and symbionts also.
3. Basing on the shape bacteria are grouped under four categories. They are 1) Spherical coccus 2) Rod shaped Bacillus 3) Comma, shaped Vibrium 4) Spiral shape Spirillum
4. In Bacteria, cell wall consists of peptidoglycan also called murein or ‘ mucopeptide.
5. Infolding of cell membrane called mesosomes responsible for respiration.
6. Cell organelles are absent except ribosome.
7. As it is prokaryotic, the genetic material DNA is naked without nuclear membrane.
8. It shows autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
9. Excessive growth of cyanobacteria due to nutrients present in sewage causes Algal blooms.
10. Rapid growth of red dinoflagellate like Gonyaulax make sea appear red or red tides in Mediterianian sea.
11. Chemo autotrophic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances.
12. Chemo heterotrophs are saprophytes which grow on dead organic matter and parasite which causes diseases.
13. Asexual reproduction is mainly by binary fission or by spores during unfavourable condition. Sexual reproduction is done by transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to other.

Mycoplasma :

1. Mycoplasma are the smallest living cells and can survive without oxygen.
2. They do not have any cell wall.
3. Mostly they are pathogenic in plants and animals. They cause witches broom in plants, pleuropneumonia in cattle and mycoplasmal urethritis in humans.

Actinomycetes :

1. These are branched filamentous bacteria.
2. Cell wall contains mycolic acid.
3. Most of them are saprophytic and decomposers. Mycobacterium and Corynebacteriurn are parasites.
4. Antibiotics are produced from the genus Streptomyces.

Question 3.
Enumerate the salient features of different groups of protista.
Answer:
Kingdom Protista includes unicellular, aquatic, eukaryotes. It includes Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans.
1. Chrysophytes:

1. It includes diatoms and desmids (golden algae).
2. They are green, microscopic, float in water currents.
3. In Diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, epitheca and hypotheca which fit together as soap box.
4. The cell walls are embedded with silica which are indestructible. They pile at the bottom of water reservoir to form diatomaceous earth.
5. Diatoms are divided into two types based on symmetry.
   i) Centrale diatoms are radially symmetrical.
   ii) Pennales are bilaterally symmetrical.
6. Asexual reproduction is by binary fission and sexual reproduction is by the formation of gametes.

2. Dinoflagellates:

1. Dinoflagellates are marine. They appear as yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending upon the pigments present in the cells.
2. Cell wall is made up of cellulose plates.
3. Two flagella are present. One lies longitudinally and the other lies transversely in the furrow between the wall plates.
4. Flagella produce spinning movements. So these are called whirling whips.
5. Nucleus is called Mesokaryon as chromosomes are condensed without histones.
6. Example : Nostoc shows bioluminescence.
   Gonyaulax make the sea appear red.

3. Euglenoids :

1. These are unicellular, flagellate, fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
2. Cell wall is absent.
3. The body is covered by thin flexible pellicle.
4. They bear two flagella, usually one long and one short. They swim actively by flagella.
5. The anterior part of the cell bears an invagination consisting of Cytostome (cell mouth), Cytopharynx (gullet) and reservoir.
6. A photosynthetic stigma on eye spot is present inthe reservoir.
7. Chloroplast is present. The pigments in it are identical to those present in higher plants. Performs photosynthesis.
8. In the absence of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs depending on smaller organisms for food.
9. Reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission Palmella stage is found in Euglena.

4. Slime moulds:

1. They show saprophytic nutrition.
2. Slime moulds are multinucleated protoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane.
3. They are aquatic; move along with decaying twigs.
4. Under favourable Conditions they aggregate to form plasmodium. They may spread upto several feet.
5. Under unfavourable conditions, plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies which bear spores at their tips. These spores are wind dispersed and can survive for many years.

5. Protozoans:
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as parasites. The four major groups of protozoans are given below.
i) Amoeboid protozoans:

1. These organisms live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil.
2. They have locomotory organ called pseudopodia or false feet.
3. Marine forms have silica shells on their surface. Example: Amoeba.

ii) Flagellated protozoans:

1. These members are either free-living or parasitic.
2. They have flagella.
3. They cause diseases like sleeping sickness. Example : Trypanosoma.

iii) Ciliated protozoans:

1. These are aquatic and actively moving organisms because of cilia.
2. They have a cavity that opens to outside of the cell surface.
   Example : Paramecium.

iv) Sporozoans :
It includes diverse organisms that have an infectious sporelike stage in their life cycle. Example : Plasmodium.

InText Question Answers

Question 1.
State two economically important uses of
a) Heterotrophic bacteria.
b) Archaebacteria.
Answer:
a) Use of heterotrophic bacteria :

1. They help in making curd from milk.
2. They convert dead plants and animals into simpler substances and make them available to plants.

b) Use of archaebacteria :
1) They live in the guts of several ruminant animals such as cow and buffaloes and help in their digestion.

Question 2.
Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi on the basis of the following i) Mode of nutrition ii) Mode of reproduction.
Answer:

Question 3.
Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic material. Also name four common viral diseases.
Answer:

1. Viruses are acellular, ultramicroscopic, nucleoprotein particles.
2. Viruses are obligate parasites. They are inert outside the host cell.
3. Viruses contain nucleic acid and protein.
4. The protein part forms a coat called capsid. It is made up of small sub units called capsomeres.
5. The nucleic acid which is genetic material may be DNA or RNA.
6. No virus contains both DNA and RNA.
7. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and Human Immuno Virus (HIV) are examples for virus having RNA.
8. Bacteriophages contain DNA as genetic material.
9. Four common Viral Diseases : 1) AIDS, 2) Influenza 3) Small pox 4) Mumps.

Question 4.
Organise a discussion in your class on the topic. Are viruses living or non-living?
Answer:
The main points to be discussed in class :
a) Viruses can be regarded as living organisms because

1. They are formed by macromolecules which occur in living beings.
2. Presence of genetic material
3. Ability to multiply or reproduce
4. Occurrence of mutations
5. Infectivity and host specificity
6. Occurrence of antigenic property
7. Viruses are killed by autoclaving and ultraviolet rays.
8. Viruses are responsible for infectious diseases like common cold, influenza, chicken pox, mumps etc.

b) Viruses can be regarded as non-living organisms because

1. Protoplasm absents
2. Ability to get crystallized & TMV
3. Inability to live independently
4. High specific gravity which is found only in non-living objects
5. Absence of respiration
6. Absence of storing energy system
7. Absence of growth and division.

Question 5.
Suppose you accidentally find an old preserved permanent slide without a label and in your effort to identify it, you place the slide under microscope and observe the following features :
a) unicellular body
b) well defined nucleus
c) biflagellate condition – one flagellum lying longitudinally and the other transversely.
What would you identify it as ? Can you name the kingdom it belongs to?
Answer:
It is identified as Dinoflagellates.
It belongs to kingdom : Protista.

