{"id":34125,"date":"2022-11-14T21:29:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T15:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/?p=34125"},"modified":"2022-11-16T14:35:41","modified_gmt":"2022-11-16T09:05:41","slug":"ts-inter-2nd-year-botany-study-material-chapter-13","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-botany-study-material-chapter-13\/","title":{"rendered":"TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Study Material Chapter 13 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production"},"content":{"rendered":"

Telangana TSBIE\u00a0TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Study Material<\/a> 13th Lesson Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Study Material 13th Lesson Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production<\/h2>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat is meant by \u2018hidden hunger’?
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. About 3 billion people over the globe are suffering from deficiencies of micro nutrients, protein and vitamins. This situation is said to be ‘Hidden hunger’.<\/li>\n
  2. More than 840 million people in the world do not have adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Question 2.
    \nName two semi-dwarf varieties of rice developed in India. [Mar. 2020]
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Jaya and Ratna, are two better yielding semi – dwarf varieties of rice developed in India.<\/li>\n
    2. They are derivatives of semi – dwarf varieties derived from crossing IR – 8 with TN – 1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 3.
      \nGive two examples of wheat varieties introduced in India, which are high yielding and disease resistant. [March 2018]
      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Sonalika and Kalyan Sona,<\/li>\n
      2. They were introduced in 1963, all over the wheat growing belt in India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Question 4.
        \nGive two examples of fungi used in SCP production. [March 2019, Mar. ’17; May ’17]
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Candida utilis (Torula yeast)<\/li>\n
        2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast)<\/li>\n
        3. Chaetomium cellulolyticum<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Question 5.
          \nWhy are plants obtained by protoplast fusion called somatic hybrids?
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Isolated protoplast from two different varieties of plants each having a desirable character- can be fused to get hybrid protoplasts which can be further cultured to form a novel plant.<\/li>\n
          2. Hybrid derives from fusion of vegetative (somatic) or body cells unlike that of fusion of sex cells is called somatic hybrid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \"TS<\/p>\n

            Question 6.
            \nWhat is protoplast fusion?
            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Nacked plant cells produced by digesting cell walls using cellulose and pectinose are called protoplasts.<\/li>\n
            2. The fusion of isolated protoplast from two different varieties of plants is called protoplast fusion.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Question 7.
              \nWhy is it easier to culture meristems compared to permanent tissues’?
              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Meristems are undifferentiated, embryonal living plant cells which have the capacity of cell divisions and hence easy to culture.<\/li>\n
              2. Permanent tissues consists of differentiated cells that have to undergo dedifferentiation to undergo cell division and hence difficult to culture.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Question 8.
                \nWhy are protein synthesized from Spirulina called single cell proteins?
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Spirulina is a unicellular alga and is rich source of protein.<\/li>\n
                2. Dried biomass of a single species of microbe used as a protein source in the diet is \u2022known as Single Cell Protein.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Question 9.
                  \nA person who is allergic to pulses are advised to take a capsule of Spirulina dialy. Give reasons for the advice. [May 2014]
                  \nAnswer:
                  \nPulses contain proteins, Similarly Spirulina also contains proteins. So if a person is allergic to pulses he can take Spirulina for proteins.<\/p>\n

                  Question 10.
                  \nWould it be wrong to refer to plants obtained through micro propagation as ‘Clones’? Explain.
                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. No, since the formation of plants through micro propogation does not involve fusion of sex cells from two parents, they can be called as Clones.<\/li>\n
                  2. The plants produced by Micropropagation are genetically identical to the origin or source plant and hence they are called Somaclones.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Question 11.
                    \nHow is somatic hybrid different from a hybrid?
                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Two different plants of desired characters are crossed to form a hybrid. It is a product of sexual reproduction.<\/li>\n
                    2. Isolated protoplasts from vegetative cells of two different plants, each having a desirable character – can be fused to get hybrid, protoplast, and is cultured to form somatic hybrid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Question 12.
                      \nWhat is emasculation? Why and when is it done?
                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Removal of anthers from bisexual flowers of female parent, when the flowers are still in bud condition is called emasculation.<\/li>\n
                      2. It prevents self-pollination and ensures artificial cross pollination.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Question 13.
                        \nDiscuss the two main limitations of plant hybridization programme.
                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. It is not necessary that the hybrids do combine the desirable characters. Usually only one in a few hundred to a thousand crosses show the desirable combination.<\/li>\n
                        2. Selection of superior recombinants and subjecting them to self pollination to achieve homozygosity so that the characters will not segregate in the progeny.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          \"TS<\/p>\n

                          Question 14.
                          \nGive two important contributions of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Swaminathan and his team developed short duration high-yielding varieties of Rice including scented Basmati.<\/li>\n
                          2. He introduced Mexican varieties of wheat in India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Question 15.
                            \nWhich two species of sugarcane were crossed for better yield?
                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Saccharum barberi of North India had poor sugar content and Saccharum officinarum of South India had higher sugar content were crossed to produce a new varety with desirable qualities.<\/li>\n
                            2. New variety has high yield, thick stems, high sugar and grow well in North India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

