TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material 1st Lesson Indian Constitution-Historical Background

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the causes for the Origin of Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Indian National Movement was organized during 1857 -1947 in both Violent and Non – Violent forms. The First war of Independence in 1857 known as a Great Revolt by Indian Soldiers sowed the seeds of Nationalism among Indians. With the formation of Indian National Congress in 1885, the movement for National Independence took a Non – Violent form. The National Movement united people of different groups to fight against the British Repression.

The Following are the causes for the birth of Indian National Movement:
1) British Colonial Rule :
British colonial rule is said to be one of the important cause for the birth and growth of nationalism in India. The British rulers developed communication facilities such as road, rail, press, posts and telegraphs for preserving their administrative, political and economic interests in India. The leaders of Indian National Movement properly availed such facilities and informed the Indian masses about tyrannic and exploitative policy of the British colonial rulers. The political unity rendered by the British rulers also brought the feelings of unity among the Indians.

2) Socio – Cultural Renaissance :
Several Social and Cultural Movements were witnessed in India during the 19^th century which brought social awakening and the ideas of Cultural Nationalism. The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Rammohan Roy, pioneered these movements and gave a call for reform against social evils such as Sati, Child marriages, Widowhood, Idol Worship, Seclusion and others. This was followed by Arya Samaj, The Ramakrishna mission, The Theosophical Society, Prartana Samaj, the Aligarh movement, Satyasodhak Samaj, and Wahabi Movement. These movements have infused the ideas of rationalism, socio-cultural identity and patriotism and indirectly motivated the people to have an urge for self-rule.

3) Great Revolt:
1857 Revolt was the first great challenge to the British rule in India. The Revolt inspired the struggle for Indian Independence. It gave courage to Indians against the British.

4) English Education :
English was introduced in India as a medium of instruction and correspondence by the British rulers on the recommendations of ford Macaulay committee. A few educated elite among Indians travelled in England to gain proficiency in English language. They were able to study and understand the views of eminent thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseaue, J.S.Mill and Karl Marx on several concepts like liberty, equality/fraternity, independene, democracy etc. They communicated the value and importance of these ideas to Indians in various regional languages This inspired the Indian masses to participate in the freedom struggle.

5) Economic Exploitation :
The British government transformed India into a safe citadel for British investments, markets and export of Indian raw materials. It suppressed the growth of Indian cottage, village and small scale industries for safe guarding the British investments on permanent basis. The British Governor generals like Lord Lytton and Curzon, implemented such policies suited to the British investors exploiting the national wealth of India. This has caused bitter resentment among the Indian industrialists, cottage and small scale artisans. Hence, they were attracted towards the freedom movement in India.

6) Famines and Acute poverty:
During 19^th century several famines took place, but the British government had not done anything for the people. Poverty is another cause. Number of people died because of starvation. This led to great dissatisfaction among the Indians and enabled them to fight against the British government.

7) Press :
Many Journals and dailies were published and circulated in India during freedom movement. Ex : Amrit Bazar, Kesari, Marata, Hindu, Andhra Patrika etc. They created, enhanced national feelings among themselves. They played a crucial role in spreading National feelings and conveyed the desires and demands of people to the Britishers.

8) Repressive Rule :
The Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act passed by Lord Lytton and his Kabul invasion hurt the sentiments of Indians. The llbert Bill Proposed by Lord Rippon and its withdrawl made the Indians understand the racial hatred of the British.

9) Racial Discrimination :
Indians were treated as second rate citizens and were excluded from higher posts. The British ploicy of racial discrimination aroused and strengthened Nationalism in India.

10) Emergence of the Indian National Congress :
1885 was a landmark in the history of Indian National Movement. A.O. Hume, the British Civil Servant established the Indian National Congress on 28^th December, 1885 at Mumbai in Gokul Tejpaul Sanskrit College and developed the nationalist feelings among the people. W.C. Banerjee was the first President of the Congress.

Question 2.
Describe the various phases of Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Stages of the Indian National Movement : Dr. Ramesh Chandra an eminent historian, has divided the history of Indian National Movement into three stages, namely :

1. Moderate stage (1885 – 1905)
2. Extremist stage (1905 – 1920)
3. Gandhian stage (1920 – 1947)

Let us examine these three stages in detail.
1) Moderate stage :
The early leaders of the Congress are known as the “Moderates”. They dominated the first stage of the freedom movement from 1885 to 1905. They had full faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. They emphasised the use of peaceful and constitutional methods to achieve their aims and objectives. They did not believe in agitation or unconstitutional methods. They carried on their work by means of public debates, propaganda, petitions, demonstrations and deputations.Their motto was “reform, not revolution”.The prominent leaders of this group are W.C.Benerjee, Pherozshah Mehta, Dadabhai Baoroji, Surendranath Benerjee, Bodaruddin Toyabji, Dinshaw Wacha R.E. Dutt., L.M. Chose, Ranade, G.K. Gtokhale etc.

Demands of Moderates : The demands of the Moderates are :

1. Reduction in the military expenditure.
2. Abolition of the Indian Council.
3. Holding Civil Service Examinations in India simultaneously with that of England.
4. Expansion of the Legislative councils so as to include more and more Indians.
5. Separation of judiciary from executive.
6. Reduction in land revenue and granting occupancy rights to the tillers.
7. Irrigation facilities to the farmers.
8. Stoppage of export of food grains.
9. Higher jobs to the Indians.
10. Reduction in taxes.

2. Extremist stage (1906 -1919):
The second stage of the National Movement was dominated by the extremists from 1906 to 1918. During this period the congress entered the militant stage. The prominent leaders of this group are Bala Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Roy and Bipin Chandrapal. They advocated the use of militant methods.They raised the slogans of “Swaraj” and “Swadesi” and Laid stress on National Education.

Demands of Extremists :
Extremists regarded the British rule as a curse for India. They had faith in the superiority of Vedic culture, literature language and civilisation. They demanded the introduction of self government in the country. They did not demand petty concessions but favoured complete Swaraj. They gave the people the slogan that “Freedom was their birth right and they must have it”.

The moderates preferred action to peaceful methods for achieving the goals. They had no faith in petitions and representations. They laid emphasis on boycott of foreign goods and use of Swadesi goods.

3. Gandhian stage (1920 -1947):
The third stage of the National Movement was dominated by Mahatma Gandhi from 1920 to 1947. That is why this period is known as the “Gandhian period”. He launched his first non-violent and non-cooperation movement in 1920.

The movement included the boycott of foreign goods, legislative councils, law Courts, schools and colleges. But, when the movement look a violent course, he suspended it abruptly in 1922. In 1924, he vvas elected as congress president and called upon to organise demonstrations against Simon Commission in 1927. In 1929, the Congress at its Lahore session declared its goal as achievement of’complete independence”.

In March, 1930 Gandhiji started his second agitation known as “Civil disobedience Movement” or “Salt Satyagraha”. Gandhiji asked the British to “Quit India” and gave a call of “Do or Die”.

After the Second World -War, the labour party, headed by Clement Atlee came to power in England. He sent cabinet mission to India. On the basis of cabinet mission plan and Mountbatten plan, the British) parliament passed the Indian Independence Act. India became independent on 15th August, 1947.

Question 3.
Critically analyse the provisions in the Government of India Act 1935.
Answer:
The Government of India Act, 1935 was considered to be the second mile stone in the introduction of the responsible government in India. Different factors like Indian Nationalism, British imperialism, communal tendencies etc, influenced in a way or the other in adopting this Act. Similarly various factors, like reports of Muddiman committee (1924), Simon Commission (1927), the deliberations of three Round Table Conferences (1930,1931 & 1932), Communal Award (1932), White Paper (1933), Report of Joint Parliamentary Committee (1934) etc., formed bases for adopting this Act. This Act was a detailed and lengthy one, containing 14 parts and 10 schedules.

Main Provisions:

1. The Act prescribed Quasi – rigid and Quasi – flexible methods to amend the provisions.
2. While it abolished dyarchy in the provinces, it introduced the same at the union level.
3. It provided provincial autonomy in the states and paved the way for a complete responsible rule.
4. It split the administrative subjects of the Union Government into two lists – Reserved and Transferred. While the reserved list comprised Defence, External affairs, Tribal welfare, Communal issues, the remaining subjects were brought under transferred category.
5. The Act has enlarged the sphere of electorate and various legislatures.
6. It provided for bicameralism at the centre and in six out of eleven provinces.
7. It constituted a federal court in order to settle the conflicts between the union and the provinces or between the provinces.
8. It proposed an All India Federation, having two governments (union and states), division of powers, written and rigid constitution, federal court etc. It included 59 items in federal or central list and 54 items in provincial list. It has incorporated certain other subjects like civil and criminal procedure code, Marriage, Divorce, Endowments, Contracts, Press etc, in the concurrent list.
9. It gave freedom to the native provinces either to join or Quit the Federation.
10. The Act has brought about far reaching changes in the home administration in India. It abolished the Indian Council and authorized the secretary of state to appoint 3 to 6 members to assist in his duties.
11.  New provinces Orissa and Sindh were created.
12. Separate Representation for Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, Europeans and Depressed classes in Legislative Councils.

Criticism :
This Act Could not satisfy the Nationalist aspirations of the people for both political and economic power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the British. This Act was criticised for providing despotic powers to governor general. Indian National Congress Condemned this Act and demanded for Complete Independence and formation of a constituent Assembly to draft a New Constitution.

Question 4.
Explain the salient features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Introduction:
The Indian Constitution was prepared and Adopted by the Constituent Assembly, which was set up in 1946. The Constituent Assembly took nearly three years From 9^th December,1946 to 25^th November, 1949 (2 years, 11 months and 18 days) to complete the framing of the Costitution. The Constituent Assembly approved the Indian Constitution on 26^th November, 1949. The Indian Costitution came into force on 26 January, 1950, which we have been celebrating as “The Republic Day”. The following are the salient or basic features of the Indian Constitution.

1) Written and Detailed Constitution :
The Constitution of India is a written document. It consists of 12 Schedules, 22 Parts and 444 Articles. Many factors have contributed for the bulkiness of the Constitution. All most all matters relating to the composition and organization of union, states as well as Union Territories, provisions regarding protection of interests of Schedules castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward classes, provisions regarding Special Constitutional bodies like the Election Commissions, the UPSC and State Public Service Commissions are made in a very comprehensive. manner. Similarly, several matters relating to Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive principles of state policy, Union – State Relations, Official Language and Regional Languages were clearly mentioned in the Costitution.

2) India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic:
The constitution deliberately designed India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. Each of these concepts has wide ranging dimensions.

Sovereign State :
India is a Sovereign State. It is clear that India is internally Supreme and externally independent of any foreign control. India is not a sub-ordinate State.

Socialist State :
According to the preamble India is committed to Socialism assuring the establishment of a socialist State. It strives to provide social and economic Justice to all its people and end all forms of exploitation. We follow mixed economy. The State is free to bring the key industries and the private enterprises under the state ownership and management.

Secular State :
Secularism means that the State protects all religions equally and does not itself subscribe to any other religion as official.

Democratic State :
Democracy is the formidable foundation of Indian political system. It states that the people of India are the chief source of the Political Authority they can make and unmake the government. The people are both the Rulers and the ruled. India adopted Indirect or Representative Democracy.

Republican State :
India is a Republic with an elected Head of the State i.e., the President of India. No public office in the country is hereditary. Any Indian citizen can contest to any office of the government subject to certain limitations.

3) Noble Aims and objectives :
Indian constitution has noble aims and objectives. The Indian constitution secures to all its citizens, Justice – Social, Economic, and Political matters. It also provides all its citizens, liberty of thoight, expression, belief, faith, and worship. Further, the constitution of India promotes among all people the equality of status and opportunity. Like wise it strives for fraternity by assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.

4) Combination of ligidity and Flexibility :
The Constitution of India can be amended with Rigid and Flexible method. Article 368 provides the details of the amendment procedure. It can be amended by three methods.

Firstly:
The Unio l Parliament can amend some parts of the constitution by a simple majority. Ex: The formation of new ates (Ex: Telangana), changing the boundaries of states, provisions relating to citizenship etc. It is said o be Flexible.

Secondly :
Some provisions can be amended by a special majority i.e., not less than Two Thirds (2/3) of the member of the House present and voting.
Ex : Fundamental Rights, Directive principles of state policy, etc. It is said to be half rigid and half flexible.

Thirdly:
Some provisions can be amended by Two – Thirds (2/3) majority of the parliament and with the concurrence c half of the states.
Ex: Election of the president, Executive powers of the union and the states, Distribution of Legislative powers between the union nd the states ete. lt is said to be Rigid.

Hence, the Constitu1 on has a combination of Rigid and Flexible methods to amend the Constitution.

5) Unitary and Federal Features :
India is a union of states according to the constitution. Our constitution contains both th features of unitary and Federal Governments. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and federal lystem on ordinary occussions. Provisions of unitary state such as Single Citizenship, Single IntegratedBudiciary, Single election Commission, Roll of All India Services personnel etc., are found in our constitut on. At the same time certain federal features like written, Rigid constitution, Dual Government, Bicamenlism etc., are profoundly seen in our constitution. Thus it is a quasi – federal policy like Canada.

6) Parliamentary government:
The makers of our constitution adopted the Irish precedent of of a hereditary Monarch. They retained all other essential features of two types of executive heads, Prime Ministers leadership, collective’ responsibility, nominal position of the President, Parliaments control over the Union Executive etc. They prescribed the same type of political system for the states.

7) Independent Judiciary :
The constitution of India granted independent and integrated judiciary for Indians. Hence t ie Supreme Court and High Courts in India act independently without subject to the control of the executive and legislative organs, judiciary enjoys independence in the matters of appointment of judges, their tenure, salaries and allowances, service conditions, promotion etc. Our constitution clearly states that the executive and legislative authorities should refrain from interfering in the functioning of the judiciary. It conferred the power of judicial review on the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. It is due to the independent position that the Supreme Court and High Court judges will decide the propriety and constitutional validity of the acts and policies of the legislative and executive authorities in the country.

8) Directive Principles of State Policy:
Our constitution hinted our certain directive principles as the policy of the state in Part IV from Articles 36 to 51. The makers of our constitution derived these principles from Irish constitution. They pointed out that these principles would transform India into a welfare, gandhian and liberal oriented state. These principles must be implemented by all the parties which hold authority without political considerations.

These principles enable the state to provide a new social order based on economic, political and social justice. These principles include certain programmes like provision of employment opportunities, fair distribution of wealth, equal pay for equal work, educational and child care for thbse children below fourteen years, etc. Similarly unemployment relief, old age pension, protection against ill health, provsion of leisure for workers, conservation of wild life etc are included in these principle.

9) Fundamental Rights :
Our constitution mentioned fundamental rights on American model for the complete realization of the personality of Indian citizens. They are incorporated under Part III from Articles 12 to 35 of our constitution. Indian citizens can utilize these rights subject to certain rational restraints. Nobody including the government is allowed to interfere in these rights. The higher judicial organizations in the country help the citizens in safeguarding these rights. At first there were seven fundamental rights in the constitution. But at present there are only six fundamental rights. They are 1. Right to Equality 2. Right to Freedom 3. Right against Exploitation 4 Right to Religion 5. Cultural and Educational Rights and 6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

10) Fundamental Duties :
Our constitution incorporated fundamental duties in Article 51 A under Part 4A. At first there were 10 fundamental duties inserted through the Constitution (Forty second) Amendment Act, 1976. Later one more duty was added through the Constitution (Eighty sixth) Amendment Act, 2002. Altogether there are Eleven Fundament Duties in our consititution. Respecting the consititution, National Flag, National Anthem, Safeguarding public property etc are come of the Fundamental duties.