Question 6.
Polluted water bodies have usually high abundance of plants like IMostoc and Oscillatoria. Give reasons.
Answer:
Polluted water bodies have excessive growth of plants like Nostoc and Oscillatonia because of the excessive nutrients present in it. It results in algal booms.

Question 7.
Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria have been clubbed together in Eubacteria of kingdom Monera as per the five kingdom classification, even though the two are vastly different from each other. Is this grouping of the two types of taxa in the same kingdom justified? If so why?
Answer:
Yes. because both are unicellular prokaryotic organisms.

Question 8.
What observable features in Trypanosoma would make you classify under the kingdom Protista?
Answer:
They are aquatic, single-celled eukaryotes.

Question 9.
At a stage of their life cycle, ascomycetous fungi produce fruiting bodies like cleistothecium, perithecium or apothecium. How are these three types of fruiting bodies differ from each other?
Answer:

1. The fruiting bodies are produced in Fungi.
2. Ascomycetes are called Ascocarp.
3. The globose ascocarp without opening is called cleistothecium.
4. The flask-shaped ascocarp with an apical opening is called perithecium.
5. The cup or saucer-shaped ascocarp is called apothecium.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 1st Lesson The Living World Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material 1st Lesson The Living World

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does ICBINT stand for?
Answer:
ICBN stands for International Code for Botanical Nomenclature.

Question 2.
What is flora?

1. Flora is the actual account of habitat, distribution and systematic listing of plants of a given area.
2. It provides the index to the plant species found in a particular area.

Question 3.
Define Metabolism. What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
Aswer:

1. Metabolism refers to the sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body of a living organism.
2. The constructive metabolic process in which complex molecules are formed from simpler molecules is called anabolism. The destructive metabolic process in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules is called catabolism.

Question 4.
Which is the largest botanical garden in the world? Name a few well known botanical gardens in India.
Answer:

1. Royal Botanical Garden (RBG) at Kew, England is the largest botanical garden in the world.
2. Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah and National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow are well known botanical gardens in India.

Question 5.
Define the terms couplet and lead in taxonomic key. [Mar. – 2018, Mar. 15, A.P.]
Answer:
1) Couplet :
A pair of contrasting characters that represents the choice made between two opposite options.

2) Lead :
Each statement in the taxonomic key.

Question 6.
What is meant by manuals and monographs? [May ’17, May ’14]
Answer:

1. Manuals are recorded descriptions useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area.
2. Monographs contain information on any one taxon.

Question 7.
What is systematics?
Answer:

1. Systematics is the study of different kinds of organisms, their diversities and also the relationship among them.
2. Systematics includes identification, nomenclature and classification. It takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Question 8.
Why are living organisms classified?
Answer:

1. Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.
2. It is a device to study all the living organisms with ease.

Question 9.
What is the basic unit of classification? Define it. [Mar. ’20, ’17; Mar. 14, 13]
Answer:

1. Species is the basic unit of classification.
2. Species can be defined as a group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities. Eg : Solanum tuberosum (Potato)

Question 10.
Give the scientific name of Mango. Identify the generic name and specific epithet.
Answer:

1. The scientificname of Mango is Mangifera indica.
2. Mangifera is generic name and indica is specific epithet.

Question 11.
What is growth? What is the difference between the growth in living organisms and growth in non-living objects?
Answer:

1. Growth may be defined as permanent and irreversible increase in size overtime.
2. The growth in living organisms is from inside and by cell divisions. Whereas in non-living objects growth is due to accumulation of material on the surface.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by identification and nomenclature? How is a key helpful in the identification and classification of an organism?
Answer:

1. Determining whether a collected plant is entirely new or already known is called identification. Providing a correct scientific name to an identified plant is called nomenclature.
2. Correct identification can be done by directly comparing the characters of the plant with an authentic herbarium specimen or indirectly with the help of key in floras.
3. Key or taxonomic key is an artificial analytic device having a list of statements with dichotomatic table of alternate characteristics which is used in identifying organisms.
4. Usually a couplet or two contrasting characters are used. The one present in the organism is chosen while the other is rejected.
5. Taxonomic key is helpful in the identification and classification of an organism based on.the similarities and dissimilarities.
6. Each statement in the key is called a lead.
7. Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and Species for identification purpose.

Question 2.
What are taxonomical aids? Give the importance of herbaria and museums.
Answer:
Herbarium, Botanical gardens, Zoological parks and Museums are taxonomical aids.

Herbarium:

1. Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimen.
2. Plants identification can be done directly comparing the characters with an authentic herbarium specimen.
3. Plant specimens that are collected are dried, pressed and preserved on the sheets.
4. These sheets are arranged according to the system of classification.
5. These sheets provide the information about the date, place of collection, English name, local name and scientific name, family name even the collector’s name etc.
6. Herbaria serves as a quick referred system in taxonomic studies.
7. Royal Botanical garden at Kew, England has largest herbarium. It is an international centre for plant identification.
8. Nowadays herbarium is preserved as Digital herbarium. The digital images of the herbarium specimens and the related information is preserved and published on internet for wider use.

This digital herbarium is intended to take advantage of internet and digital photography technologies to provide online facility.

Museum :
Generally in schools and colleges biological museums are present. In these museums, they preserve the plants and animals specimens collected for study and reference. Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions or they may be preserved as dry specimens.

Question 3.
Define a taxon. Give some examples of taxa at different hierarchial levels.
Answer:
Any system of classification is made up of different units such as species, genus, family, order, class, division, kingdom which are arranged in a hierarchial sequence. Irrespective of its rank in the sequence every unit is called Taxon.

Hierarchy is the arrangement of organism in a definite sequence. The following is the taxonomical categories showing hierarchial arrangement in ascending order.

Examples of Taxa at different hierarchial levels :

Question 4.
How are botanical gardens useful in conserving biodiversity? Define the terms Flora, Manuals, Monographs and Catalogues.
Answer:
Plants found in botanical gardens can be regarded as live specimens. Plants are grown in these gardens for identification purposes. Each plant is labelled indicating its botanical name and its family. Botanical gardens are useful in knowing our bioresources and their diversity.

Flora :
Flora is a book containing the details of the habitat and distribution of plants of a particular area. Every district in each state has its own flora.

Manuals :
These are small books useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area. It specially designed for ready reference.

Monograph :
They contain information on any one taxon.

Catalogues :
Books which help in correct identification of plants.

