{"id":34785,"date":"2022-11-19T17:17:10","date_gmt":"2022-11-19T11:47:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/?p=34785"},"modified":"2022-11-23T16:18:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T10:48:34","slug":"ts-inter-2nd-year-physics-notes-chapter-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-physics-notes-chapter-8\/","title":{"rendered":"TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes Chapter 8 Magnetism and Matter"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Here students can locate <a href=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-physics-notes\/\">TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes<\/a> 8th Lesson Magnetism and Matter to prepare for their exam.<\/p>\n<h2>TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes 8th Lesson Magnetism and Matter<\/h2>\n<p>\u2192 Earth behaves as a huge magnet with magnetic field pointing approximately along geographic north and south directions.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Every magnet has two poles namely North pole and South pole. Magnetic monopole is an imaginary concept.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Like poles will repel and unlike poles will attract<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 When a magnet is divided into two parts they will behave as two separate weak magnets.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Magnets can be made with iron and its alloys.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 A bar magnet consists of north pole and south pole is also called magnetic dipole. Its behaviour is similar to an electric dipole of a positive and negative charge.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Magnetic field lines: The path followed by a free magnetic needle will represent a magnetic line of force.<br \/>\nProperties:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Magnetic field lines are closed curves.<\/li>\n<li>The tangent to the field line at a given point represents the direction of net magnetic field (B) at that point.<\/li>\n<li>For a strong magnet or in a strong magnetic field these lines are denser. Around a weak magnet they are less in number.<\/li>\n<li>These lines donot intersect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Bar magnet: Every bar magnet has north &amp; south poles.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet are similar to that of a solenoid of dipole moment M = NIA.<\/li>\n<li>Magnetic field for a far point on the axis of a bar magnet (B) = \\(\\frac{\\mu_0}{4 \\pi} \\frac{2 \\mathrm{M}}{\\mathrm{r}^3}\\).<\/li>\n<li>On equatorial line of bar magnet<br \/>\nB<sub>E<\/sub> = \\(\\frac{\\mu_0}{4 \\pi}\\left(\\frac{M}{r^3}\\right)\\)<\/li>\n<li>e- For a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field torque \u03c4 = m\u0305 x B\u0305 = mB sin \u03b8.<br \/>\nx = I\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{d}^2 \\theta}{\\mathrm{dt}^2}\\) = mB sin \u03b8 for small angles sin \u03b8 = 0.<br \/>\n\u03c4 = mB\u03b8; Time period of oscillation T = 2\u03c0\\(\\sqrt{\\frac{\\mathrm{I}}{\\mathrm{mB}}}\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Magnetic potential energy (U<sub>m<\/sub>) : It is the work done by an external field to bring the magnetic poles to the given location or configuration from infinite distance.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Magnetic potential energy U<sub>m<\/sub> = -mB cos \u03b8 = m\u0305. B\u0305<\/li>\n<li>Magnetic potential energy U<sub>m<\/sub> = -mB when \u03b8 = 0\u00b0.<\/li>\n<li>U<sub>m<\/sub> is minimum (stable equilibrium). Magnetic potential energy Um is maximum when 0 = 180\u00b0.<\/li>\n<li>U<sub>m<\/sub> maximum = mB (unstable equilibrium).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Gauss&#8217;s Law for magnetism : Gauss law states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Earth&#8217;s magnetism: The magnetic field of earth is believed to arise due to electrical currents produced by convective motion of metallic fluids in outer core of earth. This effect is also known as the dynamo effect.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The magnetic north pole of earth is at a latitude at 79.74\u00b0 N and at a longitude of 71.8\u00b0 W. It is some where in North Canada.<\/li>\n<li>The magnetic south pole of earth is at 79.74\u00b0 S and 108.22\u00b0 E in the Antarctica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Magnetic declination (D) :<br \/>\nThe magnetic meridian at a given place makes some angle (D) with true geographic north and south directions.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-34790\" src=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/TS-Inter-2nd-Year-Physics-Notes-Chapter-8-Magnetism-and-Matter-1.png\" alt=\"TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes Chapter 8 Magnetism and Matter 1\" width=\"111\" height=\"195\" \/><br \/>\nThe angle between true geographic north to the north shown by magnetic compass is called &#8220;mag\u00acnetic declination (or) simply declination (D).&#8221;<br \/>\nNote: Declination is more at poles and less at equator.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Angle of dip (or) inclination (I) : It is the angle of total magnetic field at a given place with the surface of earth.<br \/>\nNote: At a given place horizontal component of earth&#8217;s magnetic field H<sub>E<\/sub> = B<sub>E<\/sub> cos I.<br \/>\nVertical component of earth&#8217;s magnetic field Z<sub>E<\/sub> = B<sub>E<\/sub> sin I.<br \/>\nTangent of dip tan I = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{Z}_{\\mathrm{E}}}{\\mathrm{H}_{\\mathrm{E}}}\\).<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Magnetisation (I) : It is the ratio of net magnetic moment per unit volume.<br \/>\nI = \\(\\frac{m_{\\text {net }}}{V}\\); Where m<sub>net<\/sub> = the vectorial sum of magnetic moments of atoms in bulk material and V = volume of the given material.<br \/>\nMagnetic intensity is a vector, dimensions L<sup>-1<\/sup>A.