Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 2nd Lesson Human Anatomy and Physiology – II to prepare for their exam.
TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 2nd Lesson Human Anatomy and Physiology – II
→ All multicellular animals require a circulatory system to carry nutrients and oxygen to the body parts, collect wastes including carbondioxide from the tissues and carry them to the appropriate excretory organs.
→ Blood and lymph are the only fluid tissues of human body.
→ Blood vascular system is involved in the defence system of the body.
→ Blood contains several types of proteins such as albumins and globulins.
→ Blood carries various hormones to body, hence deserves to be reckoned as the third integrating system. ,
→ Circulatory system has a pumping station, the heart.
→ Different groups of animals have evolved various methods for transport of substances between body parts.
→ Blood is the most commonly used circulatory fluid by higher organisms.
→ In higher animals in addition to blood, another body fluid, lymph also helps in the transport of certain substances.
→ Blood is referred to as “red river of life”.
→ Excretion is the elimination of nitrogenous and other waste materials from the body.
→ Kidneys are the chief excretory organs.
→ Aquatic animals excrete Ammonia (ammonotelic).
→ In others, ammonia is converted into urea which is less toxic via the ornithine cycle in the liver (ureotelic).
→ In insects, reptiles, birds and land snails the end product of nitrogen metabolism is uric acid (uricotelic).
→ Some animals excrete amino acids also (aminotelic).
→ Kidneys also maintain acid – base balance by excreting H+ ions.
→ The regulation of internal fluids (water balance) is an example of homeostasis.
→ A variety of excretory organs are present in the animal kingdom.
→ Some of the excretory structures in invertebrates are mentioned here. They are Protonephridium, Metanephridia, Malpighian tubules, Antennary
→ glands or green glands, Coxal glands and Kidneys.
→ William Harvey:
William Harvey : (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician. He was the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart, though earlier writers had provided precursors of the theory. After his death the William Harvey Hospital was constructed in the town of Ashford, several miles from his birthplace of Folkestone.
→ Sir William Bowman:
Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet (20 July 1816 – 29 March 1892) was an English surgeon, histologist and anatomist. He is best known for his research using microscopes to study various human organs, though during his lifetime he pursued a successful career as an opthalmologist.
His earliest notable work was on the structure of striated muscle.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1841. At the young age of 25, he identified what then became known as the Bowman’s capsule, a key component of the nephron. He presented his findings in 1842 in his paper “On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney” to the Royal Society and was awarded the Royal MedaL
→ Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet
- Born: 20 July 1816 Nantwich, Cheshire, England
- Died: 29 March 1892 (aged 75) Dorking, Surrey
- Nationality: English
- Fields: Surgeon, Histologist Anatomist