{"id":35272,"date":"2022-11-22T15:52:18","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T10:22:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/?p=35272"},"modified":"2022-11-23T16:14:40","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T10:44:40","slug":"ts-inter-1st-year-botany-notes-chapter-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-1st-year-botany-notes-chapter-7\/","title":{"rendered":"TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Here students can locate <a href=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-1st-year-botany-notes\/\">TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes<\/a> 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants to prepare for their exam.<\/p>\n<h2>TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants<\/h2>\n<p>\u2192 The branch which deals with the study of flowers is called Floriculture.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 The two most important units of sexual reproduction in a flower are Androecium and Gynoecium.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Embryology is the study of formation of gametes, fertilization and embryo development.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Each stamen has two parts filament and anther.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Each dithecous anther has four microsporangia whereas monothecous anther has two microsporangia.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Each microsporangium is generally surrounded by four wall layers &#8211; epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and tapetum.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 The sporogenous cells of microsporangium produce microspore mother cells.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 These cells produce tetrads of haploid microspores or pollen grains by meiosis.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/TS-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\" width=\"183\" height=\"15\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Microspore or pollen grain represents male gametophyte.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Pollen grain contains two cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vegetative cell<\/li>\n<li>Generative cell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Ovules are present in the ovary of gynoecium. Ovule is the megasporangium.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Ovule has integuments, nucellus, chalaza, stalk or funiculus and microphyle.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Orthotropous ovule &#8211; Micropyle, funiculus and chalaza are in the a straight line,<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Anatropous ovule &#8211; Ovule inverted. Funiculus and micropyle lie side by side.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Campylotropous ovule &#8211; Body of the ovule is at right angles to the funicules.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 One cell of the nucellus develops into megaspore mother cell.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Development of megaspore from megaspore mother cell is called megasporogenesis.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Megaspore mother cell produces 4 haploid megaspores by meiosis. Upper degenerate and lower one develops into embryo sac.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Embryosac represents female gametophyte. It is 7 celled and 8 nucleated.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 The process of transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma is called pollination, It is of two types.<br \/>\n(a) Self pollination : Pollen grains transferred to stigma of same flower,<\/p>\n<p>(b) Cross pollination : Pollination between 2 flowers &#8211; 2 kinds.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Geitonogamy : Cross pollination between 2 flowers of same plant.<\/li>\n<li>Xenogamy: Cross pollination between 2 flowers of different plants of same species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Contrivances of cross pollination<br \/>\n(a) Dichogamy &#8211; Androecium and gynoecium of a bisexual flower mature at different timings.<br \/>\n(b) Herkogamy &#8211; Male and female parts of a bisexual flower arranged at different levels.<br \/>\n(c) Heterostyly &#8211; Presence of styles in different lengths in the flower of the same species.<br \/>\n(d) Self sterile &#8211; Pollen fail to germinate on the stigma of the same flower.<br \/>\n(e) Decliny &#8211; Flowers unisexual.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 External agents that help in pollination i.e. transfer of pollen to the stigma are called &#8216;agents&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Water and wind are abiotic agents.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Pollination that occurs through wind is called anaemophily. Eg : Rice.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/TS-Board-Solutions.png\" alt=\"TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\" width=\"183\" height=\"15\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Pollination that occurs in hydrophytes with the help of water is called Hydrophily. &#8211; They are Epihydrophily &amp; Hypohydrophily.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Pollination favoured by animals is called zoophily. Based on animals they are &#8211; Ornithophiiy, Chiropterophily, Entamophily, Malacophily.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 The fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilisation.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Entry of pollen tube into the ovule is 3 types &#8211; They are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>porogamy,<\/li>\n<li>chalazogamy and<\/li>\n<li>mesogamy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Pollen tube reaches the embryosac only through micropylar end by destroying one of the synergids.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Pollen tube releases two male gametes.<br \/>\n(a) One male gamete (x) + egg (x) \u2192 Zygote (2x) &#8211; Syngamy.<br \/>\n(b) Second male gamete (x) + secondary nucleus (2x) \u2192 Primary endosperms jj nucleus (PEN) (3x) &#8211; Triple fusion.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 As two fusion processes are occuring in angiousperms it is called &#8211; Double fertilisation.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 All the floral parts except ovary wither and fail off.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Ovary forms fruit. Ovule forms seeds. Zygote develops into embryo. Integuments becomes seed coats.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Primary endosperm nucleus develops into nutritive tissue &#8211; Endosperm.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 In some seeds some amount of nucellus is left out, it is called perisperm.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Many fruits have evolved mechanisms for seed dispersal.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Seeds without fertilisation is called Apomixis.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Fruits without fertilisation is called parthenocarpy.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is referred on polyembryony.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants to prepare for their exam. TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants \u2192 The branch which deals with the study of flowers is called Floriculture. \u2192 The two most important units of &#8230; <a title=\"TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-1st-year-botany-notes-chapter-7\/\" aria-label=\"More on TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[27],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.12 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants - TS Board Solutions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-1st-year-botany-notes-chapter-7\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants - TS Board Solutions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Here students can locate TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 7th Lesson Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants to prepare for their exam. 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