Question 5.
Explain binomial nomenclature.
Answer:

1. Every plant should have only one correct scientific name.
2. Every scientific plant name has two components. They are the generic name and the specific,epithet. This system of providing a name with two components is called Binomial nomenclature.
3. Scientific name should be in Latin or Latin derivative.
4. Both the words’ when handwritten they must be underlined or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
5. The generic name will be in the noun form and always begins with capital letter. The specific name will be in the adjective form and starts with small letter. For example, Solanum tuberosum is the name of the potato plant in which “Solanum” is the genus and “tuberosum” is the species.
6. The author’s name may be given in abbreviated form at the end of the scientific name.

For example :
Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that the species was first described by Linnaeus.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by living? Give a detailed account of any four defining features of life forms.
Answer:
Organisms which are self replicating, evolving and self regulating, having interactive systems, capable of responding to external stimuli are said to be living.

The defining features of life forms are
1. Metabolism :
All living organisms are made of chemicals. These chemicals undergo various chemical reactions. The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body of a living organism is called metabolism. Cellular organisation of the body required for metabolism is the defining feature of life forms.

2. Consciousness :
Response to external stimuli is called irritability. Plants repond to external factors like light, water/temperature, other organisms, pollutants etc. All organisms are aware of their surroundings. This is called consciousness. Consciousness is the defining property of living organisms/Human being is the only one who is aware of himself that means has self consciousness.

3. Interactions :
Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent cells but arise as a result of interactions among the constituent cells. Similarly properties of cellular organelles are not present in the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise as a result of interactions among the molecular components comprising the organelle. Such underlying molecular interactions are also apparent in macromolecules such as starch. These interactions result in emergent properties at a higher level of organisation.

4. Genetic material :
All living organisms present, past and future are linked to one another by the sharing of common genetic material.

Question 2.
Define the following terms with examples, (i) Class (ii) Family (iii) Order (iv) Genus (v) Division.
Answer:
i) Class :
Class includes related orders. For example, in plant kingdom orders like Malvales, Rosales, Polemoniales etc., are included in the class : Dicotyledonae.

ii) Family :
Family is a group in which different genera of common characters are put together. Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. For example, three different genera Solanuim, Nicotiana, and Datura are placed in the family Solonaceae.

iii) Order :
Different families with similar characters are put into an order. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera included in a family. Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order Polemoniales mainly based on floral characters.

iv) Genus :
Genus is a group of different species with related characters. For example, potato and brinjal are two different species but belong to the genus-Solanum.

v) Division :
Different classes with similarities are grouped into division. Classes like Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category called division : Spermatophyta.

In the case of animals related classes are included in a phylum.

InText Question Answers

Question 1.
Some of the properties of tissues are not constituents of their cells. Give two examples to support the statement.
Answer:

1. Vascular tissues like xylem and phloem help in conduction of water, mineral salts and organic substances from one place to other.
2. Sclerenchyma tissue gives mechanical support to the plant body.

Question 2.
What do we learn from identification of individuals and populations?
Answer:

1. From the identification of individuals and population we learn their correct scientific names and the description of the organisms.
2. Identification is useful in agriculture, forestry to know our bioresources and their diversity.
3. Identification helps to determine whether a collected organism is entirely new or already known.

Question 3.
Given below is the scientific name of Mango. Identify the correctly written name, (i) Mangifera Indica (ii) Mangifera indica.
Answer:
Mangifera indica.

Question 4.
Can you identify the correct sequence of taxonomical categories ?
a) Species, Order, Division, Kingdom.
b) Genus, Species, Order, Kingdom.
c) Species, Genus, Order, Phylum.
Answer:
a) Species, Order, Division, Kingdom.

Question 5.
Define the following terms.
(i) Species (ii) Class (iii) Family (iv) Order (v) Genus.
Answer:
Species :
Species is the basic unit of classification. All those plants which are identical in all respects are regarded as species.

Class :
Class includes related orders. For example, in plant kingdom orders like Malvales, Rosales, Polemoniales etc., are included in the class : Dicotyledonae.

Family :
Family is a group in which different genera of comfhon characters are put together. Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. For example, three different genera Solanum, Nicotiana, and Datura are placed in the family Solonaceae.

Order :
Different families with similar characters are put into an order. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera included in a family. Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order Polemoniales mainly based on floral characters.

Genus :
Genus is a group of different species with related characters. For example: Potato and brinjal are two different species but belong to the Genus : Solanum.

Question 6.
Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable examples of a plant.
Answer:
Flierarchy of categories is the arrangement of organisms in a definite sequence of categories. Descending order starts from kingdom to species. Ascending order starts from species to kingdom. This hierarchial system of classification was introduced by Linnaeus. The hierarchy includes seven categories – kingdom, division, or phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

Question 7.
What are the distinctive characteristics exhibited by living organisms? Describe them in brief.
Answer:
The distinctive characters exhibited by living organisms are Growth, reproduction, irritability, metabolism, ability to self replicate, self organise, interaction and emergence.

Growth :
Living organisms grow by cell division. In animals growth is seen up to a certain age. However, cell division occurs in certain tissue to replace lost cells. In plants growth is present throughout the life.

Reproduction :
Production of progeny is referred on reproduction. Progeny are more or less similar to parents. Reproduction may be vegetative, asexual and sexual methods.

Irritability :
Response to stimuli is called irritability. Plants respond to external factors like light, water temperature etc. All organisms are aware of their surroundings and this is called consciousness.

Metabolism :
The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body of the living organism is called Metabolism.

Interaction and emergence :
Properties of cellular organelles are not present in the molecular constituents but as a result of interactions they emerge properties at next higher level of organisation.

Question 8.
Life forms exhibit ‘unity in diversity’ :
Discuss with your teacher.

Question 9.
List out the principles followed to provide scientific names for newly found organism.
Answer:

1. Every plant should have only one correct scientific name.
2. Every scientific plant name has two components. They are the generic name and the specific epithet. This system of providing a name with two components is called Binomial nomenclature.
3. Scientific name should be in Latin or Latin derivative.
4. Both the words, when hand written they must be underlined or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
5. The generic name will be in the noun form and always begins with capital letter. The specific name will be in the adjective form and starts with small letter. For example, Solanum tuberosum is the name of the potato plant in which “Solanum” is the genus and “tuberosum” is the species.
6. The author’s name may be given in abbreviated form at the end of the scientific name.