11. Single Citizenship :
Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a specific period. It enables the citizens to possess and enjoy identical right and privileges. It also promotes unity, integrity and fraterrity among the people.

12. Universal Adult Franchise:
The makers of the Indian Constitution provided for the Universal Adult Franchise for all citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community, language, religion, region, sex, property etc. At the beginning, Adult Franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the 61^st Constitution Amendment Act in 1988.

13. Bicameralism :
The Constitution of India introduced Bi-cameralism at the National level. Accordingly, the Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and the Lok Sabha (Lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

14. Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palika Acts :
The Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts are recent features of our constitution. The 73^rd and 74^th constitutional recognition to the rural and urban local governments which came into force in 1993 and 1994 respectively had become operative all over the territory of India. The ideas of democratic decentralisation or the grassroof democracy are realised by these acts. These Acts provides for adequate representation for Womem, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled tribes and other Weaker Sections in the policy making bodies of the Local governments.

15. Special Provisions Relating to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes :
Indian Constitution hinted out certain specific directives for the development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India. It enabled the union and state governments to review the steps taken for the improvement of backward classes through setting up o^ independent commissions. In this regard the union government was authorised to act as a coordinator between various state governments.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any four causes for the Indian National Movement.
Answer:
The British rule contributed to the emergence of Modern Indian Nationalism. The National movement united people of different groups to fight the Britishers. The following are the some causes for the birth of Indian National Movement.

1. British Colonial Rule :
British colonial rule is said to be one of the important cause for the birth and growth of Nationalism in India. The British rulers developed communication facilities such as road, rail, press, posts and telegraphs for preserving their administrative, political and economic interests in India. The leaders of Indian National Movement properly availed such facilities and informed the Indian masses about the tyrannic and exploitative policy of the British colonial rulers. The political unity rendered by tbe British rulers also brought the feelings of unity among the Indians.

2. English Education :
English was introduced in India as a medium of instruction and correspondence by the British rulers on the recommendations of ford Macaulay committee. A few educated elite among Indians travelled in England to gain proficiency in English language. They were able to study and understand the views of eminent thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseaue, J.S. Mill and Karl Marx on several concepts like liberty, equality, fraternity, independence, democracy etc.

3. Economic Exploitation :
The British government transformed India into a safe citadel for British investments, markets and export of Indian raw materials. It suppressed the growth of Indian cottage, village and small scale industries for safe guarding the British investments on permanent basis. The British Governor generals like Lord Lytton and Curzon, implemented such policies suited to the British investors exploiting the national wealth of India.This has caused bitter resentment among the Indian industrialists, cottage and small scale artisans. Hence, they were attracted towards the freedom movement in India.

4. Press :
Many Journals and dailies were published and circulated in India during freedom movement. Ex : Amrit Bazar, Kesari, Marata, Hindu, Andhra Patrika etc. They created, enhanced national feelings among themselves. They played a crucial role in spreading, National feelings and conveyed the desires and demands of people to the Britishers.

Question 2.
Explain the role of the extremists in Indian National Movement.
Answer:
The second stage of the National Movement (from 1906 to 1919) was dominated by the extremists. During this period, the Congress entered the militant stage. The prominent leaders were Lala Lajpat Roy, Bala Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra pal (Lai – Bal – Pal). The extremists criticised the moderates for pursuing the policy of “Mendicancy with a begging bowl” and advocated-the use of radical methods to realise Swaraj.

The extremists proposed new methods to achieve their objective! of self government. They declared openly that they had no faith in the goodness of the British. The extremists advocated (1) Boycott of foreign goods (2) Swadesi (3) Boycott of the Government controlled schools and colleges (4) Promoting National education and (5) Passive resistance.

The extremists appealed to the people not to assist the Government to rule. They wanted to create trouble to the Government to rule. They wanted to create trouble to the Government in collecting revenue. They were also against fighting beyond the frontiers or outside India with Indian blood and money. They even advocated that people must organise parallel courts to die British courts. Boycott of foreign goods and the use of Swadesi goods were popularised by the extremists.

They also adovacated boycott of British courts, municipalities and legislative councils. The extremists popularised education on national lines. In national education, the focus was on things Indian. The regional Indian language was to be the chief medium of instruction. The message of Swadesi began to reah the masses due to the methods used by the Extremists.

The extremists introduced new methods of political organisation and new ways of continuing political struggles. But the methods of passive resistance and non-co-operation remained mere ideas. It must also be said that over emphasis on Hindus religious symbols during the extremist National Movement created a rift between the Hindus and the Muslims. The mass of the common people were also outside the mainstream of national politics during the extremist movement despite their radical methods.

Question 3.
Write about the important events during the Gandhian phase of Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Gandhian phase (1920-1947) is the last and final stage of Indian National Movement. Gandhiji led many movements againts the British such as the Non Co-operation movement, Civil disobedience movement and ‘Quit India movement. They may be explained in the following ways.

1. Non Co-operation Movement (1920 to 1922) :
Gandhiji launched this Non-cooperation movement on August 1920 as a protest against the incidents of kilafat and Jallian Wallabagh. The Indian National Congress presided over by Nagapur session in 1921 headed by Lala Lajapathi Roy. There relate to a) Positive programmes like collecting Tilak fund Rs. one Crore and distributed 20 lakhs of charakas. b) Nagative programmes like renouncing British titles, honarary offices, Boycotting courts, schools, legislative councils, as a part Gandhi renounced his title Kaiker-E-Hind. But unfortunately this non-co-operation movement called off by Gandhi in 1922 due to the bad incident happened at Chouri-Choura. ‘

2. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930 to 1934):
The Indian National Congress lanunched this movement on 13^th March, 1930 under the guidence of Gandhi. During the 1^st stage Gandhiji asked the Indian masses to launch Salt Satyagraha. Gandhiji with his 78 staunch disciples launched a march from Sabarmathi to Dandi nearly 240 miles on 13^th March 1930. In the second stage people voluntarily organised hartals, packetings, boycott, swadesi and other programmes. In the third stage between Aug. 1933 to May 1934 in this stage leaders launched collective and individual civil disobedience. Finally Gandhiji concentrated on non-political activites.

3. Quit India movement (1942 to 1944):
The Congress Working Committee at its meeting in worda on July 14, 1942 demanded the British Government on Quit India. Again the Congress in its meeting in Bombay 8^th August 1942 approved the Quit India movement. In its 1^st stage Britishers arrest Gandhi then National wide processions, demonistrations taken agitators destroyed police stations, railway stations and post offices. Peaceful conditions prevailed during the last stage. Quit India movement continued from 8^th August, 1942 with the imprisonment of Gandhi to May 1944 with his release. Through this movement the British government too undestood. The patriotic feelings of the people. They conceded to grant Independence to Indians.

Question 4.
Describe the Home Rule Movement in India’s Freedom Struggle.
Answer:
Home Rule Movement is an important movement organized during the Indian freedom struggle. Lokmanya Bala Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant led this movement. The British government freed Tilak from Mondalay prison after six years of imprisonment. Tilak who returned to India decided to renew harmonious relations with Indian National Congress leaders and to behave positively with the British rulers through some constructive activities. He strived to form home rule councils on the pattern of Irish Councils.

He maintained contacts with the Irish Woman, Annie Besant of Madras (now Chennai), the founder of Divine Life Society. In 1916 both of them separately set up Home Rule Leagues and tried to create political awareness and spiritual enlightment among the people. Annie Besant founded New India and Common Wheel and appointed George Arundale as the organizational secretary of Home Rule League.

Tilak propagated the ideals of Home Rule League in Bombay (excepting Maharashtra), Karnataka, Central Province and Bihar. On the other hand Annie Besant spread the above ideals in the remaining parts of India. The two leaders propagated secular ideas preaching anti-caste and antireligious elements among the people. They extensively distributed home rule league pamphlets, throughout the country. The British government imprisoned Tilak in July, 1916 on the pretext that his conduct was not good. This enraged the followers of Tilak. Mohammad Ali Jinnah acted as the pleader for Tilak in district and High Courts and tried to bring him out of prison. Tilak intensified his agitation. While he founded home rule legue offices in six places, Annie Besant set up such offices in more than 200 places.

Question 5.
What are the various programmes adopted during the Non-cooperation Movement?
Answer:
Gandhiji started Non-cooperation Movement on 1^st August, 1920. The Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920 ratified it. The programme of the Movement was as follows.

1. Boycott of foreign goods and use of Swadeshi goods.
2. Surrender of titles and honorary offices and resignation from nominated seats in local bodies.
3. Boycott of Government and State-aided schools and colleges and establishment of National schools and colleges.
4. Boycott of elections to the new Councils and refusal by the voters to vote at the elections.
5. Refusal to attend official Durbars.
6. Gradual boycott of British courts by lawyers and citizens.
7. Refusal by soldiers, clerks and working people to serve in Mesopotamia.

The Non-cooperation Movement, in short, aimed at the boycott of colleges, courts, councils and Government jobs. Besides the boycott measures, the Congress also adopted a constructive programme. It included the opening of national educational institutions, the setting up of panchayats as a substitute of British courts, the popularisation of chakra palying etc.

Question 6.
What are the important provisions of Government of India Act,1919?
Answer:
The Govt, of India Act, 1919 or the Montague Chelmsford reforms made a beginning in the representative Govt, of India. Discontent over 1909 reforms, frustration among Indians, changes in the Muslim league policy, the first world war, the reunion of moderates and extremists in the congress, the Home rule movement, Montague’s declaration, Montford scheme etc., were some of the causes led to the adoption of this Act.

Main Provisions:

1. The Act removed the restrictions over the size of membership of Governor General’s Executive Council.

2. The Act made the executive responsible to the Central Legislative Assembly.

3. It fixed the membership of the council of states at 60 and that of the Central Legislative Assembly at 145 respectively.

4. It has provided considerable powers to the Central Legislative Assembly by empowering the latter to make laws on union list subject to the approval the Governor-General.

5. It has provided Dyarchy at the state level and divided provincial subjects into reserved subjects and transferred subjects. 28 subjects were included in the reserved category. Finance, Land Revenue, Justice, Police, Irrigation, Factories, Industries etc., were a few among them. The Governors of the provinces were to administer these subjects with the help of the British councillors.

The Act has listed 22 subjects in the transferred category. Local self Govt Agriculture, Public works, Public health, Co-operation, Education etc., were some such subjects. The Governors were to administer these subjects with the help of the Indian Ministers.

6. The Act has created die office of the secretary of State which acts as the agent of the British Govt in India.

7. The Act further divided the administrative subjects between the union and state governments into two types namely: (i) Union list and (ii). Provincial list It included 47 items in the union list Defence, Foreign affairs, Public debt, Posts and Telegraphs, Navigation, Export and Import Duties etc., were a few of such subjects. It has incorporated 51 items in the provincial list. Local government, Public health, Education, Agriculture, Forests, Law and order etc., formed part of this list.

8. The Act separated provincial budgets from that of the union. It empowered the provincial legislatures to approve their own budgets from that of the union. It empowered the provincial legislatures to approve their own budgets and levy taxes.

9. The Act introduced some changes in the composition of Indian Council. The size of Indian council was fixed between 8 and 12 its tenure at five years.

10. The Chamber of princes with viceroy as the chairman was constituted. The Govt of India Act, 1919 was considered to be a landmark in the constitutional history of India.

Question 7.
Point out the main provisions of the Independence of India Act, 1947.
Answer:
The main provisions of the Independence of the India Act 1947 may be explained as follows.

1. India and Pakistan shall be constituted as two separate independent states.
2. Two constituent Assemblies shall be formed each for India and Pakistan and work as constitution making bodies as well as legislative bodies in their respective domains.
3. The British Supermacy over British India native princely states shall cease to exit. The princely states would be free to join either dominious or to remain independent.
4. Territories of the two dominous were defined but they were empowered to include or exlude a territory themselves.

Question 8.
Write about any three basic features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
1. Single citizenship :
Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are bom in India and who resided in India for a Specific period. It enables the citizens to possess an enjoy identical rights and privilages. It also promotes unity, integrity and fraternity among the people.

2. Universal adult Franchise :
The makers of the Indian constitution provided for the universal adult franchise for all citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community, language, religion, region, sex, property etc., At the beginning, adult franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the Constitution Amendment Act in 1988.

3. Bicameralism :
The constitution of India introduced Bi – cameralism at the national level. Accordingly, the Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and Lok Sabha (lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

Very Short Answer Quenstions

Question 1.
Moderates in Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji, Copala Krishna Gokhale, Surendra Nath Benarjee, Umesh Chandra Benarjee are the prominent moderate leaders. They adopted peaceful and constitutional methods in articulating their demands in the National Movement. There include prayers, petitions protest and mediatious.

Question 2.
Methods of Extremists.
Answer:

1. Boycott of British goods, honorary titles and Govt., offices.
2. Encouraging native education.
3. Striving for membership to Indian in Legislative Councils.
4. Patronizing native goods and industries.
5. Practicing passive resistance.

Question 3.
Simon Commission.
Answer:
The Commission had seven English men as members and Sir John Simon as Chairman. Hence, the Congress decided to boycott the Commission’s prceedings throughout the country and raised the slogan “Simon Go back”. Indians wholeheartedly obliged the call and protested against thes Simon Commission. Black flag demonstrations greated the Commission wherever it went. In Lahore, the boycott demonstrations were led by lala Lajpat Rai who became a victim of police latticharge that resulted in his death three weeks later.

Question 4.
Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
The Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-31 is sometimes called the Salt Satyagraha. Mahatma Gandhi, compelled by circumstances, wrote a letter to Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India stating that he would launch a Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt laws, if the Government did not concede his demands. As there was no favourable response from the Viceroy, Gandhi started his famous Dandi March. Accompanied by 78 workers he marched on foot from Sabarmati Ashram to the seashore on 12th March, 1930. On 6th April,1930, he started the Civil Disobedience Movement by picking salt laying on the seashore. The programme of the movement included

1. The Violation of Salt law.
2. Abstention from attending educational institutions by students and the offices by the public servants.
3. Picketing of shops dealing in liquor,opium and foreign goods.
4. Bonafire of foreign cloth.
5. Non-payment of taxes.

The movement gathered momentum very soon.Thousands of people participated in it. The Civil Disobedience Movement aimed at paralysing the administrative by performance of specific illegal acts.

Question 5.
Minto – Morley Reforms Act.
Answer:
Lord Minto the very of India, Lord Morley the Secretary of State for India played a key role in the formulation of this Act. This Act passed the way by introducing significant changes in the structure and maintainance of legislative bodies in India. The British’s Government considered several factors while formulating this Act.

Question 6.
Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
There are 309 members in the constituent assembly of them 296 members belongs to British India and 93 belongs to princely states. Elections for constituent assembly held on July – August -1946. Dr. Babu Rajendra prasad elected as the chairman for constituent assembly. Drafting Committee was formed on 29th August, 1947. Dr. Ambedhkar was appointed as the chairman.

Question 7.
Drafting Committee.
Answer:
A seven member Drafting Committee was constituted on August 29, by the Constituent Assembly Prominent members like Sir Alladi Krishna Swamy Ayyar, N. Gopala Swami lyangar, Sayyed Mohammad Sadullah, Dr.K.M. Munshi, B.L. Mittar and D.R Khaithan were the six members in this committee. B.N. Rao was the advisor and S.N. Mukherjee, the chief draftsman. The drafting committee has submitted the draft constitution to the Constituent Assembly on November 5,1947. The draft was published on February 21, 1948.