<br \/>\nUnit: Ampere\/metre : A m<sup>-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Magnetic intensity (H) : The ratio of magnetic field (B<sub>0<\/sub>) to the permeability of free space (\u00b5<sub>0<\/sub>) is called &#8220;magnetic intensity&#8221;.<br \/>\nMagnetic intensity H = \\(\\frac{B_0}{\\mu_0}\\).<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Solenoid, magnetic intensity and magnetic field B:<br \/>\nFor a solenoid with the interior material of zero magnetisation material B<sub>0<\/sub> = \u00b5<sub>0<\/sub>nl. or H = \\(\\frac{B_0}{\\mu_0}\\) = nl.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 If solenoid is filled with a material of non\u00aczero magnetisation material then<br \/>\nB = B<sub>0<\/sub> + B<sub>m<\/sub> Where B<sub>m<\/sub> = magnetic field due to core material. &#8216;<br \/>\nB<sub>m<\/sub> = \u00b5<sub>0<\/sub>g M then H = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{B}}{\\mu_0}\\) &#8211; M<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Magnetic susceptibility (\u03c7) : Susceptibility is a measure for the response of magnetic materials to an external field.<br \/>\n\u03c7 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{I}}{\\mathrm{H}}=\\frac{\\text { Magnetic intensity }}{\\text { Magnetisation }}\\)<br \/>\nIt is a dimensionless quantity.<br \/>\nNote : Relative permeability \u00b5<sub>r<\/sub> = 1 + \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Relation between \u00b5, \u00b5<sub>r<\/sub> and \u03c7:<br \/>\nIn magnetism the three quantities \u00b5, \u00b5<sub>r<\/sub> and \u03c7 are connected with the relation<br \/>\n\u00b5 = \u00b5<sub>r<\/sub>(1 + \u03c7)<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Magnetic properties of matter : All substances are magnetically divided into three types depending on the property susceptibility (\u03c7).<br \/>\nI If \u03c7 is -ve \u21d2 it is dia-magnetic substance.<br \/>\nIf \u03c7 is positive and very small \u21d2 it is paramagnetic substance.<br \/>\nI If \u03c7 is positive and large \u21d2 it is ferro-magnetic substance.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Diamagnetic substances:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For these substances susceptibility x is -ve.<\/li>\n<li>In a magnetic field they will tend to travel from strong field to weak field.<\/li>\n<li>They seems to be repelled by magnets.<\/li>\n<li>For diamagnetic substances the resultant angular momentum of atoms is zero.<\/li>\n<li>Superconductors are most exotic dia-magnetic substances. For super conductors \u03c7 = -1 and \u00b5<sub>r<\/sub> = 0.<br \/>\nEx: Bismuth, Copper, Lead, Silicon etc. Note : The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in superconductors is called Meissner effect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Paramagnetism:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These substances are feebly attracted by magnets.<\/li>\n<li>The susceptibility (\u03c7) of these substances is +ve and nearly equals to one.<\/li>\n<li>In a magnetic field these substances will move from weak field to strong field.<\/li>\n<li>Individual atoms posses permanent magnetic dipole moment. But due to random thermal motion of atoms net magnetic moment is zero.<\/li>\n<li>Magnetisation of paramagnetic substance is given by M = C\\(\\frac{B_0}{T}\\) and \u03c7 = C\\(\\frac{\\mu_0}{\\mathrm{~T}}\\)<br \/>\nwhere &#8216;C&#8217; = Curie constant.<br \/>\nEx : Aluminium, Sodium and Calcium etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Ferromagnetism:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ferromagnetic substances are strongly attracted by magnets.<\/li>\n<li>The susceptibility (\u03c7) is +ve and very large.<\/li>\n<li>Individual atoms of these substances will spontaneously align in a common direction over a small volume called domain.<\/li>\n<li>Size of domain is nearly 1 mm<sup>3<\/sup> or a domain may contain nearly 10<sup>11<\/sup> atoms.<\/li>\n<li>In these substances magnetic field lines are very crowded.<\/li>\n<li>Every ferromagnetic substance will transform into paramagnetic substance at a temperature called Curie Tempe\u00acrature (Tc).<br \/>\nEx: Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Hysteresis loop : Magnetic hysteresis loop is a graph between magnetic field (B) and magnetic intensity (M) of a ferromagnetic substance.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Retentivity or Remanence : The magnetic intensity (H) of a material at applied magnetic field B = 0 is called retentivity. In hysteresis loop value of H on +ve Y-axis i.e., at B = 0 gives retentivity.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Coercivity: The -ve value of&#8217;magnetic field &#8211; (B) applied (i.e., in opposite direction of magnetisation) at which the magnetic intensity (H) inside the sample is zero is called &#8220;coercivity&#8221;. In hysteresis diagram the value of B on -ve X-axis gives coercivity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes 8th Lesson Magnetism and Matter to prepare for their exam. TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes 8th Lesson Magnetism and Matter \u2192 Earth behaves as a huge magnet with magnetic field pointing approximately along geographic north and south directions. \u2192 Every magnet has two poles &#8230; <a title=\"TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes Chapter 8 Magnetism and Matter\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-physics-notes-chapter-8\/\" aria-label=\"More on TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes Chapter 8 Magnetism and Matter\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[26],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.12 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes Chapter 8 Magnetism and Matter - TS Board Solutions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-physics-notes-chapter-8\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes Chapter 8 Magnetism and Matter - TS Board Solutions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes 8th Lesson Magnetism and Matter to prepare for their exam. 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