Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 5th Lesson Human Reproduction to prepare for their exam.
TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes 5th Lesson Human Reproduction
→ A sexual reproduction is the process adopted by many lower organisms, which have a high degree of regenerative capacity.
→ Sexual reproduction creates another organism (s) showing variation from the parent
→ Variations are raw materials for evolution.
→ Formation of gametes taking part in sexual reproduction involves meiosis.
→ Among the sexually reproducing organisms viviparity is of a higher degree of evolution, where the mother supplies nourishment and ‘oxygen through placenta.
→ The wealth of a Nation is the health of its people. As many people are under educated, atleast regarding reproductive health, it is necessary to educate adolescents on reproductive health.
→ The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes i.e., sperms in males and ova in females.
→ Union of male and female gametes is called Fertilisation leading to the formation of zygote.
→ Embryonic development in the mother’s uterus is called Gestation. Delivery of the baby is called Parturition.
→ In simple terms, the term reproductive health refers to having healthy reproductive organs with normal functioning.
→ Reproductive health in a broader point of view, it includes the emotional and social aspects of reproduction also.
→ According to the World Health Organization (WHO) reproductive health is a state of complete well being of individual in physical functional emotional, behavioral and social aspects of reproductive system.
→ A society will be considered ‘reproductively healthy’ when the people have physically and functionally normal reproductive processes and normal emotional and behavioral interactions among themselves, in all sex related aspects.
→ In India maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate are high.
→ Spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is still a major problem.
→ Approximately 2 million people in India live with HIV/AIDS.
→ Improved programmes covering wider reproductive and child health care (RCH) programmes are Janani Suraksha Yojana etc.
→ Introduction of sex education in schools will provide right information to the young on sex and other related issues.
→ Awareness should be created in the society on problems caused by uncontrolled population growth and social evils like sex abuse and sex related crimes etc.
→ Karl Ernst von Baer
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer (1792-1876), from the Governorate of Estonia, was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, a founding father of embryology, explorer of European Russia and Scandinavia, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a co – founder of the Russian Geographical Society and the first President of the Russian Entomological Society.
von Baer studied the embryonic development of animals, discovering the blastula stage of development and the notochord Together with Heinz Christian Pander and based on the work by Caspar Friedrich Wolff he described the germ layer theory of development (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) as a principle in a variety of species, laying the foundation for comparative embryology in the book Uber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere (1828). In 1826 Baer discovered the mammalian ovum. The first human ovum was described by Allen in 1928. In 1827 he completed research Ovi Mammalium’et- Hominis genesi for Saint – Petersburg’s Academy of Science (published at Leipzig) and established that mammals develop from eggs. He formulated what would later be called Baer’s laws of embryology.
→ Hans Spemann
Hans Spemann (1869 -1941) was a German embryologist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs.
→ Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea (colloquially known as the clap) is a common human sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The usual symptoms in men are burning with urination and penile discharge. Women, on the other hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. In both men and women if gonorrhea is left untreated, it may spread locally causing epididymitis or pelvic inflammatory disease or throughout the body, affecting joints and heart valves.
Treatment is commonly with ceftriaxone as antibiotic resistance has developed to many previously used medications. This is typically given in combination with either azithromycin or doxycycline, because gonorrhea infections typically occur along with chlamydia, an infection which ceftriaxone does not cover. However, some strains of gonorrhea have begun showing resistance to treatment. In April 2013, it was reported that H041, a new strain, is incurable, can cause death within days, and might be worse than AIDS.
→ Gonorrhea:
Classification and external resources during World War II, the U.S government used posters to warn military personnel about the dangers of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted infections.
→ Syphilis:
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The primary route of transmission is through sexual contact; it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. Other human diseases caused by related Treponema pallidum include yaws (subspecies pertenue), pinta (subspecies carateum), and bejel (subspecies endemicum).