Question 8.
Rigid and flexible features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Some provisions like election of the President, Powers of Union and State Governments, Supreme Court and High Courts require rigid amendment procedure. Some other provisions like changes in the names, boundaries, areas and separation of states etc., may be amended by a simple majority in Parliament, some provisions like Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State policy are amended by a half rigid and half flexible method.

Question 9.
Preamble of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic it provides Liberty, Equality Fraternity and Justice. It states that the people of India are the cheif sources of the Political Authority.

Question 10.
Parliamentary Government.
Answer:
India follows Parliamentary form at the Central and the State levels. In this form of government nominal executive (President or Governor) functions on the advice of the real executive (RM. or C.M heading the Council of Ministers). The other features of this government are : Collective responsibility, membership of the ministers in the legislature, no fixed term of office for the cabinet, leadership of the RM. etc.

Question 11.
Unitary and Federal features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Unitary Features :

1. Single Citizenship
2. Integrated Judiciary
3. Appointment of Governors
4. Role of All India Services personnel in state administration etc., are unitary features.

Federal Features :

1. Written and Rigid constitution.
2. Dual Government
3. Bi-cameralism etc are Federal Features of the Indian Constitution.

Question 12.
Universal Adult Franchise.
Answer:
it means granting of the right to vote to all adult citizens who have completed a particular age. In India all citizens who have completed 18 years of age have this right to vote. Generally, lunatics, criminals, insolvents are excluded from this right. It is the backbone of Democracy.

The post TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Study Material Chapter 1 Indian Constitution-Historical Background appeared first on TS Board Solutions.

Students can check the TS Inter 1st Year Botany Syllabus & TS Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 1st Year Botany Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 1st Year Botany Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Botany Textbook Solutions Telangana

Unit I Diversity in the Living World

• Chapter 1 The Living World
• Chapter 2 Biological Classification
• Chapter 3 Science of Plants – Botany
• Chapter 4 Plant Kingdom

Unit II Structural Organisation in Plants – Morphology

• Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants

Unit III Reproduction in Plants

• Chapter 6 Modes of Reproduction
• Chapter 7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Unit IV Plant Systematics

• Chapter 8 Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Unit V Cell Structure and Function

• Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life
• Chapter 10 Biomolecules
• Chapter 11 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Unit VI Internal Organisation of Plants

• Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Unit VII Plant Ecology

• Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 1st Year Botany Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 1st Year Botany Syllabus

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD
BOTANY – I
SYLLABUS (w.e.f. 2012-13)

Unit-I DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD (30 Periods)

CHAPTER-1 The living world
What is living? – Diversity in the living world; Taxonomic categories and Taxonomic aids

CHAPTER-2 Biological Classification
Five kingdom classification – Monera, Protista, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, Three domains of life (six kingdom classification), Viruses, Viroids, Prions & Lichens

CHAPTER-3 Science of plants – Botany
Origin, Development, and Branches of Botany, Scope of Botany and Branches of Botany

CHAPTER-4 Plant Kingdom
Salient features, classification and alteration of generations of the plants of the following groups – Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

UNIT – II STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS-MORPHOLOGY (20 Periods)

CHAPTER-5 Morphology of flowering plants
Vegetative: Parts of a typical Angiospermic plant; Vegetative morphology and modifications- Root, Stem and Leaf- types; Venation, Phyllotaxy.
Reproductive: Inflorescence – Racemose, Cymose and special types (in brief). Flower: Parts of a flower and their detailed description; Aestivation, Placentation. Fruits: Types- True, False and parthenocarpic fruits.

UNIT-III: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS (25 Periods)

CHAPTER-6 Modes of Reproduction
Asexual reproduction, binary fission, Sporulation, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, Sexual reproduction in brief, Overview of angiosperm life cycle.

CHAPTER-7 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule) and embryo sac; Development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination – Types, agents, Out breeding devices and Pollen – Pistil interaction. Double Fertilization; Post fertilisation events: Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, Structure of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous seeds, Significance of fruit and seed. Special modes – Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.

UNIT-IV: PLANT SYSTEMATICS (10 Periods)

CHAPTER-8 Taxonomy of angiosperms
Introduction. Types of Systems of classification (In brief). Semi-Technical description of a typical flowering plant Description of Families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae.

UNIT-V: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS (35 Periods)

CHAPTER-9 CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE
Cell- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life- overview of the cell. Prokaryotic cells, Ultra Structure of Plant cell (structure in detail and functions in brief), Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, Plastids, Ribosomes, Golgi bodies, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Microbodies, Centrosome and Centriole, Cilia, Flagella, Cytoskeleton and Nucleus. Chromosomes: Number, structural organization; Nucleosome.

CHAPTER-10 Biomolecules
Structure and function of Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic acids.

CHAPTER-11 Cell cycle and cell division
Cell cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis – significance.

UNIT-VI: INTERNAL ORGANISATION OF PLANTS (25 Periods)

CHAPTER-12 HISTOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Tissues – Types, structure and functions: Meristematic; Permanent tissues – Simple and Complex tissues. Tissue systems – Types, structure and function: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular tissue systems. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous plants – Root, Stem and Leaf. Secondary growth in Dicot stem and Dicot root.

UNIT-VII: PLANT ECOLOGY (12 Periods)

CHAPTER-13 ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION, SUCCESSION AND ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
Introduction. Plant communities and Ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, Mesophytes and Xerophytes. Plant succession. Ecological services – Carbon fixation, Oxygen release and pollination (in brief).

We hope this TS Intermediate 1st Year Botany Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 1st Year Botany Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

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Students can check the TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Syllabus & TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Textbook Solutions Telangana

Unit I Man and Environment

• Chapter 1 Dimensions of the Environment
• Chapter 2 Environmental Stakeholders
• Chapter 3 Population Explosion and its Consequences

Unit II Environment and Development

• Chapter 4 Factors Affecting Development
• Chapter 5 Effects of Industrial Development
• Chapter 6 Development in Telangana

Unit III Environmental Pollution and Global Issues

• Chapter 7 Types, Sources and Effects of Pollution
• Chapter 8 Natural and Man-made Disasters
• Chapter 9 Global Environmental Issues

Unit IV Energy

• Chapter 10 Demand for Energy and Energy Consumption Patterns
• Chapter 11 Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
• Chapter 12 Energy Conservation

Unit V Bio-Diversity

• Chapter 13 Concept, Types and Threats to Biodiversity
• Chapter 14 Significance of Biodiversity
• Chapter 15 Conservation of Biodiversity

Unit VI Environmental Management

• Chapter 16 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Chapter 17 Pollution Control
• Chapter 18 Environmental Audit (EA)

Unit VII Sustainable Development

• Chapter 19 What is Sustainable Development
• Chapter 20 Environment Laws and Policies
• Chapter 21 Global Conferences on Sustainable Development

Unit VIII Sustainable Agriculture

• Chapter 22 Conventional Practices of Agriculture
• Chapter 23 Sustainable Agriculture
• Chapter 24 Management of Agriculture Produce

TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 1st Year Environmental Education Syllabus

Chapter 1 Dimensions of the Environment
Meaning of the term “Environment”, Relationship between Man and Environment, Impacts of Man on the Environment, Dimensions of the Environment, Legacy for future generations, Water cycle, Bio-geo-chemical Cycle, and Oxygen cycle.

Chapter 2 Environmental Stakeholders
Meaning of Environment stakeholders, Categories of stakeholders, ‘3Rs’ Approach, Benefits of the stakeholder consultation process, 4 case studies on the issue of stakeholder participation.

Chapter 3 Population Explosion and its Consequences
Meaning of the term population and population explosion, Causes of population explosion, Consequences of population explosion, and Population control measures.

Chapter 4 Factors Affecting Development
Understanding the term “Environment” and “Development”, Factors that affect Development – Physical, Social, Economic, Social evils – causes, effects, and solutions.

Chapter 5 Ill Effects of Industrial Development
Pollution in terms of Industrial Development (Types), Reasons why pollution control measures are difficult to implement, Impacts of Industrial development and human activities on the environment, and Need for sustainable development.

Chapter 6 Development in Telangana
Development in Telangana State – Agricultural Sector, Industrial Sector, Services Sector
Telangana Industries – IT Sector, Mining, Pharma Industry

Chapter 7 Types, Sources and effects of Pollution
Understanding the term Environmental Pollution, Sources, effects and control measures of air pollution, Sources, effects and control measures of noise pollution, Sources, effects and control measures of water pollution, Definition, causes, effects and control of soil pollution, Definition, sources, effects, control of thermal, nuclear and plastic pollution, Solid Waste definition, types, effects and handling of wastes.

Chapter 8 Natural and Man-made Disaster
Understanding the term “Disaster”, Types-Natural and Man-made disasters, Natural disasters – Types, effects, damages, Man-made disasters – Types and their description, Disaster management, and Examples of Global Environmental Disasters.

Chapter 9 Global Environmental Issues
Definition of Global Environmental Issues, Major current Environmental Problems.

Chapter 10 Demand for Energy and Energy Consumption
Energy consumption (definition), Types of energy consumption, Energy consumption in India.

Chapter 11 Conventional and Non-conventional Energy Sources of Energy
Sources of energy – Conventional sources of energy, Non-conventional sources of energy, Its advantages and disadvantages, Types of non-conventional sources of energy – Solar energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Wind energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Geothermal energy, Hydrogen energy, Tidal energy, Wave energy, Hydrogen energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Biomass energy – Advantages – disadvantages, Nuclear energy – Advantages – disadvantages.

Chapter 12 Energy Conservation
Need for Energy conservation, Energy saving tips

Chapter 13 Concept, Types, and Threats to Biodiversity
Definition of Biodiversity and its types, Bio-geo-graphical classification of India, Threats to Biodiversity.

Chapter 14 Significance of Biodiversity
Benefits of Biodiversity

Chapter 15 Conservation of Biodiversity
Measures to conserve Biodiversity – Insitu conservation, Exsitu conservation, Acts of Biodiversity.

Chapter 16 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The environmental Impact Assessment Definition uses Methodology and an Environmental Impact statement.

Chapter 17 Pollution Control
Air pollution control, Water pollution control, Solid waste management, Hazardous waste management, Biomedical waste management, E-waste management, Radio active management.

Chapter 18 Environmental Audit (E.A)
Definition of Environmental Audit and its types.

Chapter 19 What is Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Definition, Uses, Threats, Sustainable Consumption Definition, the difference between Sustainable Development and consumption.

Chapter 20 Environmental Laws and Policies
Environmental law of India – Its policies and activities, Pollution Control Boards.

Chapter 21 Global Conferences on Sustainable Development
Environmental issues and problems, Stockholm Declaration – 1972, Brundtland Commission – 1983, The Rio Summit, Montreal Protocol – 1987, The Kyoto Protocol – 1997, The Paris Protocol – 2015.

Chapter 22 Conventional Practices of Agriculture
Definition, Methods, Impact, Benefits, Impact of Conventional Agricultural Practices.

Chapter 23 Sustainable Agriculture
Definition, Principles, Methods

Chapter 24 Management of Agriculture Produce
Causes of Harvest loss and its solution, Steps involved in pre-Packing produce management.

We hope this TS Intermediate 1st Year Environmental Education Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 1st Year Environmental Education Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

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Students can check the TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Syllabus & TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Ethics and Human Values
• Chapter 2 The Constitutional Values of India
• Chapter 3 Individual and Society
• Chapter 4 Life Skills
• Chapter 5 Environmental Concerns
• Chapter 6 Religious and Cultural Values
• Chapter 7 Professional Ethics
• Chapter 8 Health and Nutrition
• Chapter 9 Ethics in Social Media and Technology
• Chapter 10 Ethics, Values and Thinking

TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Examination Pattern

General Instructions of Lectures: The Examination on the subject of Ethics and Human Values comprises a total of 100 marks. The breakup of marks is as follows.

1. Theory Examination consisting of 4 essays of 15 marks each – 60 marks
2. Group Project – 20 marks
3. Individual Project – 20 marks

For the purpose of the written examination, in order to provide a wide choice to the students, the 10 Chapters are being placed under 4 Sections. Two/Three questions will be given under each section. The student has to answer one question from each section.

Section A – Chapters 1, 3, 10
Section B – Chapters 2, 4, 9
Section C – Chapters 5, 7
Section D – Chapters 6, 8

(The division of chapters has been done in a random manner and does not reflect the relative importance of any Chapter/Chapters)

We hope this TS Intermediate 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 1st Year Ethics and Human Values Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

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Students can check the TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Syllabus & TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 2nd Year Zoology Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Human Anatomy and Physiology – I
  • Chapter 1(a) Digestion and Absorption
  • Chapter 1(b) Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Chapter 2 Human Anatomy and Physiology – II
  • Chapter 2(a) Body Fluids and Circulation
  • Chapter 2(b) Excretory Products and their Elimination
• Chapter 3 Human Anatomy and Physiology – III
  • Chapter 3(a) Musculo-Skeletal System
  • Chapter 3(b) Neural Control and Coordination
• Chapter 4 Human Anatomy and Physiology – IV
  • Chapter 4(a) Endocrine System and Chemical Coordination
  • Chapter 4(b) Immune System
• Chapter 5 Human Reproduction
  • Chapter 5(a) Human Reproductive System
  • Chapter 5(b) Reproductive Health
• Chapter 6 Genetics
• Chapter 7 Organic Evolution
• Chapter 8 Applied Biology

TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 2nd Year Zoology Syllabus

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD
ZOOLOGY-II
Syllabus (w.e.f. 2013-14)

Unit I Human Anatomy and Physiology – I (22 Periods)

Unit IA: Digestion and Absorption
Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peri¬stalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, egestion. The calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (for box item – not to be evaluated); Nutritional disorders: Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, Kwashiorkor.

Unit IB: Breathing and Respiration
Respiratory organs in animals; Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans – Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration; Respiratory volumes; Respiratory disorders: Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders – Asbestosis, Silicosis, Siderosis, Black Lung Disease in coal miners.

Unit II Human Anatomy and Physiology – II (22 Periods)

Unit IIA: Body Fluids and Circulation
Covered in I year composition of lymph and functions; Clotting of blood; Human circulatory system- the structure of the human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.

Unit IIB: Excretory Products and their Elimination
Modes of excretion – Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, Uricotelism; Human excretory system – the structure of kidney and nephron; Urine formation, osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function – Renin – Angiotensin – Aldosterone system, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney.

Unit III Human Anatomy and Physiology – III (20 Periods)

Unit IIIA: Muscular and Skeletal System
Skeletal muscle – ultrastructure; Contractile proteins & muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions; Joints, (to be dealt with relevance to practical syllabus); Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system: myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, Gregor Mortis.

Unit IIIB: Neural Control and Co-ordination
The nervous system in human beings – Centralnfervous system. Peripheral nervous system and Visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action: Sensory perception; Sense organs; Brief description of other receptors; Elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear.

Unit IV Human Anatomy and Physiology – IV (15 Periods)

Unit IVA: Endocrine System and Chemical Co-ordination
Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system – Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas; Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea only); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators) Hypo and Hyperactivity and related disorders: Common disorders – Dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome. (Diseases & disorders to be dealt in brief).

Unit IVB: Immune System
Basic concepts of Immunology – Types of Immunity – Innate Immunity, Acquired Immunity, Active and Passive Immunity, Cell-mediated Immunity and Humoral Immunity, Interferon, HIV, and AIDS.