For example :
Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that the species was first described by Linnaeus.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 10th Lesson Ethics, Values and Thinking Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 10th Lesson Ethics, Values and Thinking

Question 1.
Discuss the importance of Ethics and how values can be inculcated.
Answer:

1. Importance : Ethics refers not merely to conformity with values of the society because of fear of retribution, but behaviour in accordance with the societal values because of having internalised them and having accepted them as one’s own.
2. Ethical behaviour also demands consistency of conduct and belief in a principle.
3. An individual is ethical if he behaves in accordance with a principle at all times and not just when it suits him.
4. If the above two conditions were absent, some of the very foundations on which the society is based, such as trust, acceptance and co-operation would crumble.
5. However, even when a society has a set of clearly defined moral principles, conflict is not necessarily avoided.
6. This is because ethics develops within specific social frame works and keep changing as societies change.
7. Thus, two societies are likely to uphold different, even opposing principles are priorities, which can because of conflict between them, even though certain primary ethical values may be almost universal in nature.
8. When people have good conduct and behave in conformity with the standards of the society, we call it ethical behaviour.
9. This can neither be taught nor learnt in the way other school subjects are taught.
10. It develops in individuals as a result of their family background, influence of their peer group and influence of the society in which they live.
11. The following factors influence the inculcation of values,
    a) Observation
    b) Participation
    c) Discussion
    d) Inspiration from others
    e) Fear of punishment
    f) Serious influence of some incidents or situations.
12. Thus inculcation of values for the progress and preservation of society is one of the key aims of Education.
13. Importance of inculcation of ethics or moral development has been echoed time and again by others thinkers, such as John Dewey, who posited that Education was a process of forming ‘Fundamental dispositions’.
14. Mahatma Gandhi is also quoted in this respect “The purpose of all knowledge is to build up character”.
15. For any value to be developed, it should be practised with regularity and without lapses.

Question 2.
Write an essay about the various aspects of Reflective Thinking.
Answer:
Reflection as a general skill can form part of the learning process. Reflection goes beyond just gaining knowledge, to

1. Exploring the foundations of that knowledge
2. Strengthening understanding
3. Increasing awareness of the values and attitudes that influence it.

Reflective process :
It was developed by Boud, Keogh and Walker. The process has three stages.

1. Returning to experience – a detailed recounting or recollection of the events.
2. Attending to the feelings, both positive and negative, that have been prompted by the experience.
3. Re-evaluating that experience in the light of these stages and the learner’s intent and self-knowledge, bringing in new knowledge that has been gained through the process.

The possible barriers of Reflections might be :

1. Assumptions about what is/is not possible.
2. Assumptions about how to learn.
3. Lack of confidence/self confidence.
4. Previous experiences.
5. Low expectations of others and of self.
6. Inadequate preparation.
7. Lack of amenable environment.
8. Lack of space/time.
9. Tiredness.
10. Unclear/ambivalent intent.

Reflection requires an approach which is

1. being tolerant of diversity of ideas – not every one will think the way you do, not everyone interprets or understands the world in the way you do.
2. being curious – there has to be a willingness to ask questions ,to want to find out.
3. being patient – just as there are no simple answers, there are no instant answers either and your ideas and understanding may well change over time.
4. being open – willingness to absorb what is happening.
5. being honest – you need to be honest with yourself and this includes being honest about doubts and uncertainity.

Question 3.
Differentiate between Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking.
Answer:
Critical thinking:

1. Critical thinking is exercising or involving careful judgement or evaluation.
2. Ex : Judging the feasibility of an idea or product.
3. Critical thinking is a very important skill to develop.

Critical thinkers are able to do the following things:

1. Be open minded about new ideas.
2. Be intellectually independent.
3. Know when there is a need for more information about something.
4. Ask questions.
5. Base their judgements on evidence.
6. Look for connections between subjects.
7. Analyze and understand concepts, information and behaviour.
8. Break things down and seperate fact from opinion.
9. Question everything that does not make sense.
10. Try to avoid common mistakes in reasoning.
11. Be honest with themselves.
12. Overcome confusion.
13. Try to separate emotional thinking from logical thinking. Creative thinking: A working definition of creative thinking is having unusual ideas and innovative thoughts and being able to put things together in new imaginative ways. It is like thinking outside of the box.

Tips to help you to develop your creative thinking skills:

1. Don’t get hooked on finding the right answer. There can be many right answers in a creative process. It depends on your point of view.
2. Don’t always be logical. Sometimes we need to look at some-thing in a very different or not so logical way to create a better way.
3. Break the rules sometimes. New break throughs have happened because of someone not always following the rules.
4. Be impractical. If we are always practical, we will always see things the same way. Sometime we have to step out what is usual or safe.
5. Allow yourself to fail. You get better with practice.
6. Always consider yourself to be creative. This goes to our never saying we cannot do something we need to always try.

Question 4.
What are some of the topics in your textbook on Ethics that you found interesting and useful? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
In this text book there are many Interesting topic and useful topics. Now I will discuss the topics unit wise.

Unit-I :
The topics like Good behaviour; character and conduct, Habit, Difference between good and bad are very good and useful to present day youth. The scope of Ethics is also good.

Unit – II :
In this unit constitution and the values embedded in Indian constitution is good.
In this topic Fundamental duties of Indian citizens are explained very clearly.

Unit – III :
This unit is exclusively for students. The importance or NCC and NSS are very clearly given. After reading this the kids will get interest in Bharath scouts and Guides.

Unit – IV :
In this unit Life Skill are really good. After readings this every student will follow how to Manage the time.
Peer pressure, Team work, Interpersonal relations are really Needed by each and every student.

Unit – V :
This chapter is very important for each and every citizen of India.

How to use Natural resource, what is the loss we are getting due to deforestation. How to control unethical practices will be know to each and every person who reads this.

Unit – VI :
This chapter defines what is religion. Differences between different religions. Importance of the religion. Greatiness of all religions is explained.

Unit – VII :
In this unit professional Ethics was discussed. IAS, IPS, officers, Doctors, Politicians etc play very important role in Building the society. If these people are corrupt there will be danger to Nation. Each professional person must go through this.

Unit – VIII :
In this unit Health and Nutrition was discussed. Especially nowadays all youth are doing dieting. After reading this book Every parent must give good and nutrition food to their kids.

Unit – IX :
The advantages, disadvantages of Internet, Mobile Phones, Computers are very clearly discussed in this unit.

Unit – X :
In this topic ethics was once again discussed. Reflective thinking, creative thinking is explained very nicely.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 9th Lesson Ethics in Social Media and Technology Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 9th Lesson Ethics in Social Media and Technology

Question 1.
Describe some of the advantages and disadvantages of the internet.
Answer:
Uses of Internet:
i) Availability of the Vast Resource :
The information that is accessible on the Internet is practically infinite. Whether in the field of sciences, humanities, fine arts or medicine. One need not go to library now a days. More books are readily accessible at the click of the mouse in all fileds.

ii) Instant and Easy Access to Information :
It takes just seconds for a website to open and, within minutes, one can go through several websites in search of the information that is needed.

iii) Effortless communication with Friends and Family :
Letter writing, posting, and delivering of letters has been replaced by instant, hassle-free “e-mail”. E-mail means electronic mail.

iv) Easy Interaction with unknown Person :
Networking sites on the Internet enable us to chat with family members and unknown persons also. There are several forums on the Internet for people sharing common interests.

v) Source of Endless Entertainment :
With the use of the Internet, we can listen to music and watch movies and TV shows. Besides, we can also play online games. These games may be action or adventure games, board games, racing games, puzzle games, skill games.

vi) Flexi Work and Easy Transfer of Data :
It is no longer necessary to follow rigid timings of work in the office. Work can be completed at home on a computer and reports, bulky data, files, etc can be transmitted to any corner of the earth in seconds.

vii) Applications in Banking and Finance :
Internet banking has made it possible to pay utility and other bills online, transfer money from one account to another and conduct financial transactions like the buying and selling of shares.

