TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World

Telangana TSBIE TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material 1st Lesson Physical World Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material 1st Lesson Physical World

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Physics? [TS Mar. ’16]
Answer:
Physics is a branch of science which deals with the study of nature and natural phenomena.

Question 2.
What is the discovery of C.V. Raman? [AP Mar. ’18, 14; May 18, 16, 14; TS Mar. ’19, ’18, ’17]
Answer:
C.V. Raman’s contribution to physics is Raman effect. It deals with scattering of light by molecules of a medium when they are excited to vibrational energy levels.

Question 3.
What are the fundamental forces in nature? [TS May ’18]
Answer:
There are four fundamental forces in nature that govern the diverse phenomena of the macroscopic and the microscopic wu.m. These are the ‘gravitational force’, the ‘electromagnetic force’, the ‘strong nuclear force’, and the ‘weak nuclear force’.

Question 4.
Which of the following has symr etry?
a) Acceleration due to gravity.
b) Law of gravitation.
Answer:
Acceleration due to gravity varies from place to place. So it has no symmetry.
Law of gravitation has symmetry, because it does not depend on any physical quantity.

Question 5.
What is the contribution of S. Chandra Sekhar to Physics?
Answer:
S. Chandra Sekhar discovered the structure and evolution of stars. He defined “Chandra Sekhar limit” which is used in the study of black holes.

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World

Question 6.
What is beta (β) decay? Which force is a function of it?
Answer:
In β-decay the nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino.

β – decay is due to weak nuclear forces.

❖ Some physicists and their major contributions

NameMajor contribution/ Discovery
1. ArchimedesPrinciple of buoyancy, Principle of the lever
2. Galileo GalileiLaw of inertia
3. Isaac NewtonUniversal law of gravitation; Laws of motion, Corpuscular theory of light; Reflecting telescope.
4. C.V.RamanInelastic scattering of light by molecules.
5. Edwin HubbleExpanding universe
6. Hideki YukawaTheory of nuclear forces
7. S. ChandrasekharChandrasekhar limit, structure and evolution of stars
8. Michael FaradayElectromagnetic induction laws
9. James Clark MaxwellElectromagnetic theory – light – electromagnetic waves
10. J.J.ThomsonElectron
11. Albert EinsteinExplanation of photoelectric effect and theory of relativity
12. R.A.MillikanMeasurement of charge of electron.
13. Ernest RutherfordNuclear model of atom
14. John BardeenTransistors; Theory of super conductivity.

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World

❖ Fundamental forces of nature

NameRelative strength (N)
1. Gravitational force10-39
2. Weak nuclear forces10-13
3. Electromagnetic forces10-2
4. Strong nuclear forces1

 

❖ Fundamental constants of Physics

Physical constantSymbolValue
1. Speed of light in vacuumC3 × 108 meter/sec
2. Planck’s constanth6.63 × 10-34 joule.sec
3. Molar gas constantR8.31 joule/mole.K
4. Avogadro’s numberNA6.02 × 1023/ mol
5. Boltzmann’s constantK1.38 × 10-23/mol
6. Gravitational constantG6.67  10-11 Newton.m2/kg2
7. Mechanical equivalent of heatJ4.185 joule/cal.
8. Triple point of waterTtr273.16 K
9. Density of water at 20° Cdω103kg/m3
10. Density of mercurydm13.6 × 103 kg/m3
11. Density of dry air at N.T.P.da1.293 kg /m3
12. Specific heat of watersω1 cal./gm/°C
13. Latent heat of iceLf80 cal./gm
14. Latent heat of steamLυ540 cal/gm (or 539)
15. √5 = 2.236, √3 = 1-732, √10 = 3.162, loge 10 = 2.3026
16. π = 3.14, π2 = 9.87, √π = 1.7772, √2 = 1.414

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World

❖ Conversion factors:
1 metre – 100 cm
1 millimeter – 10-3m
1 inch – 2.54 × 10-2m
1 micron (µ) – 10-4cm
1 Angstrom (A°) – 10-8cm
1 fermi (f) – 10-13 cm
1 kilometer – 10³ m
1 light year – 9.46 × 1015 m
1 litre – 10³cm³
1 kilogram – 1000 gm
1 metricton – 1000 kg
1 pound – 453.6 gm
1 atomic mass
unit (a.m.u) 1.66 × 10-27 kg
1 a.m.u – 931 MeV
1 day – 8.640 × 104 seconds
1 km/hour – \(\frac{5}{18}\) m/sec (or)
0.2778 meter/sec.
1 Newton – 105 dynes
1 gm wt – 980.7 dynes
1 kg.wt – 9.807 Newton
1 Newton/meter² – 1 pascal
TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World 1
1 Pascal – 10 dyne/cm²
1 Joule – 107 erg
1 kilo watt hour – 3.6 × 106 joule
1 electro volt (ev) – 1.602 × 10-19 joule
1 watt – 1 joule / sec
1 horse power (HP) – 746 watt
1 degree (° ) – 60 minute (‘)
1 Radian – 57.3 degree ( ° )
1 Poise – 1 dyne . sec / cm²
1 Poiseuille – 10 poise
(Newton, sec/m² (or) Pascal sec.)

❖ Important Prefixes:
TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World 2

❖ The Greek Alphabet:
TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World 3

❖ Formulae of geometry :
1. Area of triangle = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × base × height
2. Area of parallelogram = base × height
3. Area of square = (length of one side)²
4. Area of rectangle = length × breadth
5. Area of circle = πr² (r = radius of circle)
6. Surface area of sphere = 4πr² (r = radius of sphere)
7. Volume of cube = (length of one side of cube)³
8. Volume of parallelopiped = length × breadth × height
9. Volume of cylinder = πr²l
10. Volume of sphere = \(\frac{4}{3}\)πr³
Circumference of square = 4l
11. Volume of cone = \(\frac{1}{3}\) πr²h
12. Circumference of circle = 2πr

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World

❖ Formulae of algebra:
(a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab
(a – b)² = a² + b² – 2ab
(a² – b²) = (a + b) (a – b)
(a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab (a + b)
(a – b)³ = a³ – b³ – 3ab (a – b)
(a + b)² – (a – b)² = 4ab
(a + b)² + (a – b)² = 2(a² + b²)

❖ Formulae of differentiation:
1. \(\frac{d}{dx}\) (constant) = 0
differentiation with respect to x = \(\frac{d}{dx}\)
2. \(\frac{d}{dx}\) (xn) = n xn – 1
3. \(\frac{d}{dx}\) (sin x) = cos x
4. \(\frac{d}{dx}\) (cos x) = – sin x dx

❖ Formulae of Integration:
Integration with respect to x = ∫dx
1. ∫dx = x
2. ∫xn dx = r n + 1
3. ∫sin x dx = cos x + c
4. ∫cos x dx = sin x + c

❖ Formulae of logarithm :
1. log mn = (log m + log n)
2. log\(\frac{m}{n}\) = (log m – log n)
3. log mn = n log m

❖ Value of trigonometric functions :
TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World 4

TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World

❖ Signs of trigonometrical ratios :
sin (90° – θ) = cos θ ; sin (180° – θ) = sin θ
cos (90° – θ) = sin θ ; cos (180° – θ) = – cos θ
tan (90° – θ) = cot θ ; tan (180° – θ) = – tan θ

❖ According to Binomial theorem :
(1 + x)n ≈ (1 + nx) if x < < 1

❖ Quadratic equation:
ax² + bx + c = 0
TS Inter 1st Year Physics Study Material Chapter 1 Physical World 5

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