Unit V Human Reproduction (22 Periods)

Unit VA: Human Reproductive System
Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis & ovary; Gametogenesis is Sper-matogenesis & Oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilization, Embryo development up to blastocyst formation. Implantation; Pregnancy, placenta formation. Parturition, Lactation (elementary idea).

Unit VB: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit VI Genetics (20 Periods)
Heredity and variation: Mendel’s laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila. (Drosophila melanogaster Grey, Black body colour; Long, Vestigial wings), Pleiotropy; Multiple alleles: Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; Co-dominance (Blood groups as an example); Elementary idea of polygenic inher¬itance: Skin colour in humans (refer Sinnott, Dtinn and Dobzhansky); Sex determination – in humans, birds, Fumea moth, genic balance theory of sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster and honey bees; Sex-linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans: Thalassemia, Haemophilia, Sickle celled anemia, cystic fibrosis PKU, Alkaptonuria; Chromosomal disorders – Down’s syndrome. Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome; Genome, Human Genome Project and DNA Finger Printing.

Unit VII Organic Evolution (15 Periods)
Origin of Life, Biological evolution and Evidence for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological and molecular evidence); Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin’s theory of Evolution – Natural Selection with example (Kettlewell’s experiments on Biston Bulgaria). Mutation Theory of Hugo De Vries; Modern synthetic theory of Evolution – Hardy- Weinberg law; Types of Natural Selection; Geneflow and genetic drift; Variations (mutations and genetic recombination); Adaptive radiation – viz., Darwin’s finches and adaptive radiation in marsupials; Human evolution; Speciation – Allopatric, sym- Patric; Reproductive isolation.

Unit VIII Applied Biology (15 Periods)
Apiculture; Animal Husbandry; Pisciculture, Poultry management, Dairy management; Animal breeding; Bio-medical Technology: Diagnostic Imaging (X-Ray, CT scan, MRI), ECG, EEG; Application of Biotechnology in health: Human insulin and vaccine production; Gene Therapy; Transgenic Animals; ELISA; Vaccines, MABs, Cancer biology, stem cells.

We hope this TS Intermediate 2nd Year Zoology Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

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Students can check the TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Syllabus & TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 2nd Year Botany Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Textbook Solutions Telangana

Unit I Plants Physiology

• Chapter 1 Transport in Plants
• Chapter 2 Mineral Nutrition
• Chapter 3 Enzymes
• Chapter 4 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Chapter 5 Respiration in Plants
• Chapter 6 Plant Growth and Development

Unit II Microbiology

• Chapter 7 Bacteria
• Chapter 8 Viruses

Unit III Genetics

• Chapter 9 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Unit IV Molecular Biology

• Chapter 10 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Unit V Biotechnology

• Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
• Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Applications

Unit VI Microbes and Human Welfare

• Chapter 13 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
• Chapter 14 Microbes in Human Welfare

TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 2nd Year Botany Syllabus

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD
BOTANY-II
Syllabus (w.e.f. 2013-14)

Unit I Plants Physiology (60 Periods)

Chapter 1 Transport in Plants
Means of Transport – Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Passive symports and antiports, Active Transport, Comparison of Different Transport Processes, Plant-Water Relations – Water Potential, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Imbibition, Long Distance Transport of Water – Water Movement up a Plant, Root Pressure, Transpiration pull, Transpiration – Opening and Closing of Stomata, Transpiration and Photosynthesis, Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients – Uptake of Mineral Ions, Translocation of Mineral Ions, Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink – The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis.

Chapter 2 Mineral Nutrition
Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants, Essential Mineral Elements – Criteria for Essentiality, Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Role of Macro- and Micro- nutrients, Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements, Toxicity of Micronutrients, Mechanism of Absorption of Elements, Translocation of Solutes, Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements, Metabolism of Nitrogen -Nitrogen Cycle, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, Nodule Formation.

Chapter 3 Enzymes
Chemical Reactions, Enzymatic Conversions, Nature of EnzymeAction, Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity, Temperature and pH, Concentration of Substrate, Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes, Co-factors.

Chapter 4 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Early Experiments, Site of Photosynthesis, Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis, Light Reaction, The Electron TransportSplitting of Water, Cyclic and Non- cyclic Photo-phosphorylation, Chemiosmotic Hypothesis, Biosynthetic phase – The Primary Acceptor of CO2, The Calvin Cycle, The C4 Pathway, Photorespiration, Factors affecting Photosynthesis.

Chapter 5 Respiration of Plants
Cellular respiration, Glycolysis, Fermentation, Aerobic Respiration – Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Electron Transport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation, The Respiratory Balance Sheet, Amphibolic Pathway, Respiratory Quotient.

Chapter 6 Plant Growth and Development
Growth- Plant Growth, Phases of Growth, Growth Rates, Conditions for Growth, Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation, Development, Plant Growth Regulators – Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators, Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid, Seed Dormancy, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation.

Unit II Microbiology (10 Periods)

Chapter 7 Bacteria
Morphology of Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure – Nutrition, Reproduction – Sexual Reproduction, Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction, The importance of Bacteria to Humans.

Chapter 8 Viruses
Discovery, Classification of Viruses, structure of Viruses, Multiplication of Bacteriophages – The Lysogenic Cycle, Viral diseases in Plants, Viral diseases in Humans.

Unit III Genetics (10 Periods)

Chapter 9 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Mendel’s Experiments, Inheritance of one gene (Monohybrid Cross) – Back cross and Test cross, Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation or Law of purity of gametes, Deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance – Incomplete Dominance, Co-dominance, Explanation of the concept of dominance, Inheritance of two genesLaw of Independent Assortment, Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, Linkage and Recombination, Mutations – Significance of mutations.

Unit IV Molecular Biology (15 Periods)

Chapter 10 Molecular Basis of inheritance
The DNA – Structure of Polynucleotide Chain, Packaging of DNA Helix, The Search for Genetic Material, Transforming Principle, Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle, The Genetic Material is DNA, Properties of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA), RNA World, Replication – The Experimental Proof, The Machinery and the Enzymes, Transcription – Transcription Unit, Transcription Unit and the Gene, Types of RNA and the process of Transcription, GeneticCodeMutations and Genetic Code, tRNA– the Adapter Molecule, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression – The Lac operon.

Unit V Biotechnology (22 Periods)

Chapter 11 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
Principles of Biotechnology – Construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology – Restriction Enzymes, Cloning Vectors, Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA), Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology – Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA), Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations, Separation and isolation of DNA fragments, Insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR, Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host, Cell/Organism, Selection of Transformed host cells, Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product, Downstream Processing.

Chapter 12 Biotechnology and it’s Applications
Biotechnological Applications In Agriculture – Bt Cotton, Pest Resistant Plants, Other applications of Biotechnology Insulin, Gene therapy, Molecular Diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting, Transgenic plants, Bio-safety and Ethical issues – Biopiracy.

Unit VI Plants, Microbes and Human Welfare (18 Periods)

Chapter 13 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Plant Breeding – What is Plant Breeding?, Wheat and Rice, Sugarcane, Millets, Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance, Methods of breeding for disease resistance, Mutation, Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests, Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality, Single Cell Protein (SCP), Tissue Culture.

Chapter 14 Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in Household Products, Microbes in Industrial Products – Fermented Beverages, Antibiotics, Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or Biological treatment, Microbes in Production of Biogas, Microbes as Biocontrol Agents, Biological control of pests and diseases, Microbes as Biofertilisers, Challenges posed by Microbes.

We hope this TS Intermediate 2nd Year Botany Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 2nd Year Botany Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

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Students can check the TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Syllabus & TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions for strong academic preparation. Students can use TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Notes as a quick revision before the exam.

TS Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Study Material Pdf Download | TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Telangana

• Chapter 1 Diversity of Living World
• Chapter 2 Structural Organisation in Animals
• Chapter 3 Animal Diversity-I: Invertebrate Phyla
• Chapter 4 Animal Diversity-II: Phylum Chordata
• Chapter 5 Locomotion and Reproduction in Protozoa
• Chapter 6 Biology in Human Welfare
• Chapter 7 Type Study of Periplaneta Americana (Cockroach)
• Chapter 8 Ecology and Environment

TS Inter 2nd Year Zoology Weightage Blue Print 2022-2023

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Syllabus

Telangana TS Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Syllabus

Unit I Zoology – Diversity of Living World (30 Periods)

• 1.1 What is life?
• 1.2 Nature, Scope & meaning of zoology
• 1.3 Branches of Zoology
• 1.4 Need for classification- Zoos as tools for the study of taxonomy
• 1.5 Basic principles of Classification: Biological system of classification- (Phylogenetic classification only)
• 1.6 Levels of Hierarchy of classification
• 1.7 Nomenclature – Bi & Trinominal
• 1.8 Species concept
• 1.9 Kingdom Animalia
• 1.10 Biodiversity – Meaning and distribution (Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity(alpha, beta, and gamma), other attributes of biodiversity, the role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN Red data books, Conservation of wildlife in India – Legislation, Preservation, Organisations, Threatened species.

Unit II Structural Organization in Animals

• 2.1 Levels of organization, Multicellularity: Diploblastic & Triploblastic conditions.
• 2.2 Asymmetry, Symmetry: Radial symmetry, and Bilateral symmetry (Brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla)
• 2.3 Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Eucoelomates: Schizo & Entero coelomates (Brief account of the formation of coelom)
• 2.4 Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous tissues. (make it a little more elaborative)

Unit III Animal Diversity – I: Invertebrate Phyla
General Characters – Strictly restrict to 8 salient features only
Classification up to Classes with two or three examples – Brief account only

• 3.1 Porifera
• 3.2 Cnidaria
• 3.3 Ctenophora
• 3.4 Platyhelminthes
• 3.5 Nematoda
• 3.6 Annelida (Include Earthworm as a type study strictly adhering to NCERT textbook)
• 3.7 Arthropoda
• 3.8 Mollusca
• 3.9 Echinodermata
• 3.10 Hemichordata

Unit IV Animal Diversity – II: Phylum: Chordata
General Characters – Strictly restrict to 8 points only Classification up to Classes – Brief account only with two or three examples

• 4.1 Sub phylum: Urochordata
• 4.2 Sub phylum: Cephalochordata
• 4.3 Sub phylum: Vertebrata
• 4.4 Super Class: Agnatha
• 4.4.1 Class Cyclostomata
• 4.5 Super Class: Gnathostomata
• 4.5.1 Super Class: Pisces
• 4.5.2 Class: Chondrichthyes
• 4.5.3 Class: Osteichthyes
• 4.6 Tetrapoda
• 4.6.1 Class: Amphibia (Include Frog as a type study strictly adhering to NCERT textbook)
• 4.6.2 Class: Reptilia
• 4.6.3 Class: Aves
• 4.6.4 Class: Mammalia

Unit V Locomotion & Reproduction in Protozoa

• 5.1 Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella & cilia (Brief account giving two examples each)
• 5.2 Flagellar & Ciliary movement – Effective & Recovery strokes in Euglena, Synchronal & Metachronal movements in Paramecium
• 5.3 Reproduction: Definition, types. Asexual Reproduction: Transverse binary fission in Paramecium & Longitudinal binary fission in Euglena. Multiple fission, Sexual Reproduction.

Unit VI Biology & Human Welfare

• 6.1 Parasitism and parasitic adaptation
• 6.2 Health and disease: introduction (follow NCERT) Life cycle, Pathogenicity, Treatment & Prevention (Brief account only)
  1. Entamoeba histolytica 2. Plasmodium vivax 3. Ascaris lumbricoides 4. Wuchereria bancrofti
• 6.3 A brief account of pathogenicity, treatment & prevention of Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, & Ringworm.
• 6.4 Drugs and Alcohol abuse

Unit VII Type study of Periplaneta Americana

• 7.1 Habitat and habits
• 7.2 External features
• 7.3 Locomotion
• 7.4 Digestive system
• 7.5 Respiratory system
• 7.6 Circulatory system
• 7.7 Excretory system
• 7.8 Nervous system – sense organs, the structure of ommatidium.
• 7.9 Reproductive system

Unit VIII Ecology & Environment

• 8.1 Organisms and Environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome, and ecosphere (definitions only)
• 8.2 Ecosystem: Elementary aspects only Abiotic factors – Light, Temperature & Water (Biological effects only), Ecological adaptations
• 8.3 Population interactions
• 8.4 Ecosystems: Types, Components, Lake ecosystem
• 8.5 Food chains, Food web, Productivity and Energy flow in Ecosystem, Ecological pyramids – Pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy.
• 8.6 Nutrition cycling – Carbon, Nitrogen, & Phosphorous cycles (Brief account)
• 8.7 Population attributes Growth, Natality, and Mortality, Age distribution, and Population regulation.
• 8.8 Environmental issues

We hope this TS Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Study Material Pdf Download in English Medium and Telugu Medium will be useful for students to attain the right approach for precisely answering the textbook questions. If there is any trouble in grasping the concepts related to TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Textbook Solutions Telangana, drop your questions in the comment and we will get back to you with a solution in time.

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TS Inter 2nd Year English Reading Understanding Non-verbal Data

Q.No.9 (4 out of 6 Questions: 4 × 1 = 4 Marks)

Information is sometimes presented in a non-verbal way as the method has many advantages. It is very important for a student to develop the skill of understanding various types of non-verbal information. Asking questions based on a table, pie-chart etc., is one way to help the student improve this skill: One has to keenly study the text and the questions given after it before attempting to answer the questions.

PIE CHARTS

Study the following pie charts and answer the questions that follow.
1.

Answer the following questions.
i) How many segments are given in the pie chart ?
ii) What percentage of students just passed as shown in the chart ?
iii) What percentage of students got merit ?
iv) What is the total pass percentage of students?
v) What percentage of students got distinction?
vi) What is the combined percentage of students who just passed and who got merit?
vii) When compared, the number of students who passed with distinction are more than those passed with merit. Write true or false.
viii) If the total number of undergraduates appeared for the final year examination is 100, then how many students failed as per the chart?
Answers:
i) four
ii) 38
iii) 31
iv) 88
v) 19
vi) 69
vii) false
viii) 12

2.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the pie chart show?
ii) How many hobbies are presented in the pie chart?
iii) Which is the most preferred hobby?
iv) People with the hobbies of ___________ and __________ are almost equal to those with reading hobby. (Fill in the blanks.)
v) 30 percent of the people like dancing. Write true or false.
vi) Which is the least preferred hobby?
vii) People who have the hobby of cooking are 18%. Write true or false.
viii) If people who like cooking also liked dancing, then what would be’ the percentage of people who like dancing?
Answers:
i) hobbies of people
ii) four
iii) reading
iv) cooking – dancing
v) false
vi) cooking
vii) true
viii) 41

3.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the pie chart show ?
ii) How many categories are presented in the pie chart
iii) What portion of the total cost is spent on cement ?
iv) What portion of the total cost is spent on bricks ?
v) If the owner himself had supervised the construction of the house, what percentage of amount would he have saved?
vi) The cost spent on timber is 10%. Write true or false.
vii) If the cost of steel were lower than timber and the engineer had decided to use steel instead of timber, would the cost of entire house go down or go up ?
viii) What percentage of the cost is spent on supervision?
Answers:
i) Cost components of construction of a house
ii) 6
iii) 20%
iv) 15%
v) 15
vi) true
vii) go down
viii) 15

Bar Graphs

Study the following bar graphs and answer the questions that follow.
1.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the bar graph present ?
ii) Which is the least populated city ?
iii) The population of Hyderabad is ____________. (Fill in the blank.)
iv) Which city has the highest population?
v) Name the cities with a population of two crores or above.
vi) How many cities are presented in the bar graph?
vii) The population of Mumbai is ____________. (Fill in the blank.)
viii) The population of Bangalore is 1 crore. Write true or false
Answers:
i) Population of cities in India
ii) Pune
iii) 2.0 crore
iv) Delhi
v) Delhi, Mumbai and Hyderabad
vi) 5 (five)
vii) 3.0 crore
viii) false

2.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the bar graph present?
ii) In which month did Gita save the highest amount?
iii) During which two months did Gita save very low amounts ?
iv) How much did Gita save in the month of May?
v) How much did she save in the month of April ?
vi) How much more did she save in April than in March ?
vii) How much money did Gita save in the month of March ?
viii) In the month of May, Gita saved Rs 300. Write true or false
Answers:
i) Gita’s savings (in 5 months)
ii) February
iii) January and March
iv) Rs. 2900
v) Rs. 3900
vi) Rs. 3000
vii) Rs. 900
viii) false

3.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the bar graph depict?
ii) How many modes of transport are mentioned in the bar graph?
iii) Which is the most preferred mode of transport in the US ?
iv) What percentage of people preferred bicycles in France?
v) In Italy which is the least preferred mode of transport?
vi) What percentage of people preferred motorcycle in the UK?
vii) Four modes of transport preferences are presented in the graph. Write true or false.
viii) What percentage of people preferred car in France?
Answers:
i) Transport preferences among young people
ii) three
iii) car
iv) 45%
v) motorcycle
vi) 10 percent
vii) false
viii) 40%

Tree Diagrams

Study the following bar graphs and answer the questions that follow.

