Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 3rd Lesson Human Anatomy and Physiology – III to prepare for their exam.
TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 3rd Lesson Human Anatomy and Physiology – III
→ Human body has two important systems to give it the right posture and movement of body parts
(a) Muscular system
(b) Skeletal system.
→ Human body has hundreds of muscles, about 640 in total.
→ Skeletal muscles constitute the bulk of our body.
→ Skeletal muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system and the cardiac and visceral muscles are controlled by the autonomous system.
→ Skeletal system has two major components, the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum) and appendicular system (the limb skeletons, girdles etc.).
→ We use limbs for changing body postures and locomotion too.
→ In animals locomotion is performed generally to search for food, shelter, , mate suitable breeding grounds, and favourable climatic conditions or to escape from enemies/ predators.
→ In adult human beings skeletal system is made up of 206 bones and a few cartilages. It is grouped into two principal divisions. The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
→ Axial skeleton comprises of 80 bones.
→ Appendicular skeleton comprises of 126 bones.
→ Nervous system evolved from the basic non-polarised nerve cells forming a diffuse nerve net as seen in the diploblastic organisms to a highly organized integrating system with the brain.
→ Man came to know more about brain with the help of “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging” (FMRI) technique.
→ Nervous tissue has connecting cells called neurons and supporting cells called glial cells.
→ The system mainly controls the body activities by receiving stimuli, processing them and reacting to them by sending motor signals.
→ Hippocampus of the brain is responsible for the formation and recall of memory.
→ Research is going on why people develop dementia, involving memory loss as seen in Alzheimers.
→ Co- ordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another.
→ The neural system provides an organized network of point to point connections for a quick co-ordination.
→ Human neural system is divided into two parts
- Central Neural System (CNS)
- Peripheral Neural System (PNS).
→ CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord.
→ Archibald Hill:
A.V. Hill christened Archibald Vivian, CH OBE FRS (26 September 1886 – 3 June 1977), was an English physiologist one of the founders of the diverse disciplines of biophysics and operations research. He shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his elucidation of the production of heart and mechanical work in muscles.
→ Otto Fritz Meyerhof:
Biography; Meyerhof was born in Hildesheim. He spent most of his childhood in Berlin, where he started his study of medicine.
In 1912, he moved to the University of Kiel, where he became professor in 1918. In 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine, with Archibald Vivian Hill, for his work on muscle metabolism, including glycolysis.
→ Camillo Golgi:
Camillo Golgi : (1843-1926) was an Italian physician, pathologist, scientist; and Nobel laureate. Camillo Golgi was born in July 1843 in the village of Corteno, Lombardy, then part of the Austrian Empire. The village is now named Corteno Golgi in his honour. His father was a physician and district medical officer. Golgi studied at the University of Pavia, where he worked in the experimental pathology laboratory under Giulio Bizzozero, who elucidated the properties of bone marrow. He graduated in 1865. He spent much of his career studying the central nervous system. Tissue staining techniques in the later half of the 19th century were inadequate for studying nervous tissue. While working as chief medical officer in a psychiatric hospital he experimented with metal impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly silver (silver staining). He discovered a method of staining nervous tissue which would stain a limited number of cells at random, in their entirety. This enabled him to view the paths of nerve cells in the brain for the first time. He called his discovery the “black reaction” (in Italian, reazine nera), which later received his name (Golgi’s method) or Golgi stain.
→ Santiago Ramon y Cajal:
Santiago Ramon y Cajal For MemRS (Spanish 1852-1934) was a Spanish pathologist, histologist, neuroscientist, and Nobel laureate. His pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were original: he is considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience. He was skilled at drawing, and hundreds of his illustrations of brain cells are still used for educational purposes today.