We can book railway, bus, and aeroplane tickets, make hotel bookings and give donations to an organization without leaving home.

Drawbacks of the Internet and Misuse among Youth :
i) Excessive dependence on Technology and Addiction :
The Internet is not only a substitute for a library, but doubles up as a TV, a phone, a music provider and a medium to play games and interact with friends. Youngsters, especially in western countries, spend a lot of time on the Internet. The extent of dependence on the Internet can be alarming at times. It may border on addiction.

ii) Disconnect with the Real world :
Youngsters are so immersed in the virtual world that they are losing connection with the real world in which they live. They spend hours together browsing the web, playing online games and being active on social networking sites.

iii) Loss of Skills :
In advanced countries, people are accustomed to using their laptop from a tender age and, as a result, rarely have an occasion to practice hand writing.

iv) Break down of Family Ties :
Present-day adolescents spend so much time on the Internet that the time they spend with family members is decreasing day by day. Even at dinner, the teenager is constantly checking mails.

v) Inability to communicate in the Real Social World :
It cannot be denied that social networking sites enable us to make friends with total strangers and stay in touch with family and friends living far away.

vi) Blurring of distinctions between Office time and Home time :
It might be convenient to work at home, either part-time or full-time, but sometimes family life is affected adversely.

vii) Unethical usage of the Internet :
Students often “copy” and “paste” chunks of information found on the Internet and do not bother even to acknowledge the source when submitting assignments. It is also becoming increasingly common to use blue tooth devices for malpractices in the examination hall with help from experts who supply the answers from outside.

ix) Easy access to Indecent Sites :
Youngsters have easy access to sites which may contain indecent movies. The ready availa¬bility of pornography is a matter of grave concern. It may not be a coincidence that some of the most brutal crimes against women have taken place in the recent past in India soon after the juvenile criminals viewed pornography.

x) Information on the Internet may be Inaccurate :
The information available on websites may not always be accurate and may need to be cross checked.

Question 2.
List out some guidelines for youngsters regarding the proper and judicious use of the internet.
Answer:
Guidelines for the use of the Internet by Teens :

1. Teenagers should spend only a limited amount of time on their computer. A computer cannot be a substitute for a friend or family member.
2. Teenages should spend time outdoors in games and social interaction with friends and family. They should not remain cooped up in their home with laptops during holidays.
3. Teenagers should use the Internet mostly for information and partly for recreation. They should make ethical use of the infor- mation on the web.
4. Teenagers should have a frank discussion with their parents about various aspects of Internet usage, such as amount of time spent daily on the net, timings and purpose.
5. Teenagers should agree to parental supervision and frequent checks of what they have been surfing or doing on the net.
6. Teenagers should promise not to visit sites that are not suitable for them. They should avoid sites that are indecent and which contain ‘adult content’.
7. Passwords should NEVER be revealed to anyone, except to parents. They should not be shared even with friends.
8. Photos should NEVER be shared with strangers.
9. Teenagers should avoid meeting online acquaintances except with parental approval.
10. Teenagers should immediately inform parents if anything inappropriate or odd takes place while interacting with others on social networks.
11. E-mails from unknown persons should not be opened as they may contain spam and unsolicited messages. Anti-virus software should be installed.
12. Credit cards of parents should not be used without prior permission to buy goods online. Good should be bought only from reliable sites.
13. Teenagers should observe ‘netiquette’. They should.be polite and should avoid posting mean or nasty comments.
14. Laptops should be used carefully. When their life is over they should be handed over at a place for recycling e-waste.

Question 3.
Your friend has bought her first mobile phone and is asking you for some general advice about the usage of mobile phones. How would you guide her?
Answer:

1. Teenagers should remember that the primary purpose of a mobile phone is to stay in touch with the family. They should yield to peer pressure or make comparisons with those who have fancy gadgets. They should not force parents to buy them expensive phones.
2. Teenagers should discuss with their parents the amount of time they can use the phone daily and the expense involved. They should keep within those limits.
3. Mobile phones should not be used in class. They should either be switched off or kept in silent mode.
4. It is impolite and discourteous to talk loudly over the phone in public places such as movie halls, restaurants, malls and trains.
5. Talking over the mobile, checking mail and sending messages should be completely avoided during formal occasions such as meetings.
6. Talking on the phone while driving, even on Bluetooth, is dangerous and also illegal in most countries. Texting while driving is doubly so.
7. Youngsters should avoid too much texting on the mobile. Excessive texting results invariably in the excessive use of abbreviations. After a while even spoken and written language gets distorted.
8. The use of the phone should be avoided while the battery is being charged as there have been instances of spurious batteries exploding.
9. It is advisable to speak not more than half an hour on the mobile everyday. Mobile phones like laptops, electric hair driers and shavers emit electro magnetic radiation. Some scientific studies have linked the excessive use of talking on mobile phones with a greater incidence of headaches, stress and even brain tumours.
10. It is rude to look into the messages of others or even their list of contacts without their permission.
11. It is advisable to use a password for opening the phone. If the phone is lost the mobile service provider should be informed at once and a police complaint too should be lodged. There have been several instances when stolen SIM cards have been used for criminal purposes.
12. Back up all data such as contacts and photos on a pendrive or as a hard copy on your computer.
13. If the mobile is a “smart phone” and has Internet connectivity, all the guidelines related to the proper use of the Internet should be observed.
14. Avoid using the smart phone for banking and other sensitive transactions in public places having wireless connectivity as data can be compromised.

Question 4.
Describe how privacy and personal safety can be compromised unknowingly by users of the internet. What precautions should one take to avoid becoming a victim of cyber crime?
Answer:
There are many risks involved in visiting social networking sites. Novices to the Internet may not be even aware of these risks. Cyber crimes are steadily increasing by the day and result sometimes in the loss of one’s entire savings and even, occasionally, loss of life.

1. Teenagers should remember that the primary purpose of social networking sites is to stay in touch with friends and family.
2. They should not make friends with strangers or people who promise lucrative jobs like modelling careers or movie roles.
3. Teenagers should discuss with their parents if anyone un – known tries to make “friends” with them on a social net working site.
4. Social networking sites should not be used to post offensive messages about friends or to gossip about others.
5. Personal d fails like address and telephone number and passwords should never be revealed on social networking sites.