1.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the tree diagram describe? –
ii) How many main branches of literature are given in the diagram?
iii) In which branch of literature can one find imaginative aspect?
iv) Name anyone class of drama.
v) Which branch of literature stands close to life?
vi) Mention the number of classes novels are divided into here
vii) Historical approach can be seen ‘in novels. Write true or false.
viii) Regional approach can be seen in _____________. (Fill in the blank.)
Answers:
i) branches of literature
ii) (4) four
iii) in poetry
iv) comedy or tragedy
v) short stories
vi) five (5)
vii) true
viii) novels

2.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the tree diagram describe?
ii) How many main types of diseases are shown in the diagram?
iii) Mention the reason for obesity.
iv) Name the medium of infection for typhoid.
v) Stress is caused by ____________ (Fill in the blank.)
vi) The medium of infection for influenza is ____________ (Fill in the blank.)
vii) Hypertension is caused by _____________ (Fill in the blank.)
viii) Three broad types of diseases are mentioned in the diagram. Write true or false.
Answers:
i) types of diseases
ii) two (2)
iii) faulty eating habits
iv) water
v) faulty living habits
vi) air
vii) faulty living habits
viii) false

3.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the tree diagram describe?
ii) How many types of vitamins are mentioned in the diagram?
iii) Mention anyone source of vitamin A.
iv) Which vitamin does meat provide us ?
v) From which food do we get vitamin C ?
vi) Sunlight helps us get _______________ (Fill in the blank.)
vii) Eggs are rich in vitamins ___________ and _____________ (Fill in the blanks.)
viii) Which vitamin do we get from milk?
Answers:
i) types of vitamins
ii) four (4)
iii) milk or eggs
iv) vitamin B
v) fruits and vegetables
vi) vitamin D
vii) A and B
viii) vitamin A

Tables

1. Information of Sports

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the table show?
ii) How many sports are represented on this table?
iii) Of these sports, which has the highest number of players on the field?
iv) Which of these sports is played on a wooden surface?
v) How many of these sports have 11 players on the field at a time?
vi) Which of these sports is played with a cylindrical projectile?
vii) How many of these sports are played on ice ?
viii) Of these sports, which one has the fewest players on the field at a time?
Answers:
i) Information of sports
ii) eight (8)
iii) Rugby (football)
iv) Basket Ball
v) three (3)
vi) Ice Hockey
vii) two (2)
viii) Curling

2.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the table’ show ?
ii) How many continents are mentioned in the table?.
iii) Which continent has the largest area ?
iv) Which continent has the smallest number of countries?
v) Which is the most populous continent?
vi) Africa has the highest number of countries. Write true or false.
vii) How many countries does North America have?
viii) Which continent has the smallest area?
Answers:
i) Continents, their area, number of countries and their population
ii) Seven (7)
iii) Asia
iv) South America (of course, Antartica has not countries)
v) Asia
vi) true
vii) 23
viii) Australia and Oceania

3.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the table show?
ii) How many Indians have received the Nobel Prize to date?
iii) Who is the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize?
iv) Mother Teresa received the Nobel Prize for ____________ (Fill in the blank.)
v) How many Indians have received the Nobel Prize for Economics till now?
vi) In which year did C V Raman receive the Nobel Prize?
vii) Who won the Nobel Prize in the year 2014?
viii) In the field of Medicine, who won the Nobel Prize for India?
Answers:
i) Indian Nobel Prize winners
ii) nine (9)
iii) Rabindranath Tagore
iv) Peace
v) two (2)
vi) 1930
vii) Kailash Satyarthi
viii) Har Gobind Khorana

Flow Charts

Study the following bar graphs and answer the questions that follow.

1.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the flow chart show?
ii) How many steps are given in the flow chart?
iii) What should the customer do after completing the application for account opening?
iv) Who verifies certificates and information of the customer?
v) Where does the customer need to sign ?
vi) What does the bank issue at last?
vii) What step comes before issuing the deposit certificate to the customer?
viii) What does the bank open for the customer?
Answers:
i) the process of opening a bank account
ii) five (5)
iii) Submit it along with identity certificate
iv) the bank (persons)
v) on the deposit slip
vi) balance receipt passbook
vii) Customer signs on the deposit slip
viii) an account

2.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the flow chart describe ?
ii) How many steps are given in the flow chart ?
iii) After starting, what should be done ?
iv) When can one start answering ?
v) When can one submit a test paper ?
vi) Where can one select the question type and test range ?
vii) When can one enter the student homepage ?
viii) If one enters the wrong user name, what should be done ?
Answers:
i) the process of taking an online examination
ii) ten (10)
iii) enter the user name and password
iv) after getting the test questions
v) after completing answering questions
vi) on the student homepage
vii) after entering user name and password correctly
viii) should reenter it

3.
How to get driving licence

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the flow chart describe?
ii) How many steps are given in the flow chart?
iii) What test should one pass to go for a written test?
iv) What happens when one doesn’t pass the eyesight test?
v) What should one do after clearing the eyesight test?
vi) What happens when one fails the written exam?
vii) What happens when one clears the written exam?
viii) What can the applicant do after practising driving?
Answers:
i) the process of getting a Driving License
ii) eight (8) [if fails nine (9]
iii) eyesight test
iv) loses the chance to get a driving license
v) take theoretical lessons and written test
vi) retake the written test
vii) practises driving
viii) take the road test

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TS Inter 2nd Year English Reading Understanding Advertisements

Q.No.8 (4 out of 6 Questions: 4 × 1 = 4 Marks)

Advertisements form a considerable component of modern mass-media. Understanding them properly is, therefore, of a great use, particularly for students. An effective approach to understand advertisements is to try to answer questions based on them. Studying carefully the given advertisement as well as the questions is the basic requirement. Keen observation of every part of the advertisement is very much necessary. Practice helps one acquire the needed expertise to answer all the questions correctly.

EXERCISES

1. Study the following advertisement and answer the questions that follow.

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the advertisement depict?
ii) Who has issued this advertisement?
iii) When is the International Women’s Day celebrated?
iv) Gender Equality is for a _____________ Fill in the blank.
v) Name any two fields in which the girl in the-advertisement.
vi) What does the girl mean by the announcement on the placard she is holding?
vii) Who does T refer to in the advertisement?
viii) Pick the synonym of the word Par from the advertisement.
Answers:
i) Gender Equality – its importance
ii) UN WOMEN organisation
iii) on March 08 every year
iv) better society
v) an education, employment, economic strength, empowerment
vi) She means that she IS INDEPENDENT – HER OWN SELF.
vii) any woman (representmg all women)
viii) equality

2. Study the following advertisement and answer the questions that follow.

Answer the following questions.
i) How many books does the college library have?
ii) What are the two advantages of books mentioned off the advertisement?
iii) Name the habit stated in the advertisement.
iv) How do people normally judge a book?
v) When is the International Book Day celebrated?
vi) Expand N-LIST.
vii) What does the advertisement describe?
viii) What is the motto of N-LIST ?
Answers:
i) ten thousand books
ii) Books inform, delight, enrich.
iii) reading
iv) by its cover
v) on April 23 every year (remembering Shakespeare – April 23 is his birth and death anniversary)
vi) National library and Information Services
vii) It describes the importance of Books and the need to read them.
viii) Take a book a day Don’t delay (Make reading a regular habit.)

3. Study the following advertisement and answer the questions that follow.

Answer the following questions.
i) What is the causative agent of COVID-19?
ii) Who has issued this advertisement?
iii) List any two symptoms that should not be ignored.
iv) Write any two COVID-19 preventive measures.
v) Identify the safety tracker app in the advertisement.
vi) Write the word used in the advertisement to mean “the feeling of vomiting”.
vii) What is the COVID-19 guideline for social distancing?
viii) COVID-19 is caused by virus. Write true or false.
Answers:
i) SARS-CoV-2 virus
ii) ICMR
iii) fever, cough, loss of smell or taste sore throat
iv) wear mask, maintain physical distance (from others), wash hands regularly.
v) ArogyaSetu
vi) nausea
vii) maintaining 6 feet distance from others
viii) true

4. Study the following advertisement and answer the questions that follow.

Answer the following questions.
i) What is Telangana’s first world heritage site?
ii) How many world heritage sites exist in India?
iii) Name the tribal festival held at Mulugu.
iv) What IS the tourist site in Jayashankar Bhupalpally ?
v) What is Pillalamarri renowned for?
vi) State the town in which the thousand-pillar temple is situated.
vii) Golconda fort is situated in Hyderabad. Write true or false.
viii)What does this advertisement describe?
Answers:
i) Ramappa temple
ii) forty (40)
iii) Sammakka Sarakka
iv) Mutyala Dhara waterfalls
v) for 700-year-old banyan tree
vi) Warangal
vii) true
viii) Telangana’s Glory

5. Study the following advertisement and answer the questions that follow.

Answer the following questions.
i) What is Aadhar ?
ii) Who can get Aadhar ?
iii) Identify two benefits of Aadhaar.
iv) How much money is required for Aadhaar enrollment?
v) Who has issued this advertisement?
vi) What does the girl in the ad say to the reader?
vii) How many digits do we find in Aadhaar number?
viii) Aadhaar enrollment can be done anywhere in India. Write true or false.
Answers:
i) AADHAAR is a 12-digit Unique Identification Number (issued by the government of India).
ii) all citizens of India
iii) valid all over India as a proof of identity and address – can get services like opening bank accounts
iv) no money – It is free.
v) Unique Identification Authority of India
vi) She says she has her Aadhaar Number and she can tell us about it.
vii) 12 digits
viii) true

6. Study the following advertisement and answer the questions that follow.

Answer the following questions.
i) Who has issued this advertisement?
ii) What does the advertisement describe?
iii) What should you use for safe driving?
iv) Name the two things to avoid while driving.
v) What is the symbol given for pedestrians?
vi) Expand RTA
vii) What is the motto of RTA?
viii) While driving, one needs to maintain the speed limit. Write true or false.
Answers:
i) Road Transport Authority of Telangana
ii) It describes ‘Road Safety – Saving Lives’.
iii) seat belts and helmets
iv) Drinking and Racing (over speeding) should be avoided.
v) Zebra lines
vi) Road Transport Authority
vii) Safety First
viii) true

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TS Inter 2nd Year English Reading Comprehension Unseen Passages

Q.No.7 (4 out of 6 Questions: 4 × 1 = 4 Marks)

Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow:

1. Statues Dance Here!

The title sounds strange but the people who visit ‘the Ramappa Temple and see the statues there can feel the Monumental Dance and affirm that it is not an exaggeration. The temple is located at Palampet, a village 70 km from Warangal in Telangana. The ‘ presiding deity is Lord RamaUngesbwara Swamy but it is named after the sculptor, Ramappa who gave the structural form to the dance patterns recorded in the book Nritya Rathnavali, written by Jayapa Senani, a military commander.

Built by Kakathi Ganapathi Deva in 1213 AD, it features construction techniques unique to the Kakatiya dynasty i.e., Sand Box technique, Granite Beams and Pillars, Vimana Gopuram etc. On 25th July 2021, ‘ the temple, the first from the Telugu states, was recognised by the UNESCO.as a World Heritage Site. With this recognition its majesty and grandeur have become known worldwide, a moment of pride for all Telugu people

Answer the following questions.
i) Where is the Ramappa Temple located?
ii) Under whose reign was the temple built?
iii) What is the book Nritya Rathnavali about? Who wrote this?
iv) What was Jayapa Senani ?
v) What are the unique features involved in the construction of Ramappa temple?
vi) How was the temple recognised by the UNESCO?
vii) It is one of the World Heritage Sites from the Telugu states. Write true or false.
viii) Find the word. From the passage that means god.
Answers:
i) at Palampet
ii) Kakathi Ganapathi Deva
iii) about dance forms; Jayapa Senani
iv) a military commander
v) Sand Box technique, Granite Beams and Pillars, Vimana Gopuram, etc.
vi) as a World Heritage Site
vii) false
viii) ‘deity’

2. Raja Bahadur Venkata Rama Reddy

Members from royal families serving the society is a welcome gesture. But it becomes better when persons with humble beginnings play historic roles. To the latter category belongs. Raja Bahadur Venkata Rama Reddy. Born in 1869 to Baramma and Keshav Reddy in Rayanipet, in Wanaparthy Samsthan, he had a miserable childhood. . He lost his mother, father and his guardian maternal uncle when he was still a boy. He could manage only elementary education.

Yet, he improved his competencies in different languages, law and administration. He started his career as an Amin (Police Sub Inspector). With sheer.perseverance and Intelligent work. He acquired the highly influential post of Kothwal (Commissioner) of Hyderabad city and served people. Pleased with his administrative capabilities, the Nizam conferred on him the title of Raja Bahadur in 1930. Even King George V (pronounced as King George the Fifth) was impressed by his skills and conferred him the title Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.) in 1931. Though busy with nis of dal engagements, he pledged his power to accelerate social awakening.

Prominent among his contributions in social service are: the establishment of the Reddy Hostel, First Telugu Medium School for Girls [Today, this school has been upgraded as a college and it is one of the oldest colleges for women and has recently been accorded the autonomous status.] and Reddy Girls’ Hostel. He tried his best to promote Hindu- Muslim Unity. For the services he rendered as a civil servant, his fame in Telugu States would last forever.

Answer the following questions.
i) Which category of persons does Venkata Rama Reddy belong to? (Don’t say the latter category.)
ii) Who looked after Venkata Rama Reddy after his parents died?
iii) Why did Venkata Rama Reddy have just elementary education?
iv) Name the disciplines Venkata Rama Reddy improved his competence in.
v) How did Venkata Rama Reddy use his highly influential post of Kothwal?
vi) What are the titles that were conferred on Venkata Rama Reddy?
vii) Analyse the word miserable into its root and suffix as child (root) + hood (suffix) = childhood.
viii) Mother’s brother is maternal uncle. Then, what do you call your father’s brother? (Don’t say just uncle.)
Answers:
i) to the category of persons with humble beginnings playing historic roles in social service
ii) his maternal uncle
iii) as his parents and guardian died while he was still a boy
iv) different languages, law and administration
v) to serve people
vi) Raja Bahadur, Order of the British Empire (OBE)
vii) misery (root) + able (suffix)
viii) paternal uncle

3. Gumuduru Inscription

Inscriptions are writings on hard surfaces like stones or metals. In olden days, kings used to record important information in the form of inscriptions. One such inscription of Tribhuvana-malla Vikramaditya VI (1076-1127 AD) of Western Chalukya Kings at -Guduru of Palakurthy Mandal, Jangaon District bears a date in the cyclic year Krodhin, equated with the 49th year 1124 AD. The script on the inscription has the poetic stanzas in Kannada on three sides and in Telugu on the fourth side.

