{"id":34758,"date":"2022-11-19T15:49:51","date_gmt":"2022-11-19T10:19:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/?p=34758"},"modified":"2022-11-23T16:18:26","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T10:48:26","slug":"ts-inter-2nd-year-physics-notes-chapter-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-physics-notes-chapter-6\/","title":{"rendered":"TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes Chapter 6 Current Electricity"},"content":{"rendered":"
Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes<\/a> 6th Lesson Current Electricity to prepare for their exam.<\/p>\n \u2192 Ohm’s Law: At constant temperature current (I) flowing through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference between the ends of that conductor. \u2192 Conductors – Resistance: \u2192 Current density (J): Note:<\/p>\n \u2192 Drift velocity (vd<\/sub>): The speed with which an electron gets drifted in a metallic conductor under the application of external electric field is called “drift velocity (vd<\/sub>).”<\/p>\n \u2192 Drift Velocity vd<\/sub> = \\(\\frac{-\\mathrm{eE}}{\\mathrm{m}}\\)\u03c4. Where \u03c4 = the average time between two successive collisions. <\/p>\n \u2192 Mobility (\u03bc): It is defined as the mag-nitude of drift velocity per unit electric field. \u2192 Resistivity: Resistivity of a substance \u2192 Temperature coefficient of resistivity: Note:<\/p>\n \u2192 Colour code: Carbon resistors have a set of coaxial coloured rings on them. It gives the value of that resistor along with tole\u00acrable limit. \u2192 Colour code – Values:<\/p>\n \u2192 Tolerance: Gold band – 5 %; Silver band -10 %. If there is no 4th band tolerance is 20%. Ex: A carbon resistor consists of Orange, green, green bands then its value is \u2192 Electrical Power (P): Energy dissipated per unit time is “power”. \u2192 Transmission power loss (Pc<\/sub>): Power wasted in transmitting lines P . While supplying electrical power from generator to consumer is Pc<\/sub> = I2<\/sup>Rc<\/sub> => Pc<\/sub> = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{P}^2 \\mathrm{R}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{V}^2}\\) \u2192 Resistors in series: When resistances are connected in series (1) Same current flows through all resistors. \u2192 Resistors in parallel:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u2192 Cells emf and Internal resistance: emf of a cell (\u03b5): \u2192 Internal resistance of cell (r): \u2192 Cells in series: \u2192 Resistors in series: When resistances are connected in series (1) Same current flows through all resistors. \u2192 Resistors in parallel:<\/p>\n \u2192 Cells emf and Internal resistance : emf of a cell (\u03b5) : The open circuit voltage between negative and positive terminals of a cell is called “emf of that cell”.<\/p>\n \u2192 Internal resistance of cell (r) : In a cell current flows through electrolyte. Every electrolyte has some finite resistance. \u2192 Cells in series: Let two cells of emf \u03b51<\/sub> and \u03b52<\/sub> with internal resistance r1<\/sub>, and r2<\/sub> are<\/p>\n Note : If n identical cells are connected in series emf \u03b5 = n\u03b51<\/sub>, I = nI1<\/sub>, reff<\/sub> = n .r . \u2192 Parallel combination of cells: Let two cells of emf \u03b51<\/sub> and \u03b52<\/sub> are connected parallel then<\/p>\n Note: When n identical batteries are connected in parallel.<\/p>\n \u2192 Kirchhoff s Laws:<\/p>\n \u2192 Wheatstone’s principle : In a balanced Wheatstone’s bridge ratio of resistances in adjacent arms is constant. <\/p>\n \u2192 Average current I = \\(\\frac{\\Delta q}{\\Delta t}\\); Instantaneous current i = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{dq}}{\\mathrm{dt}}\\); Current density j = i\/A Unit : Amp\/rn2<\/p>\n \u2192 Resistance R = \\(\\frac{V}{i}\\); Resistance R = \\(\\frac{\\rho l}{\\mathrm{~A}}=\\frac{\\rho l}{\\pi \\mathrm{r}^2}\\); Conductance G = \\(\\frac{1}{R}\\).<\/p>\n \u2192 AcceleratIon of electron In electric field a = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{eE}}{\\mathrm{m}}\\)<\/p>\n \u2192 Drift velocity of electron (vd<\/sub>) = \\(\\frac{i}{\\text { neA }}\\), Vd<\/sub> = \\(\\frac{e \\tau E}{m}\\); mobility (\u03bc) = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{e \\tau}}{\\mathrm{m}}\\) where \u03c4 average time between two successive collisions.<\/p>\n \u2192 ResIstivity (or) specific resistance \u2192 Temperature coefficient of resistivity \u2192 Temperature coefficient of resistance \u2192 If two wires are made of same material then \u2192 In series combination of resistors:<\/p>\n \u2192 In parallel combination of resistors:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u2192 In cells<\/p>\n \u2192 Electrical energy W = Vit = i2<\/sup>Rt = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{V}^2}{\\mathrm{R}}\\)t<\/p>\n \u2192 Electric power P = Vi = i2<\/sup>R = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{V}^2}{\\mathrm{R}}\\)t; Power wasted in transmission lines Pc<\/sub> = P2<\/sup>Rc<\/sub>\/V2<\/sup> where P = Power transmitted ; \u2192 1 kilo watt hour = 36 \u00d7 105<\/sup> J or 3.6 \u00d7 106<\/sup> J.