                              Question 1.
                              \nWhat is meant by germplasm collection? What are its benefits?
                              \nAnswer:
                              \nThe entire collection of plants \/ seeds, having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Cell and tissue cultures of many plant species can be preserved maintained in a viable state for several years and used when required.<\/li>\n
                              2. Plant materials from endangered species can be conserved using this method.<\/li>\n
                              3. It is an ideal method for long term conservation of cell cultures producing secondary metabolites such as antibiotics.<\/li>\n
                              4. Seeds which loose their viability or storage can be maintained for a long period of time.<\/li>\n
                              5. Disease free plant material can be frozen and propagated whenever required.<\/li>\n
                              6. Conservation of Somaclonal variations in cultures.<\/li>\n
                              7. Rare germplasms developed by using Somatic hybridisation other genetic manipulation techniques can be stored.<\/li>\n
                              8. Pollen conservation for enhancing longevity.<\/li>\n
                              9. Germplasm banks to facilitate the exchange of information of international level.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Question 2.
                                \nName the improved characteristics of wheat that helped India to achieve green revolution.
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Green revolution is the dramatic increase in food production due to plant breeding \u201e techniques.<\/li>\n
                                2. During the period 1960 to 2000, wheat production increased from 11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes this is due to development semi-dwarf variety of wheat.<\/li>\n
                                3. Semi-dwarf wheat was developed by Norman E.Borlaug at International Centre for Wheat and Maize improvement in Mexico.<\/li>\n
                                4. In 1963, several varieties such as Sonalika and Kalyan Sona which were high yielding and disease resistant, were introduced all over the wheat growing belt of India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Question 3.
                                  \nSuggest some of the features of plants that prevent insect and pest infestation.
                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. Major cause for large scale destruction of crop plant and crop produce is insect and pest infestation.<\/li>\n
                                  2. Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics.<\/li>\n
                                  3. Hairy leaves in several plants are associated with resistance to insect pests, e.g.: resistance to jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in vyheat.<\/li>\n
                                  4. In wheat, solid stems lead to non-preference by the stem sawfly.<\/li>\n
                                  5. Smooth leaved and nectar-less cotton varieties do not attract bollworms.<\/li>\n
                                  6. High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to maize stem borers.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                    Crop<\/td>\nVariety<\/td>\nInsect Pests<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Brassica
                                    \n(rapeseed, mustard)<\/td>\n                                    		Pusa Gaurav<\/td>\nAphids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Flat bean<\/td>\nPusa Sem 2,
                                    \nPusa Sem 3<\/td>\n                                    		Jassids, aphids and fruit borer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Okra (Bhindi)
                                    \n(Lady’s Finger)<\/td>\n                                    		Pusa Sawani<\/td>\nShoot and Fruit borer
                                    \nPusa A-4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                    \"TS<\/p>\n

                                    Question 4.
                                    \nThe culture medium (nutrient medium) can be referred to as a ‘highly enriched laboratory soil’. Justify the statement.
                                    \nAnswer:
                                    \nCulture medium must provide a carbon source such as sucrose and also in organic salts, vitamins, amino acids and growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins etc.<\/p>\n

                                    The culture medium is rich in nutrients.<\/p>\n

                                    Question 5.
                                    \nPlants raised through tissue cultures are clones of the ‘parent’ plant.’ Discuss the utility of these plants.
                                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. Plants produced through tissue culture are genetically identical to the original or source plant and hence they are called somaclones.<\/li>\n
                                    2. Many economically important plants like tomato, banana, apple, teak, eucalyptus, bamboo etc. have been produced on a commercial scale by the use of this method.<\/li>\n
                                    3. Recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants can be done.<\/li>\n
                                    4. One can remove the meristem and growin in vitro to obtain virus free plants.<\/li>\n
                                    5. Scientists have succeeded in culturing meristems of banana, sugarcane, potato etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Question 6.
                                      \nDiscuss the importance of testing of new plant varieties in a geographically vast country like India.
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc.<\/li>\n
                                      2. This evaluation is done by growing these in research fields and recording their performance under ideal fertiliser application, irrigation and other crop management practices.<\/li>\n
                                      3. The evaluation in research fields is followed by testing the materials in farmer’s fields, for at least three growing seasons at several locations in the country, representing all the agroclimatic zones where the crop is usually grown.<\/li>\n
                                      4. The material is evaluated in comparison to the best available local crop cultivar-a check or reference cultivar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Question 7.
                                        \nGive few examples of biofortified crops. What benefits do they offer to the society?
                                        \nAnswer:
                                        \nBiofortified crops are with higher levels of vitamins and minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats. It is the most practical means to improve public health of the society.<\/p>\n

                                        Examples of fortified crops :<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. Atlas 66 used as a donor for developing wheat varieties with improved protein content.<\/li>\n
                                        2. Maize hybrids have increased amount of aminoacid lysine and tryptophan.<\/li>\n
                                        3. Iron fortified rice have increased iron content.<\/li>\n
                                        4. India Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi have released some fortified crop<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          varieties:
                                          \na) Carrot, spinach and pumpkin – Vitamin A
                                          \nb) Bitter gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato – Vitamin C
                                          \nc) Spinach and bathua – Iron and Calcium.
                                          \nd) Broad bean, lablab, fresh bean and garden pea – Protein.<\/p>\n

                                          Question 8.
                                          \nMutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
                                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          1. Mutations is defined as sudden heritable change in the character of an organism, due to change in the sequence of bases of the gene.<\/li>\n
                                          2. Few mutations may create numerous new varieties of economic value.<\/li>\n
                                          3. Due to mutation breeding the farmers need not depend on nature for variation.<\/li>\n
                                          4. It is possible to induce mutation artificially through the use of chemicals or radiations (like gamma radiations) and selecting and using the plants that have a desirable character as a source in breeding. This is called mutation breeding.
                                            \nEg: In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                            \"TS<\/p>\n

                                            Question 9.
                                            \nDiscuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
                                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n