It gives a genealogical account of the Chiefs of the Viriyala Family. It also records the endowment of the village Bammera, the birth place of Pothana, by Viriyala Malla. Pothana [1450-1510], a great scholar of Telugu and Sanskrit, rendered Sri Andhra Maha Bhagavatham into Telugu. Palakurthy, the Mandal head- quarter, is also famous as the birth place of Palkuriki Somanatha, one of the most popular Telugu poets of the 13th century.

Answer the following questions.
i) What are inscriptions?
ii) Where is the inscription mentioned in the passage located?
iii) How many languages do we find on this inscription?
iv) To-which dynasty did the King Tribhuvanamalla belong?
v) Write, from the passage, a philanthropic activity of Viriyala Malla?
vi) Who are the important literary figures associated with the region?
vii) Find the word from the passage which means a person with a deep knowledge of an academic subject.
viii) Write the part of speech of the word chiefs.
Answers:
i) writings on hard surfaces like stones or metals
ii) at Guduru of Palakurthy Mandai, Jangaon District
iii) two languages. (Kannada ; Telugu)
iv) Western Chalukya Kings
v) endowment of the village Bammera
vi) Bammera Pothana and Palkuriki Somanatha
vii) ‘scholar’
viii) noun (plural)

4. One Temple – Many Styles – True Spirit of Telangana

Temples are usually houses of worship. Yet, they have been serving multiple purposes since civilizations began to evolve. But, the recently-reconstructed Shri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple atop Yadagirigutta stands out with a unique feature. It blends in a distinct design several temple architectural styles of the times of the Pallavas Cholas, Nayakas, Vijayanagara Kings, Kakatiyas and the Nagara pattern of north India. This miraculously carver artistic wonder has used 2.5 lakh tons of black granite (Krishna: black+sila (stone). And no stone was left unturned to bring in both beauty and utility of the highest degree. The Nagara-styled, barrel-vaulted roof for devotee queue was made of aluminium casting alloy.

Lion pillars, hundreds carved elephants, high walls, specialised gopurams, imposing linear vimanam, huge prakarams, mythical yalis (part horse part lion and part elephant) are among the majestic features of this temple. The impact of the Brihadiswara Temple of Tanjavur, the Lord Balaji’s Temple at Thirumala and the Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple at Ahobilam on this modern marvel is conspicuous. The structure of the temple became a reality because of the present Chief Minister Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao. This magnificent monument is bound to lend a rich spiritual experience to the faithful and (feast to the connoisseur! (/kmp’s3r/))

Answer the following questions.
i) What makes Shri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple atop Yadagirigutta stand out among many temples?
ii) Name the architectural styles that have been followed if designing this temple.
iii) Where is the Nagara pattern of north India used in the temple:
iv) Mention some majestic features of this modern marvel.
v) Write the idiom that is used in this passage which means tried every possible course of action to achieve the desired result.
vi) What is the one-word substitute you find in the passage that means a specialist in . matters involving judgement, appreciation etc. of fine arts etc. .
vii) Rewrite the following sentence using punctuation marks. but the recently reconstructed shri lakshminarasimha swamy temple atop yadagirigutta stands out with a unique feature
viii) Write the synonym of multiple from the passage.
Answers:
i) Its blending of several temple architectural styles into one design makes this temple unique.
ii) the styles of the times of the Pallavas, .Cholas, Nayakas, Vij ayanagara Kings, Kakatiyas and the Nagara pattern of north India
iii) in the roof for devotee queue
iv) lion pillars, carved -elephants, high’ walls, specialised gopurams, imposing linear- vimanam, huge prakarams, mythical yalis etc.
v) no stone was left unturned
vi) connoisseur
vii) But, the recently-reconstructed Shri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple atop Yadagirigutta stands out with a unique feature.
viii) several

5. Technology and Tradition Adorn Towers Here

Technology that is used in ISRO and NASA defence applications shines here atop the towers (gopurams) of Shri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple. The recently- reconstructed temple at Yadagirigutta has many unique features to its credit. One among them is the use of Nano Tech Gold Deposition (NTGD) technology. It went Into the electroplating of gold onto the fifty-two intricately-designed Kalasams that adorn the gopurams. It replaced the conventional gold coating.

It all began when the steely- nerved and iron-willed Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao wanted the gold’s lustre to last for fifty years. Gold-coated objects shine just for fifteen years. Things moved fast to materialise the big dream. The Chennai-based Smart Creations was assigned with the job. They studied various technologies adopted in temples, masjids and, other religious places around the globe. Finally, they chose this NTGD Technology. This method consumes less gold. The gold is hundred percent recoverable. And the’. glitter withstands the vagaries of weather and shines for decades! Sculptural innovations add value to the spiritual experience of the pilgrims who visit this hill temple!

Answer the following questions.
i) Name the technology used to electroplate gold onto the ‘Kalasams’ of the hill temple.
ii) Who took up the job of electroplating the Kalasams with gold?
iii) How long does the glitter last In conventional gold coating?
iv) Write the three advantages of using NTGD technology.
v) What does the expression the big dream refer to ?
vi) Write the synonym of the word lustre that you find in the passage.
vii) Name the presiding deity of this hill temple.
viii) Write the part of speech of the word unique.
Answers:
i) Nano Tech Gold Deposition (NTGD)
ii) the Chennai-based Smart Creations
iii) for fifteen years
iv) a) consumes less gold b) hundred percent recoverable gold c) shine lasts for decades
v) gold’s lustre lasting for fifty years
vi) glitter
vii) Shri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy
viii) adjective

6. World Peace- A Noble Goal

“A combination of science and spirituality would bring peace to the world,” said Swami Vivekananda. With full faith in this dictum, MIT World Peace University, Pune has been organising annual editions of the World Parliament of Science, Religion and Philosophy. The unification of science, religion and philosophy is for the well-being of mankind, assert the organisers.

On the eve of the inauguration of the three-day 8th edition of the World Parliament on April 3, 2022, MIT WPU, along with MIT Art, Design and Technology, celebrated the public dedication programme of the World’s biggest Peace Dome (Certified by the World Book of Records, London). This Dome is regarded as a spiritually oriented scientific laboratory, showing the pathway of happiness, contentment and peace to the world.

On this occasion, they distributed 1.25 lakh copies of the Shrimad Bhagavad Gila. Many believe the Gita as the Book of Life for entire humanity. Yet others consider it as the panacea. Prominent public persons, theologians of every major faith, philosophers, scientists etc. participate in the annual editions of this World Parliament of Science, Religion and Philosophy.

Answer the following questions.
i) What is capable of bringing peace to the world, according to Swami Vivekananda ?
ii) Name the two other activities the organisers of the World Parliament of Science, Religion and Philosophy took up on April 3, 2022.
iii) How is the World’s biggest Peace Dome regarded?
iv) How often do the organisers conduct the World Parliament of Science, Religion and Philosophy?
v) Who can participate in the World Parliament of Science, Religion and Philosophy?
vi) Write the one-word substitute used in the passage that can replace persons who study religion and beliefs.
vii) Find out the one-word substitute used in the passage to mean something that will solve all the problems of a particular situation.
viii) _____________ theologians of every major faith _____________
The meaning of faith as used here is _____________. Fill in the blank choosing from…
a) trust b) a particular religion c) belief
Answers:
i) a combination of science and spirituality
ii) public dedication programme of the world’s biggest Peace Dome and distribution of 1.25 lakh copies of the Gita
iii) a spiritually oriental scientific laboratory
iv) once a year (annually)
v) prominent public persons, theologians, philosophers, scientists, etc.
vi) theologians
vii) panacea
viii) a particular religion

7. An Epitome of EQUALITY

“ Ramanuja’s heart was greater: He felt for the . downtrodden… asserted Swami Vivekananda. And Gosti Purna called Ramanujacharya Emperumanar (/emberu- ma:nar /- a Dravida word meaning superior to all of us). What made them describe Bhagavad Ramanujacharya thus? How noble Ramanujacharya must be to invite such appreciation! Yes, indeed He was! Regarded as a heavenly star descended down, he grew to be not only a spiritual giant but also an amazing social reformer.

He saw divinity in living and inanimate beings. As an epitome of EQUALITY, He threw himself heart and soul into eliminating all barriers. He defied the then rigid customs. He allowed even the downtrodden into temples and to partake in temple services. For that, He revamped the temple administration thoroughly. He was eager to learn from anyone and at any cost. With unmatching perseverance, He walked 100 KMs to Gosti Pura eighteen times to receive the ‘esoteric’ mantra.

He was equally committed to teach all. And, He revealed that secret ‘mantra’. to everyone. He affirmed that hell would be fine for Him, if everyone got liberation. How supreme His sacrifice was! This legendary incarnation of learner, teacher and reformer (three- ill-one) finds an astounding embodiment of His image and teachings as the gigantic 216-foot golden- hued STATUE OF EQUALITY – courtesy the vision and commitment of His Holiness Tridandi Chinna Srlmannarayana Ramanuja Jeeyar! Shall we, then, assimilate the message? Follow it. Stay blessed. (216 words: 216-foot statue)

Answer the following questions.
i) How did Swami Vivekananda support his claim that Ramanuja’s heart was greater?
ii) Quote the sentence from the passage that proves that Ramanujacharya was eager to learn at any cost.
iii) Why did Ramanujacharya say that hell would be fine for Him?
iv) What did Ramanujacharya do to permit all to offer services in temples?
v) Write the synonym of the word embodiment Find it In the passage.
vi) Pick out the idiom from the passage that means with a lot of energy and enthusiasm.
vii) What is the antonym of living that you find in the passage?
viii) The STATUE OF EQUALITY seeks to inspire us to submit ourselves to the service of our
Acharya ____________ to society and the Supreme Being.
Fill in the blanks with a correlative conjunction, choosing from the options given below.
a) neither ………………nor
b) both …………….. and
c) either ……………….or
d) not only …………….. but also
Answers:
i) by emphasising the fact that Ramanuja felt for the downtrodden
ii) He walked 100 kms to Gosti Pura eighteen times to receive the ‘esoteric’ mantra.
iii) He said that hell would be fine for Him (for revealing the esoteric mantra to all) if everyone got liberation.
iv) He revamped the temple administration thoroughly.
v) incarnation (epitome)
vi) heart and soul
vii) inanimate
viii) b) both …….and
d) not only but also (Both are right.)

8. God Sees All

The story of the Babylonian King, Belshazzar from the Bible offers us valuable lessons. Once he hosted a grand feast. He ordered his servants to serve wine in golden goblets brought from the temple of Jerusalem. That was sheer blasphemy. Fingers of a hand appeared all of a sudden. They wrote something on the wall. The King was frightened. But he didn’t understand what it was. On the Queen’s advice, the wise Daniel was summoned. He read the message. He said that power corrupted his father Nebuchadnezzar, But he learnt no lessons from his father’s fall. His days were numbered. The same night the King was slain. The writing on the wall became true.

Answer the following questions.
i) How is the story of Belshazzar important to us ?
ii) Where were those golden goblets brought from?
iii) What was the sheer blasphemy referred to in the story?
iv) The wise learn from others’ mistakes; fools don’t learn even from their own mistakes. This is a great saying. Do you see the truth of this saying here?
v) Who interpreted the writing on the wall ?
vi) What brought the fall of Nebuchadnezzar ?
vii) Write the one-word substitute used in the passage that means behaviour that insults God.
viii) Find out the idiom used in the passage to mean he would not continue to live/he would die soon.
Answers:
i) It is important as it teaches us valuable lessons.
ii) from the temple of Jerusalem
iii) using golden goblets of a temple to serve wine
iv) Yes. I do see the truth.
v) the wise Daniel
vi) power corrupted Nebuchadnezzar till his fall.
vii) blasphemy
viii) his days were numbered

9. Faith… Distinct

Jainism holds a distinct view about the God. Mahavira’s belief in the individual is insuperable. He declares, unhesitatingly, that every individual (Atma) is the Supreme Being (Paramatma).Mahavira attracts everyone’s admiration with his ability to destroy his own Karma, to know himself, and break free from the endless cycles of death and rebirth. Jain literature emphasises the need to examine Dharma critically.

It also advises one to discover the hidden knowledge in oneself – that is self-realization. When that happens, one realises that every creature is like oneself and one’s pain is other’s pain. That is what true Ahimsa is. They go to the extent of asserting that the God is no more than MAN’S own higher self. What a unique belief! And Jains sincerely seek to reach that higher self!

Answer the following questions.
i) What makes Jainism different from other faiths?
ii) What did Mahavira believe in firmly?
iii) What quality of Mahavira draws everyone’s admiration towards him?
iv) Does one need to examine Dharma critically? Think of this critically, keeping in mind your views about Dharma:
v) What do Jains say about the God? Do you agree with them?
vi) Mahavira’s trust in the individual is rather unshakeable. Does it do good to the individual? Explain in a sentence or two.
vii) The word discover is a combination of dis (prefix) + cover (root). Analyse toe word unhesitatingly in the same way.
viii) Add one prefix and one or two suffixes to the root word believe.
Answers:
i) their view about the God
ii) in the individual
iii) his ability to destroy his own Karma, to know himself and break free from the endless cycles of death and rebirth
iv) Yes, one needs to examine Dharma critically.
v) They say that the God is no more than MAN’S Own higher self. No, I don’t agree with them.
vi) Yes, it does good to the individual. That trust makes the individual better than what he has been till then in many ways.
vii) un(prefix) hesitate (root) + ing (suffix -1), ly (suffix – 2)
viii) unbelievably- un (prefix) + – able and -ly (suffixes)

10. Should the Wait; Continue for Quality and Equality

People who drafted our Constitution, also known as fathers of our constitution, did not intend that we just set up hovels, put students there, give untrained teachers, give them bad textbooks, no playgrounds and say we have complied with article 45 I dream to see students cultivate such a scientific spirit that they pursue their academics despite a Hindu V.C. is heading Aligarh Muslim University or a Muslim V.C. is administering Benares Hindu University.

These are the views of Mohammadali Carim Chagla (30.9.1900-19.02.1982), expressed as the Union Education Minister (1963 -1966). Look at the quality and equality he aimed at. Sixty years have passed since then. Yet, the wait continues. People like Chaglas are needed in multiples. He was a jurist, diplomat, minister with commitment to the cause of the country. Opposing the ideology of communal-based two nations, he broke ranks with his long-term associates. Education system needs such men to make it a man-making system!

