Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 4th Lesson Human Anatomy and Physiology – IV to prepare for their exam.
TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 4th Lesson Human Anatomy and Physiology – IV
→ Hormones are mostly the body’s long distance signaling substances.
→ Hormones are released by the endocrine glands.
→ Many animals like insects are known to produce regulatory molecules called pheromones which are released to the exterior.
→ Certain hormones which stimulate the production of other hormones in other parts of the body are called Tropic hormones’, (eg : ACTH)
→ Endocrine glands are otherwise called ductless glands.
→ As per current scientific definition “hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts”.
→ The term hormone was coined by starling.
→ Secretin was the first harmone to be detected.
→ Hormones are biomolecules of small size and are effective in very low concentrations.
→ Chemically hormones fall into 3 classes, namely
- Amine hormones
- Peptide and protein hormones
- Steroid hormones.
→ Immune system is the 24hrs / 7 days body guard system.
→ The 3 lines of defence in human beings is
(a) Skin
(b) Neutrophils
(c) Antibodies produced by lymphocytes.
→ The basic requirement of the immune system is to differentiate between self and non self and to protect the body from harmful foreign substances, toxins etc.
→ The branch of biology that deals with immunity or the study of immune system is called immunology.
→ Edward Jenner is acknowledged as the father of immunology.
→ Cells of immune system are mainly 3 types
- Lymphocytes
- Phagocytes
- Auxiliary cells.
→ Based on the size, the lymphocytes can be divided into small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes.
→ Small lymphocytes include p – cells and T – cells.
→ Large lymphocytes include large granular lymphocytes that consist of Natural Killer cells (NK cells).
→ The basic requirement of the immune system is to differentiate between self and non self and to protect the body from harmful microorganisms.
→ Frederick G. Banting
Frederick Grant Banting was born on November 14,1891, at Alliston, Ont., Canada. He was the youngest of five children of William Thompson Banting and Margaret Grant. Educated at the Public and High Schools at ‘/ Alliston, he later went to the University of Toronto to study divinity, but soon transferred to the study of medicine. In 1916 he took his M.B. degree and at once joined the Canadian Army Medical Corps, and served, during the First World War, in France. In 1918 he was wounded at the battle of Cambrai and in 1919 he was awarded the Military Cross for heroism under fire.
When the war ended in 1919. Banting returned to Canada and was for a short time a medical practitioner at London, Ontario. He studied orthopaedic medicine and was, during the year 1919 -1920, Resident Surgeon at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. From 1920 until 1921 he did part – time teaching in orthopaedics at the University of Western Ontario at London Canada, besides his general practice, and from 1921 until 1922 he was Lecturer in Pharmacology at the University of Toronto, in 1922 he was awarded his M.D. degree, together with a gold medaL
Earlier, however, Banting had become deeply interested in diabetes. The work of Naunyn, Minkowski, Opie, Schafer, and others had indicated that diabetes was caused by lack of a protein hormone secreted by the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. To this hormone Schafer had given the name insulin, and it was supposed that insulin controls the metabolism of sugar, so that lack of it results in the accumulation of sugar in the blood and the excretion of the excess of sugar in the urine. Attempts to supply the missing insulin by feeding patients with fresh pancreas or extracts of it; had failed, presumably because the protein insulin in these had been destroyed by the proteolytic enzyme of the pancreas. The problem therefore, was how to extract insulin from the pancreas before it had been thus destroyed.
While he was considering this problem, Banting read in a medical journal an article by Moses Baron, which pointed out that; when the pancreatic duct was experimentally closed by ligatures, the cells of the pancreas which secrete trypsin degenerate, but that the islands of Langerhans remain intact. This suggested to Banting the idea that ligation of the pancreatic duct would, by destroying the cells which secrete trypsin, avoid the destruction of the insulin, so that; after sufficient time had been allowed for the degeneration of the trypsin – secreting cells, insulin might be extracted from the intact islands of Langerhans.
→ Charles Herbert Best
Charles Herbert Best, CC, CH, CBE, MD, FRS, FRSC, FRCP (1899 -1978) was an American – Canadian medical scientist and one of the co-discoverers of insulin.
→ Niels Kaj Jerne
Niels Kaj Jerne, FRS (1911 – 1994) was a Danish immunologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 with Georges J.F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein “[f] or theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”.
→ Cesar Milstein „
Cesar Milstein, FRS 1927 was an Argentine biochemist in the field of antibody research. Milstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 with Niels Kaj Jerne and Georges J.F. Kohler.
→ Georges J.F. Kohler
German biologist.
Together with Cesar Milstein and Niels Kaj Jerne, Kohler won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984, “for work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies”. A portion of this research was performed at the Basel Institute for Immunology.