<\/p>\n \u2192 At balance condition in Wheatstone’s bridge \\(\\frac{P}{Q}=\\frac{R}{S}\\)<\/p>\n \u2192 If capacitors are used in balanced Wheat stone’s bridge \\(\\frac{C_1}{C_2}=\\frac{C_3}{C_4}\\)<\/p>\n \u2192 In meter bridge at balance condition \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{R}}{\\mathrm{S}}=\\frac{l_1}{l_2}\\) \u2192 In potentiometer, \u2192 In determination of internal resistance Here students can locate TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes 6th Lesson Current Electricity to prepare for their exam. TS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes 6th Lesson Current Electricity \u2192 Ohm’s Law: At constant temperature current (I) flowing through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference between the ends of that conductor. V \u221d … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[26],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nTS Inter 2nd Year Physics Notes 6th Lesson Current Electricity<\/h2>\n
\nV \u221d I \u21d2 V = RI where R = constant called resistance. Unit: Ohm (\u2126).<\/p>\n
\nResistance: The obstruction created by a conductor for the mobility of charges through it is known as “resistance”.<\/p>\n\n
\nR \u221d l \u2192 (2)
\nFrom eq. (1) & (2) R \u221d \\(\\frac{l}{\\mathrm{~A}}\\) \u21d2 R = \\(\\frac{\\rho l}{\\mathrm{~A}}\\)
\n\u21d2 \u03c1 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{RA}}{l}\\)
\nwhere p = resistivity of the conductor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nThe ratio of current through a conductor to its area of cross-sec\u00action is called “current density (j).”
\nCurrent density (j) = \\(\\frac{\\text { Current }}{\\text { Area }}=\\frac{I}{A}\\)<\/p>\n\n
\n\u2234 EI = JpI or E = jp or j = \\(\\frac{E}{\\rho}\\) = E\u03c3
\nwhere \u03c3 Is conductivity of the material.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nNote: Current density j = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{ne}^2}{\\mathrm{~m}}\\)\u03c4E and Conductivity = \u03c3 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{ne}^2}{\\mathrm{~m}}\\)\u03c4.<\/p>\n
\n\u03bc = \\(\\frac{\\left|\\mathrm{v}_{\\mathrm{d}}\\right|}{\\mathrm{E}}\\) But vd = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{e} \\mathrm{E}}{\\mathrm{m}}\\) \u21d2 \u03bc = \\(\\frac{v_d}{E}=\\frac{e \\tau}{m}\\)<\/p>\n
\n\u03c1 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{RA}}{\\ell}\\)
\nIt is defined as the resistance of a unit cube between its opposite parallel surfaces.
\nResistivity depends on the nature of substance but not on its dimensions.
\nUnit: Ohm – metre (\u2126m).<\/p>\n
\nThe resistivity of a substance changes with temperature. \u03c1T<\/sub> = \u03c10<\/sub> [l + \u03b1(T – T0<\/sub>)].
\nWhere \u03b1 = temperature coefficient of resistivity.
\n\u03b1 = \\(\\)\/\u00b0C<\/p>\n\n
\nOn every carbon resistor four colour bands are printed. In some cases only Three colour bands are printed.
\n1st two bands from left to right gives the numerical values of that resistor.
\n3rd band gives number of zero\u2019s to be put after first two digits.
\nFourth band gives maximum allowed variation limit of that resistor called “tolerance”.<\/p>\n\n
\n1st orange = 3. 2nd band green = 5,
\n3rd green = 5
\nNo Fourth band \u21d2 tolerance is 20%
\nSo for that resistor the value is 35 followed by five zero’s.
\n\u2234 Resistance of resistor is 3500000 Q
\ni. e., R = 3.5 Mega ohms with 20% tolerance.<\/p>\n
\nIn a conductor of resistance R’ while carrying a current I, this power produces heat in that conductor.
\nPower P = I2<\/sup>R = VI = V2<\/sup>\/R. Unit: Watt.<\/p>\n
\ni. e., power wasted in a line is inversely proportional to the square of voltage of line. P = total power to be transmitted.
\n\u2235 Pc<\/sub> \u221d \\(\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{~V}^2}\\) we are prefering high voltage transmission lines to reduce transmission power losses.<\/p>\n
\nEffective resistance (Reff<\/sub>) is the sum of individual resistances i.e., Reff<\/sub> = R1<\/sub> + R2<\/sub> + R3<\/sub> + ……………..
\nii) Effective resistance Reff<\/sub> is greater than the greatest value of resistor in that combination.<\/p>\n\n
\nThe open circuit voltage between negative and positive terminals of a cell is called “emf of that cell”.<\/p>\n
\nIn a cell current flows through electrolyte. Every electrolyte has some finite resistance.