Answer the following questions.
i) About our education system, this passage expresses __________. Fill in the blank choosing from the list.
a) happiness
b) anger
c) satisfaction
d) anguish

ii) Are we complying with the provisions of our constitution regarding providing education? Support your answer with a sentence from the passage.
iii) When can you say that students are cultivating scientific spirit?
iv) The views quoted in the passage were expressed sixty years ago. Are they relevant today? Provide proof from the passage that supports your answer.
v) Why does education system need men like Chaglas ?
vi) What did Chagla do to oppose communal-based nations ideology?.
vii) Find out the idiom used in the passage that means dissociated from.
viii) Write the one-word substitute used in the passage that can replace a set of ideas, beliefs etc held by a group of people.
Answers:
i) anguish
ii) No .. set up hovels, put students there, give untrained teachers, give them bad textbooks, no playgrounds.
iii) When students pursue their academics even if a Hindu V.C. is heading the AMU or a Muslim V.C. is administering the BHU.
iv) Yes, relevant today Yet, the wait continues.
v) to make it a man-making system
vi) He broke ranks with his long-term associates.
vii) broke ranks with
viii) ideology

11. Honesty is the Best Policy

Jataka Tales seek to spread moral values. See this. People once believed that the spirit of Bodhisattva lived in a holy castor tree. So, they used to offer prayers to the tree and place expensive gifts there. A poor man came there one day, prayed to the tree and wanted to present a piece of bread to the tree. But, feeling ashamed of his poor gift, he turned back without offering it.

Suddenly, a man appeared before him. He said he was hungry. He requested for that piece of bread. The poor man happily handed it over to him. Then, he informed that poor man about a pot of gold coins in the ground there. The man was ‘poor but he was honest. He knew how to play the King about that treasure. Valuing the poor man’s honesty, the King made him his royal treasurer!

Answer the following questions.
i) What do Jataka Tales aim at ?
ii) Why did people pray to the castor tree?
iii) How did the poor man feel when he saw the expensive gifts placed at the castor tree?
iv) Who approached that poor man requesting him for that piece of bread?
v) The poor man became the royal treasurer.’ What made him occupy that Important position?
vi) The words tale (used in the passage) and tail are homo- phones (with different spellings but the same sounds). Another set is see – sea. Now write two sets of homophones with peace and hymn.
vii) Write the noun form of the adjective hungry.
viii) Find out the Idiom used in the passage to mean act in the correct manner
Answers:
i) They aim at spreading moral values.
ii) as they believed that the spirit of Bodhisattva lived in that castor tree.
iii) The poor man felt ashamed of his poor gift.
iv) a hungry man
v) His honesty and the king valuing it made him the royal treasurer.
vi) peace – piece; hymn – him
vii) hunger
viii) play the game

12. Fastforwarded forest, the Miyawaki Way

India’s largest Miya the forest is coming up on a ter acre site at Kothapeta of Hyderabad. As part f Haritha Haram (green garland) to Telangana, the state government grounded work to plant two lakh saplings here on 24 July 2020. Miya- waki forests adopt the technique and name of a Japanese botanist, Akira Miyawaki. In 1970s, Miyawaki began to plant trees, shrubs and grasses in tight groves.

Saplings planted close together grow rapidly – in leaps and bounds – as they compete for light. It is struggle for survival, for sunlight! This concept soon caught the imagination of governments and boardrooms. Akira Miyawaki is believed to have supervised planting over fifteen hundred forests of this type around the globe! Impressed by the positive results of the Miyawaki method and moved by the urgent need to grow greenery, Shubhendu Sharma, an engineer at a Toyota factory, giving up a golden-goose-like job, founded a native forest-planting firm, with a view to popularising Miyawaki forests in India. The country now boasts of hundreds of thousands of Miyawaki forest trees!

Answer the following questions.
i) What is the speciality of the urban forest coming up at Kothapeta of Hyderabad ?
ii) Why are forests of the type discussed in the passage called Miyawald forests ?
iii) Mention the technique adopted in growing Miyawaki forests. Write its consequences as well.
iv) Write the sentence from the passage that shows the popularity of this type of forests.
v) How does Shubhendu Sharma seek to popularise Miyawaki forests in India?
vi) Pick out the Idiom used in the passage which means quickly, fast.
vii) Find out the phrasal verb used in the passage with the meaning quitting, leaving.
viii) What is the expression used in the passage to say made someone interested in ?
Answers:
i) It is the India’s largest Miyawaki forest.
ii) after the name of Akira Miyawaki who developed this concept
iii) Saplings are planted in close groves – very, very near to each other. That makes them compete for sunlight and grow very fast.
iv) There are about fifteen hundred forests of this type all over the globe..
v) by founding a native forest-planting firm
vi) in leaps and bounds
vii) giving up
viii) caught the imagination

13. An Empire Entirely Meant for the Wild

A seventy-acre, man-made forest near Suryapet has exclusively and entirely been dedicated to the wild. An amazingly ‘ incredible spirit of an agricultural graduate, Mr Dussaria Satyanarayana of Raghavapuram near Motey (Suryapet district) made this a reality and possibility. Birds and animals of hundreds of types have homes in this haven. The nature lover behind this project takes all measures to make this expanse a sanctuary.

Every product of this forest goes tc feed the wild. Not a grain from here goes out for human consumption: Even the fallen trees feed white ants and gel bio-degraded. Seven tanks dug here and there meet the water needs. The missionary zeal in him keeps him off the beaten track. He thanks his friends who happily share expenses. BBC Telugu telecast a ten-minute video of his mission. May his tribe multiply!

Answer the following questions.
i) What is the special feature of this forest as highlighted in the title?
ii) Who created this amazingly incredible wonder ?
iii) Where is that man-made forest?
iv) How do his friends help this nature-lover?
v) Write the synonym, from the passage, of the word unbelievable.
vi) Pick out from the passage the one-word substitute that means an area where wild birds and animals are protected.
vii) Find out the idiom used in the passage to mean far away from other people, houses, etc.
viii) Mark stress on the right syllable of the word missionary
Answers:
i) It is entirely meant for the wild.
ii) Mr Dussarla Satyanarayana
iii) at Raghavapuram
iv) by sharing expenses
v) incredible
vi) sanctuary
vii) off the beaten track
viii) ‘missionary

14. Father of Indian Industry – Pioneer of Global Philanthropy

Can you imagine who tops the list of philanthropists from across the globe in the last one hundred years? Thought of Tatas? You are, then, right! A survey by Edel-Give Foundation and Hurun India shows us some interesting facts. Tata’s contribution to charity over a century is $102 billions. Gates, with their $74.6 bn share, stand second in the list.

The only other Indian in the list of top fifty philanthropists is Azim Premji of Wipro, placed at 12th rank, with a share of $22 bn. The survey lists thirty-nine US citizens, five Europeans, three Chinese and two Indians. By starting their Trust for charity in 1892 (130 years ago!) Tatas, the doyen of Indian industry, proved themselves to be the pioneers of global philanthropy too. It is no wonder, then, that Jawaharlal Nehru often referred to Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata as the one-man planning commission.

Answer the following questions.
i) Describe the status of Tatas in global philanthropy.
ii) Who conducted the survey about global philanthropy over the period of one hundred years?
iii) How many US citizens find place in this list of top fifty philanthropists?
iv) When did Tatas establish their Trust for charity?
v) Name the two Indians who find place in this list
vi) How did Jawaharlal Nehru often refer to J N Tata ?
vii) Find out the synonym, from the passage, of the word philanthropy.
viii) Mark stress on the right syllables of foundation, contribution, commission
Answers:
i) Tatas top the list of philanthropists from across the globe.
ii) Edel-Give Foundation and Hurun India
iii) thirty-nine (39)
iv) in 1892
v) Tatas and Azim Premji
vi) as the one-man planning commission
vii) charity
viii) foun’dation contri’bution commission

15. Ananda Nilavam. literally!

Ananda Nilayam (Delight’s Dwelling / Home of Happiness)! The name speaks volumes about the place. Situated at Kondapaka (Siddipet district), two hundred metres off Hyderabad – Siddipet road, on a one-hundred-acre site, the place mainly serves the old (now forty inmates) with not much emotional support from their children. Even orphaned children (now numbering around 50) are provided shelter, care and education.

What looked like dry barren land with scattered bushes before 2010 is now a tastefully landscaped garden. Chirping birds, dancing twigs, fragrant flowers etc. greet the visitors and the inmates. A teacher from Siddipet one Mr Peddi Vaikuntam, along with other trustees and with advice and active help from Dr K.Y. Ramana Chary IAS (Rtd),, now advisor, Government of Telangana, initiated the process and has been carrying on me mission with success rates beyond expectations.

An industrialist from Karnataka Ms Sudha Janardan contributed Rs Fifty Lakhs to this project. Charity from rice-millers of Siddipet and Hotel Suprabhath of Hyderabad (Krishna Murthy – groceries) helps the trust provide food, medical services etc to the inmates at a nominal charge. The Trust has been serving gods, humans and nature with beauty, quality and equality. Each face here reflects the name of the place!

Answer the following questions.
i) Does the name of this Old Age Home indicate the mood and response of the inmates? Support your answer with a sentence from the passage.
ii) Where is this Home for the Aged located?
iii) Who initiated the project and who has been actively monitoring all the activities of the home?
iv) How do they manage to provide good food, medical facilities etc. with-nominal charges from the inmates?
v) Name the donor from a neighbouring state and the sum donated by her.
vi) Write the word used in the passage that means kindness, support, money etc extended to people in need.
vii) Find out the phrasal verb used in the passage to mean continuing with the work and taking it forward.
viii) Mark stress on the right syllables of the words charity, quality and equality.
Answers:
i) Yes. Each face here reflects the name of the place.
ii) at Kondapak
iii) Mr Peddi Vaikuntam
iv) with the help of charity from rice millers and hotel owners
v) Ms Sudha Janardan – 50 lakh rupees
vi) charity
vii) carrying on
viii) ‘charity ‘quality e’quality

16. Humanity at its Zenitli

Professional ethics coupled with concern for common man put this humane doctor at a peak that is close to divinity!. He is Doctor Edpuganti Hridayanath, practising medicine at Ravinuthula, (Krishnapadu Mandai) from a tiled home since March 17,1972 (fifty years of service). So far twenty lakh patients availed themselves of his services. 0f them, around ten thousand persons underwent surgeries. After completing MBBS from Kakinada, in 1971, he moved to Ravinuthula on the request of a patient – Ms Rattamma.

Understanding patients’ social, economic and emotional conditions helps him treat them effectively and at a low cost. He charges just seventy rupees as OP fee for a month. But he regards the smiles of patients as they leave healthy as invaluable fee. He lives a simple life but thinks high. He is worried about the falling moral values. He is happy that his children and I grandchildren appreciate his values! He has inspired dozens of his villagers to pursue medical education. Long live Doctor Hridayanath to help others live long and stay healthy.

Answer the following questions.
i) How long has Dr Hridavanath been practising medicine at Ravinuthula.
ii) Mention the appropriate number of persons who utilized this humane doctor’s medical services.
iii) What helps Dr Hridayanath treat his patients effectively and at a low cost?
iv) What is it that Dr Hridayanath regards as invaluable fee from his patients? Do you agree with him ?
v) What is Dr Hridayanath worried about?
vi) How do his children and grandchildren make him happy?
vii) Write the outcome of his inspiration to his villagers.
viii) Write the word that is used in the passage to mean moral values.
Answers:
i) for 50 years
ii) twenty lakh patients
iii) his understanding of patients’ social, economic and emotional conditions
iv) their smiles as they go out happy and healthy
v) about the falling moral values
vi) by appreciating his values
vii) dozens of his villagers are pursuing medical education
viii) ethics

17. A Sporting Genius

Meet Mithali Doral Raj, a rarecricketing genius. Bom on 3 December 1982 at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, she had her cricketing debut on 26 June 1999 (at just 17) as she played for India in a One-day International Match against Ireland. Her Test debut was on 14 January 2002. Awards she received are many. The first among them is Arjuna Award (2003). In 2015, she-received the PadmaShri.

The latest feather in her cap is Major Dhyanchand Khel Ratna Award (2021). Records to her credit are innumerable indeed. Some of them are: (a) only woman to cross 7000 run mark in GDIs; (b) the first player to score seven consecutive half centuries in ODIs; (c) the first player from India (male or female) to score 2000 runs in Twenty-Twenty matches; (d) only woman player to have captained more than one ICC ODI World Cup Finals (in 2005 and 2017); (e) the first woman to play in 200 ODIs; (f) the first woman to complete 20 years in International Cricket. Inspiring indeed! It is sad that when she was in good form and could have played for a couple of more years, she declared her retirement on 10th June 2022. May her spirit encourage other sports persons.

Answer the following questions.
i) When did Ms Mithali Raj make her first International Test appearance?
ii) Where was Ms Mithali Raj born ?
iii) What is the latest award she received and when ?
iv) How is she distinct in terms of half centuries in ODIs ?
v) How long has she been playing in international cricket (till 2022) ?
vi) Name her distinction as a captain in ODl World Cup finals.
vii) Write the one-word substitute used in the passage that means the first public appearance of a player /performer / artist.
viii) Find out the idiom used in the passage that means some achievement one is proud of
Answers:
i) on 14 January 2002
ii) at Jodhpur, Rajastan
iii) Major Dhyanchand Khel Ratna Award in 2021
iv) the first player to score seven consecutive half centuries in ODIs
v) for twenty years
vi) only woman player to have captained more than one ICC ODI World Cup Final
vii) debut
viii) feather in one’s cap

18. MatheMaGician Defining What Super Is!

Anand aa gaya was Anand’s grandmother’s comment when he was born on 01.01.1973 into a trouble-torn poor family. Thirty years after that new year day, a new era of spreading happiness began. This simple-looking miraculous mathematical genius started offering free IIT-JEE coaching to thirty poor students. Located in Patna and titled Super- 30, this institute has redefined Super and Pedagogy. The success rates are so incredible that any doubting Thomas would label it as a cock and bull story.

But then statistics shows it all. 18/30 (first batch, 2003), 22/30 (2004),26/30,28/ 30,30/30 in 2007,2008 and 2009 respectively. And there has never been looking back. The Hindu said Midas. The Newsweek called it “one of the four most innovative schools in the world”. Bouquets are bountiful, brickbats are not lagging behind, though. The secret of this amazing success: Anand makes the learners THINK, and THINK ALWAYS! Intention, intelligence, inquisitive nature, commitment, confidence, competence etc. work here consistently and concertedly. A true model to teachers!

Answer the following questions.
i) Anand has a happy childhood. Write true or false. Support your answer with a sentence from the passage.
ii) How has Anand been spreading happiness?
iii) What is the secret of Anand’s success?
iv) How has the Newsweek described Anand’s Super-30 institute?
v) Have you heard of any other institute that can be compared with Super-30 in IIT-JEE achievements ?
vi) Write the synonym, from the passage, of epoch.
vii) Find out the one-word substitute used in the passage to mean the study and practice of teaching methods.
viii) Pick out the idiom used in the passage that means something that is not true
Answers:
i) False – He was born into a trouble-torn poor family.
ii) by offering free IIT-JEE coaching to 30 poor students every year
iii) Anand makes the learners THiNK and THINK ALWAYS;
iv) as one of the four most innovative schools in the world
v) No, No, such institute
vi) era
vii) pedagogy
viii) a cock and bull story

19. Intelligence at its zenith

The students of Rula College, Mumbai were wonderstruck when they saw a nine- year-old visiting professor explaining the difficult concepts of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry with ease. He is Sobomo Isaac Bari, the youngest professor in the world. Born in 2012 to Rashidul Bari, a mathematician and Shaheda Bari, he showed exceptional abilities from childhood.

