{"id":35439,"date":"2022-11-23T11:54:52","date_gmt":"2022-11-23T06:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/?p=35439"},"modified":"2022-11-23T11:54:52","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T06:24:52","slug":"ts-inter-2nd-year-chemistry-notes-chapter-11","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-chemistry-notes-chapter-11\/","title":{"rendered":"TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes Chapter 11 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Students can go through TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes<\/a> 11th Lesson Haloalkanes and Haloarenes will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly.<\/p>\n

TS Inter 2nd Year Chemistry Notes 11th Lesson Haloalkanes and Haloarenes<\/h2>\n

\u2192 Alkyl\/aryl halides may be classified as mono, di or polyhalogen (tri-tetra, etc) compounds depending upon whether they contain one, two or more halogen atoms in their structures.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Halogen compounds containing sp3<\/sup> C – X bond (X = F, Cl, Br, I) include Alkyl halides (haloalkanes), Allylic halides and Benzylic halides.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Alkyl halides are further classified as pri-mary (1\u00b0). secondary (2\u00b0) or tertiary (3\u00b0) according to the nature of the carbon to which the halogen is attached.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Halogen compounds containing sp2<\/sup> C – X bond include Vinylic halides and Aryl halides.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Dihaloalkanes are called geminal (gem) halides if halogen atoms are present in the same carbon atom and vicinal (vie) halides if halogen atoms are present on adjacent carbon atoms.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Since halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, the carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised.<\/p>\n

\u2192 C – X bond length increases from C – F to C – I.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Alkyl halides are prepared from alcohols on reaction with concentrated halogen acids (HX), PCl3<\/sub>, PCl5<\/sub> Or SOCl2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex mixture of isomeric mono and polyhaloalkanes.
\n\"TS<\/p>\n

\u2192 Aryl chlorides or bromides can be prepared by reaction of the hydrocarbon with chlorine or bromine at room temperature in the presence of halogen carrier like Fe, AlCl3<\/sub> or SbCl5<\/sub>.
\n\"TS<\/p>\n

\u2192 When an aromatic primary amine reacts with nitrous acid (NaNO2<\/sub> + HX) at 0 – 5\u00b0C, a diazonium salt is formed. The diazonium salt solution reacts with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide-, the diazonium group is replaced by – Cl or – Br. This reaction is known as Sandmeyer s reaction.<\/p>\n

\"TS<\/p>\n

\u2192 When diazonium salt solution is shaken with KI solution the diazonium group is replaced by iodine.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Addition of bromine in CCl4<\/sub> to an alkene results in discharge of reddish brown colour of bromine. This is an important test for the detection of unsaturation in a molecule.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Alkyl fluoride is prepared by heating an alkyl chloride or bromide in the presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF2<\/sub>, Hg2<\/sub>F2<\/sub> etc (swarts reaction).
\nCH3<\/sub>Br + AgF \u2192 CH3<\/sub>F + AgBr<\/p>\n

\u2192 Haloalkanes are only very slightly soluble in water.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The chemical reactions of haloalkanes may be divided into three categories.<\/p>\n