\nThe resistance offered by the cell for the flow of current through it is called “internal resistance of the cell (r).
\nNote: When a cell is connected in a circuit then potential difference across terminals is V = \u03b5 – ir
\nCurrent in the circuit i = \u03b5\/(R + r)
\nWhere E = emf of cell, r = internal resis-tance and R = resistance of the circuit.<\/p>\n
\nLet two cells of emf \u03b51<\/sub> and \u03b52<\/sub> with internal resistance r1<\/sub>, and r2<\/sub> are connected in series then
\ni. e., power wasted in a line is inversely proportional to the square of voltage of line. P = total power to be transmitted.
\n\u2235 Pc<\/sub> \u221d \\(\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{~V}^2}\\) we are prefering high voltage transmission lines to reduce transmission power losses.<\/p>\n
\nEffective resistance (Reff<\/sub>) is the sum of individual resistances i.e., Reff<\/sub> = R1<\/sub> + R2<\/sub> + R3<\/sub> + …………
\nii) Effective resistance Reff<\/sub> is greater than the greatest value of resistor in that combination.<\/p>\n\n
\n\\(\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{R}_{\\mathrm{efl}}}=\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{R}_1}+\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{R}_2}+\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{R}_3}\\)<\/li>\n
\nThe resistance offered by the cell for the flow of current through it is called “internal resistance of the cell (r).”
\nNote: When a cell is connected in a circuit then potential difference across terminals is V = \u03b5 – ir
\nCurrent in the circuit i = \u03b5\/(R + r)
\nWhere E = emf of cell,
\nr = internal resistance and
\nR = resistance of the circuit.<\/p>\n\n
\nV = \u03b51<\/sub> + \u03b52<\/sub> – i(r1<\/sub> + r2<\/sub>)<\/li>\n
\nWhere \u03b51<\/sub> = emf of single cell,
\nI1<\/sub> = current given by single cell in circuit
\nr = internal resistance of each cell.<\/p>\n\n
\n\u21d2 req<\/sub> = \\(\\frac{r_1 r_2}{r_1+r_2}\\)<\/li>\n
\n\u21d2 Veq<\/sub> = \u03b5eq<\/sub> – Ireq<\/sub><\/li>\n\n
\n
\ni.e \\(\\frac{P}{Q}=\\frac{R}{S}\\Rightarrow \\frac{\\mathrm{R}_1}{\\mathrm{R}_2}=\\frac{\\mathrm{R}_3}{\\mathrm{R}_4}\\)
\n\u21d2 \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{P}}{\\mathrm{Q}}=\\frac{l}{(100-l)}\\)<\/p>\n
\n\u03c1 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{RA}}{l}=\\frac{\\mathrm{R} \\pi \\mathrm{r}^2}{l}\\); Conductance \u03c3 = \\(\\frac{1}{\\rho}\\)<\/p>\n
\n\u03b1 = \\(\\frac{\\rho_2-\\rho_1}{\\rho_1\\left(t_2-t_1\\right)}\\)\/\u00b0C \u21d2 \u03b1 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{d} \\rho}{\\rho \\mathrm{dt}}\\)\/\u00b0C<\/p>\n
\n\u03b1 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{R}_{\\mathrm{t}}-\\mathrm{R}_0}{\\mathrm{R}_0\\left(\\mathrm{t}_2-\\mathrm{t}_1\\right)}\\)\/\u00b0C
\n\u03b1 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{dR}}{\\mathrm{Rdt}}\\) (or) \u03b1 = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{R}_2-\\mathrm{R}_1}{\\mathrm{R}_1\\left(\\mathrm{t}_2-\\mathrm{t}_1\\right)}\\)\/\u00b0C
\nRt<\/sub> = R0<\/sub>[1 + \u03b1(t2<\/sub> – t1<\/sub>)]<\/p>\n
\n\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{R}_1}{\\mathrm{R}_2}=\\frac{l_1}{l_2} \\frac{\\mathrm{A}_2}{\\mathrm{~A}_1} \\Rightarrow \\frac{\\mathrm{R}_1}{\\mathrm{R}_2}=\\frac{l_1 \\mathrm{r}_2^2}{l_2 \\mathrm{r}_1^2}\\)<\/p>\n\n
\n
\nI = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{V}}{\\mathrm{R}_{\\mathrm{eq}}}=\\mathrm{V}\\left(\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{R}_1}+\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{R}_2}+\\ldots .+\\frac{1}{\\mathrm{R}_{\\mathrm{n}}}\\right)\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
\nr = Internal resistance of battery;
\nR = Resistance in circuit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nRc<\/sub> = Resistance of line<\/p>\n
\nUnknown resistance x = R\\(\\frac{l_1}{l_2}\\)
\nwhere I2<\/sub> = (100 – I1<\/sub>)<\/p>\n
\nIn comparison of emf of two cells \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{E}_1}{\\mathrm{E}_2}=\\frac{l_1}{l_2}\\)<\/p>\n
\nr = R\\(\\left[\\frac{l_1-l_2}{l_2}\\right]\\)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"