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 8th Lesson Health and Nutrition Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 8th Lesson Health and Nutrition

Question 1.
Write a short essay about some of the important nutrients that are needed for good health during adolescence, including important sources and effects of deficiency.
(OR)
List out 15 guidelines that should be followed by adolescents regarding food habits and exercise.
Answer:
1) A varied diet is necessary :
A diet which is low in fat, moderately high in carbohydrates and rich in protein is ideal for adolescents.

2) A variety of grains and pulses should be consumed :
A diet containing whole grains, pulses, vegetables, fruits and milk can prevent most deficiency diseases.

3) Fresh vegetables and fruits should be consumed :
Vegetables and fruits must be consumed in plenty as they are rich in nutrients like beta-carotene, folate, calcium, riboflavin and iron.

About 300 grams of vegetables, including 50 grams of green leafy vegetables should be consumed daily. About 100 grams of fruits should be eaten daily.

4) A wide variety of vegetables and fruits should be eaten :
For maximising nutrient benefits of different foods. Fresh amla, guava, banana, certain vegetables such as turnips, citrus fruits like orange and lime, are rich in “Vitamin C”. A natural chemical that prevents heart disease and some kinds of cancer.

5) Milk and meat :
Foods of animal origin like milk and meat should be included in the diet. Vegetarians must use milk as supplement for B₁₂ deficiency.

6) Rich in Iron foods must be eated :
Green leafy vegetables, whole grains and nuts are rich in iron and should be eaten by teenagers, particularly girls.

7) Fried foods must be less :
They increase the risk of obesity, stroke, heart disease, diabetes and also various kinds of cancers.

8) Processed foods should be avoided :
They contain additives like chemical preservatives, colour, excessive salt and sugar.

9) The intake of sugar should be restricted :
The amount of sugar per day should not exceed 90 grams and this includes the sugars that are found naturally in fruits.

Artificial sweetners such as aspartame and sucralose contain less calories than sugar but some studies have shown that they may be harmful and could cause serious health problems if taken regularly.

10) Salt intake should be restricted :
Per day one should use only less than 6 gram. Salt consists of 40% sodium which is harmful and 60% chloride bread also consists of sodium. Excess of Sodium undertake risk of hypertension, Osteoporosis, kidney disease and certain kinds of cancer.

11) 3-4 litres of water every day :
It is essential to take water daily. Water helps to flush out toxins and waste products from the system.

12) Breakfast is the most important meal of the day :
Breakfast should not be skipped. Dosa, upma, idli and paratha are nutritions as they contain variety of grains, pulses and lentils and sometimes vegetables too. Sprouts are also good.

13) Eat a Number of small Meals :
It is preferable to eat a number of small meals rather than two or three heavy ones.

14) Meals should be had at regular timings :
Avoid over-eating, binge eating or prolonged fasting. Crash diets and mono diets should be avoided.

15) Eat in a peaceful Environment :
Leisurely as the body absorbs nutrition best when there is minimum stress. Avoid watching T.V. while eating and instead, relish the food.

Question 2.
Write a short essay about the spread and prevention of communicable diseases.
Answer:
Definition :
The disease that spread from person to person through disease causing organisms such as virus, bacteria, fungus, and protozoa.

The most common ways communicable diseases spread from person to person are

i) Transmission of germs through air :
Sneezing and coughing cause germs to be expelled from nose and these germs may be inhaled by people around.

ii) Contaminated food and water :
Diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid and infective hepatitis spread through the contamination of food and water. Sometimes sewage water gets mixed with drinking water.

iii) Direct and Indirect contact with the infected person :
Diseases like T.B. spread among close members of the family who have prolonged contact with the infected person. Sharing of utensils and bed clothes increase chances of the spread of the disease. Diseases like HIV spread through sexual contact with an infected persons as well as through sharing of syringes and transfusion of blood from an injected person.

iv) Bites from insects and Animals :
Malaria, dengue and chikungunya are spread by the bite of mosquitoes which harbour the parasites.

Precautions to prevent spread of commuicable diseases :
i) Wash hands frequently :
It is the best single step can give substantial protection against infectious diseases.

ii) Handle and prepare food safely :
Food should be prepared and served in a hygienic manner. Sometimes a person may be a silent carrier of a disease, without personally suffering any symptoms. “Typhoid Mary”, a silent carrier of typhus germs, infected nearly 50 persons in the U.S. during her career as a cook. 3 of her victims died of the disease.

iii) Keep the house and office clean :
Studies house shown that the vegetable cutting board and the office computer may contain more germs them toilet seat. The kitchen and bath rooms in particular, should be disinfected regularly. Houses should be mosquito proofed, if possible.

iv) Do not let water stagnate :
Water should not be allowed to stagnate in any area as it can become a breeding place for mosquitoes.

v) Do not share personal items :
Personal articles like tooth brushes, combs, towels and razors should not be shared.

vi) Cover your mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing :
If we do so we can prevent transmission of germs.

vii) Remain home when sick :
One should remain at home only for few days if they are suffering from diseases like chickenpox or typhoid.

viii) Drink purified water and eat in hygienic places :
Water should be boiled or purified inorder to kill germs. Eating bajjis and chaats at wayside bandis must be curbed in winter atleast.

ix) Do not spit or urinate in public places :
Diseases like diarrohoea and T.B. spread rapidly in such unhygenic conditions.

x) Dispose of garbage carefully :
Garbage and kitchen waste should not be thrown out in the open should be disposed of in a hygienic manner.

xi) Take proper care of pets :
Pets should be kept clean and should be regularly vaccinated against rabies and other diseases.

xii) Take all required vaccines :
Several communicable diseases can be prevented by taking vaccines which lend immunity against the particular disease.

xiii) Safe sex practices :
H.I.V/AIDS, Syphilis, Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea are example of unsafe sex. Prostitutes and drug addicts are high risk group for STDs.

xiv) Eat nutritious food :
Nutritious food keeps the body strong and builds immunity to various diseases.

Question 3.
What are the causes of risk behaviour among adolescents and how can such behaviour be checked?
Answer:
Adolescence is commonly referred to as the “troubled teens”. Teenagers sometimes display poor self-control, judgement, and decision making. Some of the risky and reckless behaviours among the teens are

i) Incomplete development of the brain :
The part of the brain which is responsible for problem solving and decision making, is not fully developed during adolescence.

ii) Spurt in hormones :
Many hormones are secreted during adolescence, such as adrenal stress hormones, growth hormones and sex hormones such as testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone. These harmones influence mood and behaviour. A small argument can flare up into an ugly incident of stabbing.

iii) Peer pressure :
Peer pressure and approval greatly influence teen behaviour. It has been observed that teens indulge in more risk taking in the company of their peers.