For his problem-solving capacities, he got a letter of recognition from the former U.S. President Barrack Obama in 2016 and received the Global Child Prodigy Award in 2020. India nominated him for the Nobel Prize 2021. Besides being a genius in Mathematics and Science, he is a writer. At the tender age of seven, he wrote a book titled The Love which outlines his dream to live in a world without terrorism. You must be inspired at the- child prodigy’s exceptional intelligence and moved by his plea for communal harmony and world peace! Then, let’s unleash “THE LOVE”…

Answer the following questions.
i) Why were the Ruia College students wonder-struck?
ii) What is the greatness of Soborno Bari?
iii) What is Soborno’s father?
iv) Former U.S. President Donald Trump recognized Soborno’s problem-solving capacities. Say true or false.
v) Which country nominated the child prodigy for the Nobel Prize 2021 ?
vi) What does the book The Love outline ?
vii) Write, from the passage, the opposite of the word dunce.
viii) Find the word from the passage which means a young person with remarkable abilities.
Answers:
i) as they ‘saw a nine-year-old visiting professor explaining difficult concepts of mathematics, physics and chemistry with ease
ii) He is the youngest professor in the world
iii) a mathematician
iv) false
v) India
vi) his dream to live in a world without terrorism
vii) genius
viii) prodigy

20. A World of Books or a Book of the World!

Learning there is pure fun. Life skills form the core of the curriculum. Lessons are drawn from the book of the world, not from the ‘World of academic books. Field visits the regular feature. Educational tours are annual events. Gardening is a hobby. In vast pla’ grounds, they discuss physics principles. Classrooms get converted into )layf: ids. The day dawns with games and physical activities. Reading newspapers is followed by Satsangs – discussions.

Letter writing, story writing, book reviews, stage performance, songs, dances drawing etc. are quite common activities here. Quizzes top them all. Prizes won in national and state level competitions number in hundreds. Everyone associated with this school was on cloud nine whom an eighth-grade girl by nanm Namrutha watched Chandrayan live along with Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2019 from ISRO Bengaluru. That fun-filled school is Teja Vidyalaya! at Kodada, (a true temple of learning, and surprisingly, a temple has now come up beside it!) The inspiration, they say, is Rishi Valley ot Jiddu Krishna Murthy. And the school lives up to the inspiration!

Answer the following questions.
i) What forms the core of the curriculum at this fun-filled school?
ii) Name the regular feature followed at this school.
iii) How often do they conduct educational tours?
iv) When do Satsangs take place?
v) Where does the inspiration to run such a school come from?
vi) Write the. idiom used in the passage to mean extremely happy.
vii) Pick out the word from the passage that means the central part / essence.
viii) Mark stress .on the right syllable of the word inspiration
Answers:
i) life skills
ii) field visits
iii) once a year (annually)
iv) after reading newspapers
v) from Rishi Valley
vi) on cloud nine
vii) core
viii) inspiration

21. Mother of Inventor

Necessity is the Mother of Invention. So goes the widely- accepted wise saying. Here, however, a mother’s toil for long hours brought out the inventor in Padma Shri Chintakindi Mallesham. Born into a poor weaver’s family in Sharajpet village near Alair, Dr Mallesham dropped out of school after his s” class. His mother, Lakshmi, used to work on a manual Asu (a pre-loom activity in tie and dye weaving fashion).

That tedious work (turning the threads around the Asu for 9000 times to get yarn ready for just one saree!) used to leave her shoulders and joints strained to extreme levels. Moved by his mother’s pain, Dr Mallesham decided to find a way out. He moved heaven and earth for years. His determination was his sole resource. Challenges were many. Support from his wife Swarna (literally ‘gold’!) and a few friends mattered a lot.

Finally in 1999, he made his dream come true. Mechanical Laxmi (his mother’s name) Asu saw the light of day. That filled many weavers’ homes with the light of relief from their toil. Accolades came his way. Governments, universities, NGOs honoured him. A biopic was made based on his achievements. Even Forbes listed him among the seven powerful rural entrepreneurs. Now he runs an Asu-making unit at Alair. He visits institutions inspiring the young with his simple, to-the-point and time-specific talks.

Answer the following questions.
i) What throught out the inventor in Dr Mallesham ?
ii) Describe the work done on Asu.
iii) Describe the conditions in which Dr Mallesham struggled to make his dream machine.
iv) Does his invention help his mother alone ? Support your answer with evidence from the passage.
v) Name any two honours Dr Mallesham received.
vi) Find out the Idiom used in the passage that means did everything one could possibly do in order to achieve something.
vii) Pick out the one-word 8UbstibI~e from the passage that means persons who start business especially when that Involves taking financial risks.
viii) A portmanteau /po:(r)t’maent3u/word is a word blending the sounds and combining the meaning of two words –
Example: smoke + fog – smog.
Now find out one such portmanteau word from the passage that blends biography + picture .
Answers:
i) his mother’s toil and the resultant pain
ii) It is a pre-loom activity in tie and dye weaving fashion.
Threads are wound around the Asu to get yarn ready.

iii) Challenges were many. Determination was his sole resource.
Support from his wife and a few friends meant a lot.

iv) No. It helped many others. That filled many weavers’ homes with the light of relief from their toil.
v) the Padrna Shri and honorary Doctorate
vi) moved heaven and earth
vii) entrepreneurs
viii) biopic

22. A tele book Vs an ordinary book

A tele book is quite different from an ordinary book. In an ordinary book, words are printed on pages and remain there. A tele book, on the other hand, consists of words which appear on a screen and keep moving on it. People go through a tele book by reading words as they appear on the screen. The advantage, of tele books is that a great number of such books can be shown on a single screen.

The disadvantage is that we cannot turn back the page to read something again, With the invention of Kindle (an electronic tool, looking like a tablet, that call be used as a digital book) this problem has now largely been served It is time we learnt to read tele books the same way we have been reading ordinary books. The day is not far, when ordinary books may become obsolete….

Answer the following questions.
i) How is an ordinary book different from an unconventional book?
ii) What is the advantage of the new kind of books ?
iii) ‘How has the invention of Kindle helped us ?
iv) Why should we learn to read tele books the same way we have been reading ordinary books ?
v) Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option from the list given below:
The passage highlights
a) fast changing technology
b) the need on our part to change with the times
c) the way the world is turning into an e-world
vi) Write the part of speech of the word advantage.
vii) The word book is used in the passage to mean a bundle of bounded papers with words printed on the papers.
Use the same word book in your own sentences with two other meanings of the word book.
viii) Add one prefix and one suffix to the root advantage
Answers:
i) In an ordinary book words are printed on pages and they remain there. But in an unconventional book (Tele book) words appear on a screen and keep moving.
ii) A great number of books can be shown on a single screen.
iii) It solved the disadvantage of not being able to go back.
iv) because ordinary books may soon become obsolete
v) (b) the need on our part to change with the times
vi) noun
vii) They are trying to book (v – reserve) tickets for their proposed trip to Chennai.
They may book (v – register) a case of theft.
viii) disadvantageous

23. Indomitable Indeed!

Amazing young man this … tweeted Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao of Telangana Rashtra Samithi. “Dreaming big and working hard – this nineteen-year-old ‘runs’ home post his work shift as he dreams to be in the army,” said German Embassy, India. These sample encomiums are in response to Vinod Kapri’s – a film-maker and author – viral video. It is about Pradeep Mehra, a nineteen-year-old army aspirant from Almora of Uttarakhand. One night, Kapri saw him running on the roads of Noida.

On being asked why he was sprinting, Pradeep replied that his dream was to join the army. So; he runs ten kilometres a day from his workplace, Macdonald’s outlet at Sector 16, to his home at Barola. He supports his elder brother, cooks food for him and thinks of his ailing mother back home. He is so firm about his routine and views that he smilingly said ‘no’ to Kapri’s offer of dinner and dropping at his destination. By declining Kapri’s offer to drive him home, Pradeep is in fact driving home the value of regular hard work!

Answer the following questions.
i) Who shared the viral video discussed in the passage?
ii) Where does Pradeep Mehra hail from?
iii) Why does Pradeep Mehra run home — ten-kilometre- destination from his workplace – every day?
iv) What did Vinod Kapri offer Pradeep Mehra and how did Pradeep respond to Kapri’s offer?
v) Even common people, with their uncommon deeds, dreams and traits, tan attract the attention of prominent persons.
Support this statement with the help of the above passage.
vi) Write the Idiom .used in this passage which means making others understand / explaining.
vii) ‘Pick out from the passage the synonym of praise / tribute.
viii) Mark stress on.the right syllable of the word destination.
Answers:
i) Vinod Kapri
ii) from Almora of Uttarakhand
iii) to get practice to join the army
iv) offered dinner and dropping at home – refused as he was firm about his routine and views
v) Prominent persons like KTR and Emabassy officials tweeted appreciating this common man’s uncommon traits.
vi) driving home
vii) encomium
viii) destination

24. Age No Barrier

Quest for knowledge Is unquenchable. The more one tastes it the more the person craves for it. And it lasts till one’s last moment. Nothing can deter the determined mind from the pursuit. Here is a proof in a retired but untiring bank employee. After he hung up his boots, he acquired a dozen degrees in different domains like Business Administration, Covicll9, Crime, Psychology, Law and Software.

What could be his motive? “My urge to set an example to youth drove me,” answers Shri Ramalingeswara Rao B., from the heart of Hyderabad. Somajiguda. Proving that good manners are infectious; his son is an IlTian (with a dual degree) and his daughter (state s” ranker in EAMCET in composite AP) is a postgraduate in medicine. He spreads his tentacles into disciplines like serving the orphaned aged persons, writing poetry and raising coffee plantations in cool Karnataka hill slopes. Does one need more to live fully and meaningfully? Let’s emulate him!

Answer the following questions.
i) What does the passage say about one’s thirst for knowledge?
ii) How does the passage elaborate its views about one’s urge to learn more and more?
iii) “Good manners are infectious”, asserts the passage. What evidence does it provide?
iv) How does Shri B. Ramalingeswara Rao spend his time now?
v) Write the idiom used in this passage to mean retired.
vi) Pick out the word (a homonym) from the passage that is used twice in one sentence with these meanings: continues and final.
vii) Find out from the passage the synonym of discipline.
viii) The word untiring can be analysed as un (prefix) + tire (root) + ing (suffix). Now analyse the word unquenchable in the same way.
Answers:
i) Quest for knowledge is unquenchable.
ii) The more one tastes it (knowledge), the more the person craves for it.
iii) Like the father, his children also studied well and got rewarded.
iv) by serving orphaned aged persons, writing poetry and raising coffee plantations
v) hung up boots
vi) last
vii) domain
viii) un(prefix) + quench (root) + able (suffix)

25. Private Tragedy Serving a Public Cause

Falguni, wife of Dasarath Manjhi, died in 1959 of the injuries she suffered as she fell down from a mountainous path and of delayed medical help because, again, of the mountainous path! Manjhi (14.01.1934 – 17.08.2007), a labourer from Gehlaur village near Gaya in Bihar was moved into action by her death. Born into a low caste, he thought high. He started carving a path through the ridges. People called him lunatic. Yet, he toiled with a hammer, chisel and his steely resolve.

Twenty-two years (1960-1982) of his single-handed efforts bore fruit. The 110 metre-long, 9.1 metre-wide and 7.7-metre- deep path he carved through the ridges reduced the distance between Gehlaur and Gaya by forty kilo metres (from 55 to ‘15 KMs). Bihar Government honoured him. India Post released a stamp featuring him. A memorial with his statue stands tall in Gehlaur. People fondly remember him as the Mountain Man. Yet, the real reward to this departed soul could be to provide roads and medical aid to every village in India!

Answer the following questions.
i) Mention the reasons or Falguni’s death.
ii) How did Falguni’s death move her husband, Manjhi ?
iii) What were the tools Manjhi used to carve the path through the ridges?
iv) People fondly remember Manjhi as the Mountain Man because of his ……………. the blank choosing from:
a) caste
b) deed
c) wealth
v) How nearer is Gaya to Gehlaur because of the path.Manjhi created?
vi) List the honours governments and people extended to Manjhi.
vii) Find out the idiom used in the passage to mean had a successful result.
viii) Write the part of speech of the word mountainous
Answers:
i) injuries suffered as she fell down and delayed medical help
ii) moved him into action of carving a path through the mountain
iii) a hammer, chisel and his steely resolve
iv) (b) deed
v) by forty kms (55 to 15)
vi) Bihar government’s felicitation, a postal stamp, a memorial with his statue
vii) bore fruit
viii) adjective

26. The Last Lecture: Best Lessons

It was 18 September 2007. Carnegie Mellon University (US) auditorium was echoing with laughter as forty-six-year-old Randy Pausch was delivering an upbeat and humorous lecture. And, then, he knew he would die in a few months’ Terminal pancreatic cancer was the villain. He, yet, stressed the need to live fully and have fun in everything. He suddenly dropped and did push-ups to prove his point. Living right is more important than achieving dreams, asserted he. He listed his achieved dreams, quite many, though.

He thanked every- one who taught him a lesson or two. And he passed on those valuable lessons to posterity. He wants one to be frugal, not miserly. He advises elders to give children permission’ and inspiration to dream. He appeals to teachers to enable learners to achieve dreams. The most significant lesson, however, is the way he took the bull (of cancer or death) by the horns. The Last Lectures extended version is the best- selling book with the same title, worth reading again and again!

Answer the following questions.
i) When and where was this Last Lecture delivered?
ii) The auditorium echoed with loud laughter. Yet, every listener was crying silently. Why?
iii) What did the speaker emphasise despite being in the face of death?
iv) He suddenly dropped and did push-ups on the stage. How would you have reacted, had you been there?
v) What is his appeal to teachers?
vi) The word pancreatic is an adjective. Write its noun form.
vii) Write the two words you see in the passage that mean:
a) using only as much money as is necessary… and
b) hating to spend money.
viii) Find out the idiom used in the passage to mean faced a difficult or dangerous situation directly and with courage
Answers:
i) on 18-09-2007; at Carnegie Mellon University auditorium
ii) because they all knew that the speaker was about to die very soon.
iii) to live fully and have fan in everything
iv) I would have been surprised and shocked
v) to enable learners to achieve their dreams
vi) pancreas
vii) a) frugal b) miserly
viii) took the bull by the horns

27. Two Friends

Two friends, Amanda and Margot, one day were walking together in a desert. In the heat of an argument, Margot slapped Amanda in the face who was hurt but without saying anything, wrote on the sand, “Today, my best friend Margot slapped me in the face”. They kept on walking until they found an oasis, where they decided to take a bath. While bathing, Amanda got stuck in the mire and started drowning.

Then, naturally, Margot saved Amanda by pulling her out of the quicksand. After recovering from near drowning, Amanda wrote on a stone, “Today, my best friend Margot saved my life”. On being asked by confused Margot why she did so, Amanda replied, “When someone hurts us, we should write it down in sand, where winds of forgiveness can erase it, but when someone does something good for us, we must engrave it on a stone, so no wind can erase it”.

Answer the following questions.
i) Where were the two friends walking ?
ii) Why did Margot slap Amanda ?
iii) What happened to Amanda when she was bathing ?
iv) What would have happened to Amanda if Margot had not saved her ?
v) What is the difference between writing in the sand and writing on a stone ?
vi) According to the passage, we should never forgive our friends if they hurt us. Write yes or no.
vii) Find the word, from the passage, which means to remove all traces of something.
viii) Give the antonym of the word punishment from the passage.
Answers:
i) in a desert
ii) in the heat of an argument
iii) got stuck in the mire
iv) Amanda would have died.
v) Writing in the sand is erased with winds of forgiveness. Writing on a stone stays on forever.
vi) No
vii) erase
viii) forgiveness

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