{"id":34117,"date":"2022-11-14T18:28:49","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T12:58:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/?p=34117"},"modified":"2022-11-16T14:33:37","modified_gmt":"2022-11-16T09:03:37","slug":"ts-inter-2nd-year-botany-study-material-chapter-11","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tsboardsolutions.com\/ts-inter-2nd-year-botany-study-material-chapter-11\/","title":{"rendered":"TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Study Material Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Telangana TSBIE\u00a0TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Study Material<\/a> 11th Lesson Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Textbook Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n

TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Study Material 11th Lesson Biotechnology: Principles and Processes<\/h2>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nDefine biotechnology.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) defines Biotechnology as the intergration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.<\/li>\n
  2. Biotechnology is the science of utilising the properties and uses of microorganisms or to exploit cells and the cell constituents at industrial level for generating useful products essential to life and human welfare.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Question 2.
    \nWhat are molecular scissors? Where are they obtained from?
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Molecular scissors are the restrition endonucleases that recognize and cut specific nucleotide sequences of DNA.<\/li>\n
    2. They are usually obtained from Bacteria. For the first time, Herbert Boyer (1969) isolated two restriction enzymes from E.coli.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 3.
      \nName any two artificially restructured plasmids. [May 2014]
      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. pBR 322 (named after Boliver and Rodriguez)<\/li>\n
      2. pUC 19,101 (named after University of California)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Question 4.
        \nWhat is EcoRI? How does it function?
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. EcoRI is a restriction enzyme obtained from a bacterium, Escherichia coli.<\/li>\n
        2. This enzyme specifically recognises GAA sites on the DNA and cuts it between G and A.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Question 5.
          \nWhat are cloning vectors? Give an example.
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. The DNA used for transforming and multiplying the foreign DNA sequences in a suitable host is called cloning vector.<\/li>\n
          2. Plasmids, Bacteriophages, Cosmids, and artificial chromosomes are commonly used cloning vectors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \"TS<\/p>\n

            Question 6.
            \nWhat is recombinant DNA?
            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. The hybrid (chimeric)DNA formed by the intergration of a gene of interest within a suitable vector.<\/li>\n
            2. Both source DNA and vector DNA are cut with same restriction enzyme and are joined with DNA ligase to make rDNA.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Question 7.
              \nWhat is palindromic sequence?
              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Palindrome sequence: A sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept the same.<\/li>\n
              2. Eg : 5′ – GAATTC – 3′
                \n3′ – CTTAAG – 5′<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Question 8.
                \nWhat is the full form of PCR? How is it useful in biotechnology? [March 2018]
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. In this process, multiple copies of a gene are synthesized using a computerized machine called Thermocycler.<\/li>\n
                2. Multiple copies (1 billion) of the gene of interest are synthesized in vitro using two sets of primers and a DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Question 9.
                  \nWhat is downstream processing? [March 2019, May ’17, Mar. ’14]
                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Downstream processing : Separation and purification of a product that carried out after completion of the biosynthetic stage and before it is ready for marketing as a finished product.<\/li>\n
                  2. This includes formulation with preservatives, clinical trials (for drugs) and quality control testing etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Question 10.
                    \nHow does one visualize DNA on an agar gel? [March 2020]
                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. The separated DNA fragments can be visualised only after staining the DNA with a compound known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV radiation.<\/li>\n
                    2. Bands of DNA in an ethidium bromide stained gel appear in bright in orange colour under UV light, in an instrument called transilluminator.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \"TS<\/p>\n

                      Question 11.
                      \nHow can you differentiate between exonucleases and endonucleases?
                      \nAnswer:
                      \n1. Exonucleases :
                      \nNucleases that cut DNA and remove nucleotides from the ends.<\/p>\n

                      2. Endonucleases :
                      \nNucleases that cut specific positions within the DNA.<\/p>\n

                      Short Answer Type Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Question 1.
                      \nWrite short notes on restriction enzymes.
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nRestriction enzymes or molecular scissors belong to a class of enzymes called nucleases. It always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognizing a specific sequence of six base pairs known as recognition sequence.
                      \nThey are of two types.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Exonucleases, which remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA.<\/li>\n
                      2. Endonucleases, which cut the DNA at specific portions anywhere within its length.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Each restriction endonuclease recognizes a specific palindromic nucleotide sequence in the DNA Palindrome is a group of letters that forms the same words when read both forward and backward, eg: MALAYALAM. It is a sequence in DNA of base pairs that reads same on the two strands. When orientation of reading is kept same.<\/p>\n

                        For example, the following sequence reads the same on the two strands in 5′ \u2192 3′ direction as well as 3′ \u2192 5′ direction
                        \n5′ – GAATTC – 3′
                        \n3′ – CTTAAG – 5′<\/p>\n

                        The restriction enzymes are named as follows.<\/p>\n