Assertion of individuality :
Adolesecence is a time when youngsters wish to assert themselves by an open defiance of authority. It is thrilling to do something that is prohibited and to test the limits of one s skills or endurances.

How to Avoid Risk:
i) Support of Parents and Teachers:

1. The teen receives lone and support from the parents and other family members.
2. The teen feels free to talk to his parents and share his innermost thoughts.
3. The teen has access to other adults with whom he can discuss his problems.
4. Parents play an active role in the teen’s academic and extra curricular activities.
5. The school / college is a place where the teen feels at ease and can seek the advice of teachers.

ii) Boundaries Laid down by parents:

1. Parents lay down standards for appropriate behaviour.
2. Parents discipline the child when rules are broken.
3. Parents are aware of the movements of the teen and the company he keeps.
4. Parents ensure that the number of outings and the time spent does not cross a reasonable limit.
5. Parents have an idea about the activities of the teen on the internet.

Structured Time use :

1. The teenager should be actively encouraged to pursue a hobby such as music or painting.
2. The teen should participate in a sport like cricket or football at least thrice a week.
3. Interesting home assignments should be given at school to keep the teen occupied productively.
4. The teen can take up some part time course to improve his skills. It could be an online course.
5. The teen should be encouraged to take up some community or social work with friends, say volunteering to teach slum children twice a week or participating in a door to door campaign about creating awareness about proper garbage disposal.

Question 4.
Discuss the effects of substance abuse. How can substance abuse be prevented.
Answer:

1. Substance abuse can cause neurological, respiratory and cardio – vascular damage, depending on the type of drug, dosage, frequency and individual factors.
2. It can also lead to frightening psychological effects like hallucinations.
3. Initially a small dose of the substance is enough to. give a high or feeling of euphoria but later increasingly large amounts of the substance may be needed to experience the same intensity of sensation or experience.
4. Often multiple drugs are combined and used with alcohol. This is far more dangerous than taking a single drug.
5. Sudden stopping of the abused substance gives rise to withdrawal symptoms which may be unbearable, such as tremors, severe depression, seizures and in extreme cases, even death.
6. Risk behaviour increases when drugs are taken and may result in fatal injuries. It is common for example, for accidents to take place when people drive under the influence of alcohol.
7. Drug addicts may have several sexual partners and this increases the likelihood of contracting STDs.
8. It is not just the individual but the family and also society that are impacted by substance abuse.
9. Poor academic and work performance, dropping out of school or college, inability to hold a job, stress in relationships and break up of marriage, inability to meet family or societal obligations, these are just a few of the effects of drug abuse.

Prevention of substance Abuse among teens:

1. The earlier a person indulges in substance abuse the greater is the chance of becoming an addict.
2. It is important therefore to prevent substance abuse from childhood itself.
3. Prevention is effected at three levels. Primary, secondary and teritary.
4. At the primary level the aim is to reduce incidence at the secondary level, the aim is to reduce. Prevalence while at the teritary level the focus is on treatment and rehabilitation.
5. The family, school, community and neighbourhood can play a crucial role in inculcating good values in adolescents and ensuring that teens are sensitised to the dangers of substance abuse.
6. The individual should develop enough self-worth and selfconfidence to be able to refuse drugs even if pressurised by friends.
7. In recent years the Government of India has prohibited advertisements relating to liquor and cigarettes on TV and has also prohibited the glorification such substances in movies.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 7th Lesson Professional Ethics Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material 7th Lesson Professional Ethics

Question 1.
Enumerate some ethical norms that should be followed by teachers and doctors.
Answer:
Teachers should observe certain ethical Norms such as :

1. A true teacher is a lifelong learner. He should never feel that he knows everything or that he is so experienced that he can go without preparation to the class.
2. A teacher should be sensitive by calling him stupid, “dumb”, etc. This can have a crippling effect on the child. The child may be demoralized, sink into depression and, in extreme cases even commit suicide.
3. A good teacher draws out the best from each child.
4. The teacher should try to avoid punishment as far as possible. Punishment can be in the form of imposition. Corporal punishment should be avoided at all costs as not only is it ethically unacceptable but is also against the law.
5. The teacher should be a role model who inspires the respect of the students. Her dress and mode of inter-action with students as well as colleagues should be beyond reproach. If a teacher frequently uses her mobile phone in class, she loses the moral authority to reprimand students when they do the same.
6. The teacher should strive to be a friend, philospher and guide to students. The relationship with students continues beyond the classroom. The teacher should be ready to listen patiently to the problems and difficulties of students, whether related to academics or pertaining to their personal life. Teachers can play a stabilizing role in the life of students by showing tolerance, sympathy and compassion.

Important duties of physicians include :

1. Treating patients to the best of one’s ability and judgement and offering the best standards of treatment.
2. Refraining from causing harm to the patient.
3. Refraining from performing or aiding abortion and euthanasia, (mercy killing)
4. Refraining from any form of corruption or impropriety with patients, particularly women.
5. Maintaining confidentiality about the problems and diseases of patients.
6. Placing the interest of the patient above one’s own interest.
7. Leaving surgeries and specilized care to those who are trained in those fields.

Question 2.
What are some of the ethical practices that should be adopted by politicians and the police?
Answer:
Politicians:

1. Personal integrity and impeccable standards of morality.
2. Commitment to the welfare of the people.
3. Thorough grasp of the problems and issues that concern the people.
4. Efficient allocation and utilization of funds and resources.
5. Speedy implementation of welfare and developmental schemes.
6. Courage to withstand external influences and internal party pressures.
7. Innovative thinking and problem solving.
8. conforming to the laws, including those related to election funding and accounts.
9. Shunning corruption, nepotism and misuse of power.
10. Compassion for people, particularly the under privileged and weak sections of society and respect for women.
11. Maintaining the highest standards of property, fairness and decorum in the legislative assembly, parliament and government offices as well as in public.

Police :

1. Affirm allegiance to the constitution of India and respect the rights of all citizens.
2. Be ready to lay down life in the line of duty.
3. Enforce all laws without questioning their property or need.
4. Enforce the law strictly without fear or favour, malice or vindictiveness.
5. Use discretion in the use of force. Force should be resorted to only when persuasion, advice and warnings fail.
6. Function within their limits and not usurp the powers of the judiciary by meting out punishment to the guilty.
7. Strive to prevent crime in the first place, rather than solve it.
8. Remember that they too are members of the public. /
9. Earn the confidence and respect of the members of the public, without whose co-operation it would be difficult to discharge the various duties.
10. Be sympathetic and responsive to all members of the public, both rich and poor. Be particularly considerate to the under privileged and to women.
11. Be courteous and pleasant in dealing with the public.
12. Be irreproachable in private life by maintaining high standades of honesty and integrity.

Question 3.
The highest standards of morality should be observed by those in the Civil Services and the Judiciary. Do you agree?
Answer:
The civil services encompass a wide range of services at the Central as well as the state level. Thus apart from IAS and IPS, we have the Indian Foreign Service, Indian Forest Service, Accounts and Audit Service, Railway Service, Health Service, Engineering Service, Postal Service.

Civil Servant must follow :

1. Discharge official duty with responsibility, honesty accountability and without discrimination based on caste, creed, gender or religion.
2. Ensure effective management, leadership and development.
3. Avoid misuse of official position or information.
4. Serve as instruments of good governance and foster social and economic development.

The Draft Public Services Bill 2007 :

1. Patriotism and national pride.
2. Allegiance to the constitution.
3. Objectivity, impartiality, honesty, diligence, courtesy and transparency are the three important area where the public servant should be guided.

The qualities of the Civil Servant :
i) Integrity :
Civil servants should be guided in their decisions solely by pubjic interest, they should not make personal profit by accepting money and other favours.

ii) Impartiality :
Decisions should be based on the merit alone.

iii) Commitment to public service :
Service should be rendered in a fair, effective and courteous manner.

iv) Accountability :
Civil servants are accontable for their decisions and should be willing to subject themselves to scruting.

v) Devotion to duty :
Civil servants should show unstinting devotion towards their duties and responsibilities.

vi) Exemplary behaviour :
Civil servants should be a model of good behaviour.

Ethical standards thai an advocate should observe :

1. The dignity of the court should be maintained under all circumstances.
2. He should not communicate with the judge in private or use influence or coercion.
3. He should not do anything illegal while dealing with opposite party.
4. He should refuse to represent clients who insist on unfair or improper means.
5. The reputation of the opposite party should not be damaged on false grounds.
6. If the judge is close relative, the advocate should not plead the case.
7. The advocate should not appear in any case where there is a conflict of interest. He should not represent establishments of which he is a member.
8. He should not stand surety for the client.
9. He should not appear in a case where he himself is a witness.
10. He should uphold the interest of the client irrespective of his personal opinions.
11. He should not suppress material evidence.
12. He should not advertise or solicit work.

Special qualities that a judge should possess are :

1. He should be a model of integrity and propriety.
2. He should have vast knowledge, particularly with reference to the laws of the land.
3. He should be unprejudiced and impartial and not be influenced by his personal opinions.
4. He should not show discrimination on the grounds of caste, creed, religion, gender etc.
5. He should use discretion and insight in interpreting laws jn the present day context.
6. He should be incorruptible and fearless.
7. He should not allow unethical practices, such as adjourments on flimsy grounds.
8. He should show compassion and have abundant patience.
9. He should not have affiliations to political parties.
10. He should have the courage to pass strictures against the Government, if warranted, and show no fear in dealing with cases relating to corruption or impropriety in high places.

Question 4.
Write an essay on ethical practices that should be followed in Corporate Management and business.
Answer:
Ethics in Management:

1. Business Ethics Management System is a “set of interdependent policies, processes and procedures that a company uses to conduct its operations legally, ethically and consistent with its values”.
2. Ethical issues include the rights and duties between a company and its employees, customers or clients, shareholders, – competitors and the general public.
3. It encompasses diverse areas and issues such as protection of the environment, employee welfare measures, fair trade practices and marketing strategies, transparency about potential health risks.

Ethics in Business :

1. Children should not be employed. In fact, child labour is not only unethical but illegal.
2. Adequate wages should be paid to workers and medical facilities provided.
3. The product being sold should meet the requirements of the client.
4. Quality control should be maintained. A contractor should not use bricks or sand of inferior quality.
5. Goods should be weighed correctly. Traders often cheat customers by using inaccurate weighing scales.
6. Harmful colours and preservatives to make food items attractive should be avoided.
7. Artificial scarcity of goods should not be created.
8. Defective goods should be replaced without harassing the customer.
9. False claims should not be made about a product.
10. Pollution and degradation of natural resources should be avoided.

Question 5.
Write an essay on ethical practices that should be followed in general by people of all professions.
Answer:
i) Ethics in corporate Management :
Many companies framed social responsibility charters and declared their commitment to ethical practices of conducting business. The famous philosopher says “All for ourselves, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of man kind”.

ii) Ethics in Business, Industry, Finance, Sales :
It is not just large corporate houses that should follow a model code of ethics and social responsibility. Whether one is a businessman or a salesman or a contractor or a tailor, one should adopt ethical practices at work. Profit should not be the sole motivating factor.

iii) Ethics in Eductation :
According to Abdul Kalam “If a country is to be free of corruption and a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher”.

Teachers are expected to maintain high standards of morality, besides being good at their subject.

Education has become a commodity, to be sold at a premium. SchoQls and colleges have been reduced to coaching centres and the emphasis is on providing intensive training in certain subjects only.

iv) Ethics in Civil Services :
It is system of Parliamentary democracy of India, the ministers are the elected representatives of the people and are the vested with the responsibility of running the administration of country.

However, as ministers are not well-versed with the intricacies of administration they mainly focus on making executive decisions. It is the civil servants who are entrusted with the onerous task of implementing the details of policy.

The civil servants should discharge their duties with responsibility, honesty, accountability and without discrimination based on caste, creed, gender or religion.

v) Ethics in politics :
According to Muhammand Iqbal “Nations are born in the hearts of poets, they prosper and die in the hands of politicians”.

According to Nikita “Politicians are the same all over. They promise to build bridges even when there are no rivers”.

According to John F. Kennedy “Ask not what country can do for you, Ask what you can do for the country”. These inspiring message should be followed by citizens as well as politicians.

vi) Ethics in Medicine :
Doctors in India have been accorded the highest status and reverence in India since times immemorial. “Vaidyo narayano hari” goes the saying, an affirmation that Doctors are living forms of Gods.

Many Doctors today charge lot of fees, prescribe unnecessary tests or refer patients to several specialists and “super specialists” even for simple ailments.

Besides, it is difficult to resist the allure of expensive gifts and exotic holidays dangled by medical companies before the doctor for prescribing; whether needed or not medicines or that particular company. These unethical practices should be curbed.

vii) Ethics in Police :
The core functions of the police include enforcing the law, maintaining peace, and protecting the life, property, and rights of all citizens. The Ministry of Home Affairs, India, laid down a model code of conduct for the police in 1985. Accordingly, the police are expected to follow some ethics.

It is essential to identify and remove the black sheep in the police force. It is also imperative that the police force is given a measure of autonomy and is freed from the influence of the rich and politically influential sections of society.

viii) Ethics in Judiciary and Legal Services :
Advocate Act, of 1961 lays down rules on the professional and ethical standards that an advocate should observe, some ethical values.

Judges are vested with duties of great responsibility and hold offices of public trust. An independent and fearless Judiciary is essential for democracy to flourish.